biophotonics Archives - Scent of Eros

Caption: Contemporary analyses of cell metabolism have called out three metabolites: ATP, NADH, and acetyl-CoA, as sentinel molecules whose accumulation represent much of the purpose of the catabolic arms of metabolism and then drive many anabolic pathways. Such analyses largely leave out how and why ATP, NADH, and acetyl-CoA (Figure 1) at the molecular level play such central roles. Yet, without those insights into why cells accumulate them and how the enabling properties of these key metabolites power much of cell metabolism, the underlying molecular logic remains mysterious. Four other metabolites, S-adenosylmethionine, carbamoyl phosphate, UDP-glucose, and Δ2-isopentenyl-PP play similar roles in using group transfer chemistry to drive otherwise unfavorable biosynthetic equilibria. This review provides the underlying chemical logic to remind how these seven key molecules function as mobile packets of cellular currencies for phosphoryl transfers (ATP), acyl transfers (acetyl-CoA, carbamoyl-P), methyl transfers (SAM), prenyl transfers (IPP), glucosyl transfers (UDP-glucose), and electron and ADP-ribosyl transfers (NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+) to drive metabolic transformations in and across most primary pathways. The eighth key metabolite is molecular oxygen (O2), thermodynamically activated for reduction by one electron path, leaving it kinetically stable to the vast majority of organic cellular metabolites

Kohl's Laws of Biology (codon-optimality revisited)

May 11, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Human Pheromones Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic Variations What's in the News

Summary: Kohl’s Laws help to explain what was missing from Darwin’s ‘conditions of life.’ Darwin knew nothing about genetics, which means he knew nothing about the epigenetic effects of food odors or pheromones.
Ancient hepatitis B viruses from the Bronze Age to the Medieval period 5/7/18

We provide evidence for the creation of HBV genotype A via recombination, and for a long-term association of modern HBV genotypes with humans, including the discovery of a human genotype that is now extinct. These data expose a complexity of HBV evolution that is not evident when considering modern sequences alone.

The complexity of biophysically constrained viral latency in all living genera refutes all pseudoscientific nonsense touted by neo-Darwinian theorists and Big Bang cosmologists.
See for example: Who were the Neanderthals? 5/5/18

Current evidence from both fossils and DNA suggests that Neanderthal and modern human lineages separated at least 500,000 years ago. Some genetic calibrations place their divergence at about 650,000 years ago.

No serious scientists believe in the nonsense that links genetic calibrations to “divergence” at about 650,000 years ago.
See for comparison: Efficient coding explains the universal law of generalization in human perception 5/11/18
Everything known to serious scientists about natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality and RNA-mediated DNA repair is placed back into the context of evolution, which is subject to constraints (finding food and reproduction).
See also: Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception (2017)
The creation of visual perception starts with the energy-dependent creation of enzymes.

High-resolution cryo-EM analysis of the yeast ATP synthase in a lipid membrane 5/11/18

…the enzyme transduces the energy of a proton gradient, generated by the electron transport chain, into the major energy currency of the cell, ATP.

The quantized energy-dependent creation of the enzyme was linked to the creation of ATP and RNA
Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation” (1964)

The synthesis of RNA in isolated thymus nuclei is ATP dependent.

Natural selection interacts with recombination to shape the evolution of hybrid genomes 5/11/18

Hybridization is an important force in evolution.

That is a ridiculous assumption. Quantized energy is an important force in ecological adaptation. That is a fact.

Metabolic regulation of transcription through compartmentalized NAD⁺ biosynthesis 5/11/18

Competition between the NAD+ precursors—nuclear NMNAT-1 and cytosolic NMNAT-2…, regulates the balance between nuclear NAD+ synthesis for adipogenic gene regulation and cytosolic NAD+ synthesis used in metabolism.

Every aspect of what is currently know about life on Earth begins with the creation of quantized energy.
Energy efficiency drives the global seasonal distribution of birds 5/7/18
Reported as: A Thermodynamic Answer to Why Birds Migrate 5/7/18

…research makes a forceful argument that energy supply and demand is a driving ecological principle shaping the global structure of biodiversity.”

In this 1996 review, we linked the sex differences in yeasts to sex differences in humans via alternative splicings of pre-mRNAs, which are now called microRNAs. From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior

I linked quantized energy from subatomic particles to all biodiversity via the creation of microRNAs in:
2014 Preprint: Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems
2018 Publication: Nutrient-dependent Pheromone-Controlled Ecological Adaptations: From Angstroms to Ecosystems

Biological Laws

Biophysical constraints and biological laws appear to link ecological variation to ecological adaptations via conserved molecular mechanisms in all species. For example, nutrient-dependent ecological niche construction leads to pheromone-controlled social niche construction via the nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction. The nutrient-dependent origin of amino acid substitutions in viruses [149-152], which also are manifested in plant and animal interactions, exemplifies a continuum of biological plausibility and ecological validity in the context of Laws of Biology. These Laws of Biology include Kohl’s Laws of Biology, which are so named because the surname of the first author or sole author on each of 7 peer-reviewed publications in the paragraph below is Kohl. The Kohls did not create the Laws of Biology; they merely independently incorporated what is known about them into what appears to be a cohesive series of published works.

Kohl’s Laws of Biology
Life is nutrient-dependent. That is a Biological Law. The ecological origin of all biological laws is apparent 1) in the context of systems biology [87]; 2) in the context of the metabolism of nutrients by microbes [153]; and 3) in the context of how the metabolism of nutrients results in species-specific pheromones that control the physiology of reproduction [154]. Taken together, the systems biology of nutrient metabolism to species-specific pheromones, which control the physiology of reproduction, can be expressed in a summary of Kohl’s Laws of Biology: 1) Life is nutrient-dependent.

See for review [27,155]. The physiology of reproduction is pheromone-controlled. See for review [26]. In the context of nutrient-dependent epigenetically-effected human reproduction, it is clearer that the epigenetic effects of human pheromones integrate neuroendocrinology and behavior [100], which includes the neuroendocrinology of mammalian behavior associated with the development of sexual preferences [156].

Kohl’s Laws help to explain what was missing from Darwin’s ‘conditions of life.’ Darwin knew nothing about genetics, which means he knew nothing about the epigenetic effects of food odors or pheromones.

ATP and RNA-mediated chromosomal stability

May 9, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic

Cytosis, a cell biology game for ages 10+ links ATP to viral latency and the protection of all organized genomes from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA that serious scientists have linked to all pathology.
It is time for a new measure of cell function: Quantifying Cellular ATP Production Rate…(2018)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most common high energy intermediate of living organisms. Cells utilize the energy derived from the breakdown of cellular fuels to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. The free energy released from ATP hydrolysis is then used to sustain various cellular functions such as growth, movement, and response to the environment. Mammalian cells tightly regulate production and consumption of ATP – i.e. supply and demand are balanced to maintain intracellular ATP levels quite constant. Therefore, measuring the rate of ATP production enables a view into cellular function that is not provided by simply measuring the amount of ATP in the cell. The Agilent Seahorse XF Real-Time ATP Production Rate Assay quantifies ATP Production Rates from mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis in real time with live cells providing a unique insight into cellular phenotype and function.

See also: Ferrick DA Remember that ATP does not create itself. The creation of ATP and the creation of RNA are energy-dependent and biophysically constrained by the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight.
For example: Assessment of drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction via altered cellular respiration and acidification measured in a 96-well platform

…respiration and acidification changes upon addition of the thiazoldinediones were cell-type specific, with the rank order of mitochondrial impairment in whole cells being in accord with the known adverse effects of these drugs.

Cell-type specific drugs alter the mitochodrial production of ATP, which alters the production of RNA via changes in the potential of hydrogen (pH).
See also: Analysis and interpretation of microplate-based oxygen consumption and pH data

…this chapter also provides a detailed accounting of proton production during glucose oxidation in the context of plate-based assays.

Difference in proton production link differences in the energy of photons from the proton motive force and proton gradients to energy-dependent RNA-mediated cell type differentiation.
Pseudoscientists and other theorists complain about so-called predatory publishing and use their complaints to attack anyone who does not “toe the line” of dogmatic consensus. See for example: OMICS Publishing Group
See also: Prominent Cell Biologist Fired After Data Manipulation Investigation

The University of Tokyo confirmed last August that Yoshinori Watanabe tampered with research-related images, and dismissed him in late April.

In 2015, his group stomped on the toes of biologically uninformed theorists. The group published:
The inner centromere–shugoshin network prevents chromosomal instability

Artificial restoration of the ICS network suppresses chromosome segregation errors in a wide range of CIN+ cells, including RB- and BRCA1-deficient cells. Thus, dysfunction of the ICS network might be a key mechanism underlying CIN in human tumorigenesis.

Food energy-dependent RNA-interference has since emerged as an effective treatment for all chromosomal instability, which appears to be caused by the virus-driven theft of quantized energy.
Additional details about energy-dependent healthy longevity will be found in the Science Behind the Game Subatomic which will link biophysically constrained viral latency from Cytosis to all biophysically constrained biodiversity via what organisms eat and the physiology of their pheromone-controlled reproduction.
See also: New EU-wide tests to tackle ‘food apartheid’

…recent comparisons of food samples showed that big Western brands use cheaper ingredients in products sold in former communist countries.

The cheaper ingredients could alter the innate immunity of human populations in former Communist countries, where God-less Communism was supported by ridiculous theories.
See: Darwinian Theory Proved by Video Game? Robert J. Marks Begs to Differ (2017)

We’ve begun developing support materials for teachers and students to help them use ‘Darwin’s Demons’ to demonstrate and teach evolutionary concepts.

A National Science Foundation grant for evolution studies helped pay for the project.

Conclusion:

Adaptation, if anything, demonstrates intelligent design, not Darwinism. Of course they won’t tell you that at the University of Idaho, or most anywhere else. Instead they’ll stick you in front of a video game and tell you the stale, old fable.

Ecological models of food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled biophysically constrained adaptations have replaced evolutionary concepts except within the school system of the US and other backward countries.
See: Israeli Middle Schools School to Include Theory of Evolution

…learning about evolution is not the primary function of the decision, but rather to use it as a building block for students to learn more about their ecology.

All serious scientist know the difference between evolution and adaptation.
See: Are Evolution and Adaptation the Same? (2018)
The energy-dependent de novo creation of the cell links ATP to RNA biosynthesis and the physiology of reproduction via food odors and pheromones in the context of this board game.

Cytosis is a worker placement game that takes place inside a Human Cell! Players utilize the organelles within a cell to collect cellular resources such as mRNA from the Nucleus, Lipids from the Smooth E.R., ATP from the Mitochondria, etc. and score points when they use these resources to complete Hormones, Receptors or Enzymes!

It refutes neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense by starting with Darwin’s energy-dependent “conditions of life.”

Conditions of life are mediated by RNA interference. See also: RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering

Ecological adaptations vs the randomness of evolution (3)

May 8, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations base editing biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Pheromones Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms RNA Directed

Summary: Fifty years later, only theorists and other pseudoscientists have failed to recognize the facts that link experimental evidence of differences in the energy of photons to the proton motive force, which links the potential of hydrogen (pH) to biophysically constrained viral latency and all biodiversity on Earth. In that context, Carl Zimmer serves as an important example of human idiocy each time he makes claims about evolution.
Serious scientists will meet during Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018 to discuss the overwhelming amount of human idiocy exemplified in the works of theorists who failed to learn that life is “All about that base.”
Without the quantized energy-dependent creation of the base pairs, viral latency could not be biophysically constrained and entropy would be used to explain the evolution of biodiversity manifested in sympatric speciation.
See for comparison: The costs of living at the edge: Seasonal stress in wild savanna-dwelling chimpanzees

Adaptations associated with shifting from a predominately forested habitat to a more open environment are considered a crucial step in hominin evolution.

The adaptations are food energy-dependent and biophysically constrained by the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans. For example, higher levels of dehydroepiandrosterone in humans are an adaptation.
See: Dehydroepiandrosterone – is the fountain of youth drying out?

…humans are unique in having adrenals that secrete large amounts of the prohormone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate, DHEA-S, into the bloodstream of males and females. Even non-human primates produce only ~10% of the DHEA found in humans

Carl Zimmer places everything known about how ecological variation must be linked to energy-dependent ecological adaptations into the context of human evolution.
See: Hints of Human Evolution in Chimpanzees That Endure a Savanna’s Heat

Millions of years ago, our apelike ancestors gradually moved from woodlands to savannas and began walking upright at some point. The Fongoli chimpanzees demonstrate just how difficult that transition would have been — and how that challenge may have driven some major changes in our evolution, from evolving sweat glands to losing fur and walking upright.

Before she graduated from her medical technologist course (circa 2014), I mentioned to Misty ______ the importance of β-lactamase testing to understanding how the energy-dependent creation of microRNAs would soon be linked to all biophysically constrained biodiversity on Earth via antibiotic susceptibility testing in the hospital medical laboratory.
Shared strategies for β-lactam catabolism in the soil microbiome

A hydrolase from the put operon was found to degrade in vitro benzylpenicilloic acid, the β-lactamase penicillin product.

This clearly exemplifies how the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA in β-lactamase positive organisms is linked to antibiotic resistance via what all serious scientists know about the molecular mechanisms of energy-dependent cell type differentiation.
The findings were reported in the ridiculous context of claims about How Bacteria Eat Penicillin

…some of the bacteria could, in fact, eat the drugs… As it turned out, they were everywhere. He also found examples of the phenomenon in the scientific literature going back to the 1960s.

In 1964, McEwen et al, linked the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy from Schrödinger’s claims in What is Life? (1944) to the creation of ATP and the creation of RNA. Now, others like McEwen know that RNA interference biophysically constrains viral latency.
In 1968, Frohlich speculated that the highly ordered storage of quantized energy in species from microbes to humans linked hydrogen-atom transfer to the functional structure of cell membranes via the hydrogen bonds of molecules, or other dipolar constituents, which he linked to the shared energy supply that biophysically constrains life.
Fifty years later, only theorists and other pseudoscientists have failed to recognize the facts that link experimental evidence of differences in the energy of photons to the proton motive force, which links the potential of hydrogen (pH) to biophysically constrained viral latency and all biodiversity on Earth. In that context, Carl Zimmer serves as an important example of human idiocy each time he makes claims about evolution.
See also: UTX-mediated enhancer and chromatin remodeling suppresses myeloid leukemogenesis through noncatalytic inverse regulation of ETS and GATA programs

By integrating proteomic and genomic analyses, we link these changes to UTX regulation of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, coordination of the COMPASS complex and enhanced pioneering activity of ETS factors during evolution to AML.

They linked the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight from the creation of ATP to chromatin remodeling during the evolution of pathology, which all serious scientists know is biophysically constrained by the physiology of food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled reproduction.
See: [Pheromonal regulation of genetic processes: research on the house mouse (Mus musculus L.)] (1994)

A study of the influence of pheromone stressor(s) on proliferating germ and somatic cells was performed on laboratory lines of house mouse in the context of the physiological hypothesis of mutation process, proposed by M.E. Lobashev in 1947. Data from experiments are presented, and results obtained during last 10-15 years are discussed. The adaptive role of cytogenetic and other observed pheromonal effects is considered. The possible existence of interorganism systems of genetic regulation is discussed, the search for and study of which may help in more complete understanding of the regularities of functioning of genetic material.

The interorganism systems of genetic regulation have since been placed into the context of sympatric speciation by all serious scientists.
See: Direct estimation of mutations in great apes reveals significant recent human slowdown in the yearly mutation rate
See also: Analysis of 6,515 exomes reveals the recent origin of most human protein-coding variants

A single base change refutes theistic evolution

May 3, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Autophagy base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms RNA Directed RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity

Everyone who failed to learn how light-activated endogenous substrates biophysically constrain viral latency is playing “catch up” to serious scientists. The serious scientists know how quantized energy-dependent RNA-mediated cell type differentiation occurs in the context of the physiology of reproduction in all living genera. Rather than accept the fact that the innate immune system of bacteria (CRISPR) linked the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction from autophagy to biophysically constrained viral latency, theorists decided to waste money on virus-assisted gene-editing attempts to repair virus-damaged DNA.

Mammoth Biosciences launches a CRISPR-powered search engine for disease detection

Jennifer Doudna, George Church and many others still refuse to admit that they have refuted theistic evolution. They are just beginning to accurately portray the how detection of changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance links virus-driven energy theft to the degradation of messenger RNA. Clearly, however, they know how the degradation of messenger RNA is linked to all pathology.

Had they followed the works of Christ et al. (2013), The Pharmacology of Regenerative Medicine and Christ et al., (2018) Western Diet Triggers NLRP3-Dependent Innate Immune Reprogramming, they could intelligently interact with those who are scheduled to present during Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018.

(Nick Lane excepted.) He appears to be a biologically uninformed theorist who does not realize that Fast food makes the immune system more aggressive in the long term

Unhealthy eating causes some of these normally hidden pieces of DNA to unwind, similar to a loop hanging out of a ball of wool. This area of the genetic material can then be read much easier as long as this temporary unwrapping remains active. Scientists call these phenomena epigenetic changes. “The inflammasome triggers such epigenetic changes,” explains Dr. Latz. “The immune system consequently reacts even to small stimuli with stronger inflammatory responses.”

The immune system reacts to the proliferation of viruses. The viruses cause the inflammation, which has been linked to all pathology in more than 72,500 published works. See microRNA.

…the Cas13-based SHERLOCK (specific high-sensitivity enzymatic reporter unlocking) platform can detect Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) in patient samples at concentrations as low as 1 copy per microliter. We developed HUDSON (heating unextracted diagnostic samples to obliterate nucleases), a protocol that pairs with SHERLOCK for viral detection directly from bodily fluids, enabling instrument-free DENV detection directly from patient samples in <2 hours. We further demonstrate that SHERLOCK can distinguish the four DENV serotypes, as well as region-specific strains of ZIKV from the 2015–2016 pandemic. Finally, we report the rapid (<1 week) design and testing of instrument-free assays to detect clinically relevant viral single-nucleotide polymorphisms.

Pardis C. Sabeti’s group already linked the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight from the creation of enzymes to natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality via the pheromone-controlled stability of organized genomes in a human population in what is now Central China.
See this report from 2013 on fixation of the EDAR V370A substitution.
Following the footprints of positive selection February 15th, 2013.
For comparison to positive selection for food and fixation of the EDAR V370A amino acid substitution, the pseudoscientific nonsense about evolution touted by Pardis C. Sabeti’s group appears in this YouTube video report: 2 Cell Studies Reveal Genetic Variation Driving Human Evolution
In the mouse model of food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations, they replaced the valine normally found in mouse EDAR with the alanine that’s under selection in humans. They got mice with thicker hair, changes in mammary tissue, and and increased number of eccrine sweat glands. Those changes parallel phenotypic changes in humans. The phenotypic changes in humans link the quantized energy-dependent creation of microRNAs to biophysically constrained viral latency in all living genera.
In humans, the changes are linked to visual perception of mass and energy and the perception of physical features that are sexually selected.
See: Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception
A single base change results in the valine to alanine substitution, which changes the ancient mammalian gene EDAR and the EDAR encoded protein.
That fact was reported in the context of links from subatomic particles and all levels of biophysically constrained viral latency and biological organization in my 2014 invited review of nutritional epigenetics.
See: Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems (unpublished)
Conclusion:

The ecological adaptations, which appear to be manifested in the human population are detailed in these two reports [162-163]. The ecological adaptations are likely to be nutrient-dependent and pheromone-controlled. If so, ecological variation probably leads to ecological, social, neurogenic, and socio-cognitive niche construction, which is manifested in increasing organismal complexity and species diversity. If not, there may be something as yet unknown about mutations and evolution that makes sense in the light of what is known about nutritional epigenetics and the molecular biology of species from microbes to man

162. Kamberov, Yana G.; Wang, S.; Tan, J.; Gerbault, P.; Wark, A.; Tan, L.; Yang, Y.; Li, S.; Tang, K.; Chen, H., et al., Modeling Recent Human Evolution in Mice by Expression of a Selected EDAR Variant. Cell 2013, 152 (4), 691-702. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.016
163. Grossman, Sharon R.; Andersen, Kristian G.; Shlyakhter, I.; Tabrizi, S.; Winnicki, S.; Yen, A.; Park, Daniel J.; Griesemer, D.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Wong, Sunny H., et al., Identifying Recent Adaptations in Large-Scale Genomic Data. Cell 2013, 152 (4), 703-713. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.035
See also:
161. Rosenberg, S. M.; Queitsch, C., Combating Evolution to Fight Disease. Science 2014, 343 (6175), 1088-1089. doi: 10.1126/science.1247472
Kalevi Kull: Censorship & Royal Society Evo Event

Nobody wants to belong to the party of losers. One of the best strategies in such a case is evidently an interpretation of the change as a gradual accumulation of knowledge while their work has always been at the cutting edge. — Kalevi Kull

Serious scientists from South Korea are the winners. Two recent publications forced the denuclearization of North Korea.
Emergence of Human G2P[4] Rotaviruses in the Post-vaccination Era in South Korea: Footprints of Multiple Interspecies Re-assortment Events

Compared to the G2 RotaTeq vaccine strain, 17-24 amino acid changes, specifically A87T, D96N, S213D, and S242N substitutions in G2 epitopes, were observed. These results suggest that multiple interspecies re-assortment events might have contributed to the emergence of G2P[4] rotaviruses in the post-vaccination era in South Korea.

A Single Amino Acid at the Polymerase Acidic Protein Determines the Pathogenicity of Influenza B Viruses

When analyzed using reverse-genetically rescued viruses, it was shown that PA K338R alone could increase the pathogenicity of both IBVs in mice and viral replication property in the respiratory tracts of ferrets. In a subsequent mini-replicon assay, the effect of PA K338R was highlighted by the enhancement of viral polymerase complex activity of both Vc_BR60 and Ym_WI01 viruses. These results suggest that the PA K338R mutation may be a molecular determinant of IBV pathogenicity via modulating the viral polymerase function of IBVs.

Mutations are known to be the molecular determinants of all pathology in species from microbes to humans. See: Virus-mediated archaeal hecatomb in the deep seafloor
Watch as Hashem Al-Ghaili puts everything known to serious scientists about the virus-mediated archaeal hecatomb back into the context of neo-Darwinian evolution.

One major hallmark of cancer cells is their ability to adapt to stressful conditions such as nutrient deprivation. Rapidly growing tumor cells must compete for the ever-diminishing supply of nutrients in the surrounding environment to survive and proliferate. Targeting these adaptive mechanisms represents a promising approach for cancer therapeutics.

It’s a little late to claim that the virus-driven theft of quantized energy is linked from autophagy to adaptations in viruses. All serious scientists know that food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled biophysically constrained autophagy has been linked to viral latency and to ecological adaptations in all living genera. Intelligent people know that viruses have been linked to all pathology.
See also: From Istanbul, Turkey. Respect for all human life has been placed into the context of the energy-dependent de novo creation of microRNAs and the works of an Islamic creationist in Turkey.

Autophagy-Regulating microRNAs and Cancer
Cancer researchers in other countries clearly are approaching the cure for all pathology from a scientific creationist perspective despite being forced to place their claims into the context of evolution to get their works past peer review.
The Trump administration has been working towards world peace with other leaders for more than a year. See for example:
May 3, 2017
LIVE: President Donald J. Trump and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas make a joint statement at the White House.
Who does not want World Peace? Why The End of the Korean War Is Bad News for the United States

Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled feedback loops

May 3, 2018

Summary: The link from positive selection to one food energy-dependent base pair change and fixation of the mouse-model-to-human-specific EDAR V370A allele in populations on different continents attests to sympatric speciation at every level of examination that refutes the pseudoscientific nonsense of neo-Darwinian mutation-driven evolution.

Reported on 5/3/18 as: SWAT team of immune cells found in mother’s milk

“There is a feedback loop,” says Yu. It’s known that some immune cells like leucocytes, another white blood cell that fights infection, increase in the milk in response to an infection in the baby.

…the largest immune cell population in breast milk is macrophages, which ILCs are known to direct. Macrophages, which literally means ‘big eaters,” are the largest of the white blood cells and much-better studied than ILCs. They are known for their ability to envelop unwanted items like bacteria, viruses…

Environmental selection during the last ice age on the mother-to-infant transmission of vitamin D and fatty acids through breast milk 4/23/18

The frequency of the human-specific EDAR V370A allele appears to be uniquely elevated in North and East Asian and New World populations due to a bout of positive selection likely to have occurred circa 20,000 y ago. The dental pleiotropic effects of this allele suggest an even higher occurrence among indigenous people in the Western Hemisphere before European colonization. We hypothesize that selection on EDAR V370A occurred in the Beringian refugium because it increases mammary ductal branching, and thereby may amplify the transfer of critical nutrients in vitamin D-deficient conditions to infants via mothers’ milk. This hypothesized selective context for EDAR V370A was likely intertwined with selection on the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster because it is known to modulate lipid profiles transmitted to milk from a vitamin D-rich diet high in omega-3 fatty acids.

Reported as: Gene linked to breastfeeding may have boosted survival of earliest Americans (4/23/18)

…they carried a genetic mutation—revealed in ancient teeth—that boosted the development of milk ducts in women’s breasts, which may have helped nursing mothers pass more nutrients to their infants.

The obvious link from infant nutrition to healthy longevity was reported in the context of a ridiculous gene-centric theory of species survival. Gene-centric theories are all that pseudoscientists have left. They use them to hold back the scientific progress made by serious scientists like those who reported this:
Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction (2005)

These results may reflect a strategy wherein GnRH neurons can modify diverse functions in order to coordinate the internal state of the animal and its behavior with reproduction in order to optimize reproductive success.

Ecological Adaptations vs the Randomness of Evolution (2)

May 1, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology microRNA editing Model Organisms Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic Variations

Summary: See for comparison: Make ‘Em Resistant to Viruses

In the new proposal — which Science says was released in advance of a meeting today — GP-write leaders say “ultrasafe” cells could be developed by making some 400,000 changes to the human genome.

A Fast One–Step Digestion of DNA or RNA for Global Detection and Characterization of Nucleotide Modifications (link opens pdf)
Product information:

The Nucleoside Digestion Mix is an optimized mixture of enzymes that provides a convenient one-step method to generate single nucleosides from DNA or RNA for quantitative analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), eliminating the need for sequential multi-step, time-consuming digestion protocols.

Digests both DNA and RNA to single nucleosides

A source of anti-entropic energy is required to create nucleosides and nucleotides. The quantized energy as information was available to modify nucleotides after the creation of sunlight.
See also: Nucleoside vs. Nucleotide

A nucleoside consists of a nitrogenous base covalently attached to a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) but without the phosphate group. A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and one to three phosphate groups.

Nucleoside = Sugar + Base
Nucleotide = Sugar + Base + Phosphate

The link from the”optimized mixture of enzymes” to Digestion of DNA or RNA links the quantification of epigenetic modifications and the activity of nucleic acid modifying enzymes from energy-dependent microRNA biogenesis to the functional structure of cellular RNA, which has been linked to viral latency and ecological adaptations in all living genera.
The facts about the energy-dependent creation of microRNAs and ecological adaptations have been placed into the context of High-Resolution Epigenomic Atlas of Human Embryonic Craniofacial Development.

These data are provided in easily accessible formats for both craniofacial researchers and clinicians to aid future experimental design and interpretation of noncoding variation in those affected by craniofacial abnormalities.

The facts were reported in Blueprint for the skull: A search for cleft palate’s cause reveals a map of the facial genome

He studies the human genome, but not the genes that tell the body what proteins to make. Instead, he focuses on regulators, parts of the DNA that tell genes when and where to act. These regulators, also known as enhancers, tend to be linked to specific parts of the body.

microRNA cleft palate
1 of 33: A functional polymorphism in the pre-miR-146a gene is associated with the risk of nonsyndromic orofacial cleft.
enhancer cleft palate
1 of 35 Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Analysis During Palatal Fusion Reveals the Potential Mechanism of Enhancer Methylation Regulating Epithelial Mesenchyme Transformation.
The link from the energy-dependent creation of microRNAs to food energy-dependent genome-wide RNA-directed DNA methylation is perfectly clear until the term enhancer is used in the context of a potential mechanism regulating epithelial mesenchyme transformation.
The conserved molecular mechanisms of energy-dependent epigenetically-effected cell type differentiation are missing and the substitution of a potential mechanism of methylation can be used to support neo-Darwinian nonsense about mutation-driven evolution.
Even after pseudoscientists admit that their theories of craniofacial development are ridiculous, since development is energy-dependent and epigenetically effected, they try to place their findings back into the context of gene-centric theories.
Alternatively, they must know that the virus-driven theft of quantized energy links Zika virus-damaged DNA to craniofacial development with the most severe effects on the size of the brain and skull.
See also: Incomplete host immunity favors the evolution of virulence in an emergent pathogen

Partially protective vaccination can sometimes select for increasingly virulent pathogens.

Reported as: In nature, an imperfect immune system drives the evolution of deadly pathogens

As annual flu shot patrons know, immune systems are not perfect and must be constantly reinforced to protect against rapidly evolving pathogens.

Also:

…birds that eat at feeders are more likely to be infected with the disease, which causes red, swollen eyes and often blindness that results in death.

The link from what the birds and the bees eat to healthy longevity was detailed in my 2013 refutation of neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense.

Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model

Scientific creationists in the US have started to tout my model without attribution.
See: Are Evolution and Adaptation the Same?

Mechanisms of adaptation are made up of complex integrated components, including environmental sensors, signaling pathways, feedback and feed-forward loops, and information control systems in the creature’s DNA.

The sentinel discovery that prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) have heritable adaptive immunity mediated through CRISPR and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins has led to transformative advances in molecular biology, most notably in gene editing (2).

The discovery of heritable adaptive immunity ended the pseudoscientific nonsense about mutation-driven evolution. It linked vaccinations and gene editing to unpredictable outcomes in species from microbes to humans by altering the perfection of our innate immune system. The alterations link the virus-driven degradation of our messenger RNA to all pathology.
But see: Cytosis for ages 10+

A board game taking place inside a human cell! Players compete to build enzymes, hormones and receptors and fend off attacking Viruses!

See for comparison: Make ‘Em Resistant to Viruses

In the new proposal — which Science says was released in advance of a meeting today — GP-write leaders say “ultrasafe” cells could be developed by making some 400,000 changes to the human genome.

Environmental selection is natural selection (6)

April 30, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Autophagy base editing biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology Subatomic

Massive Science Reports

You Don’t Know GMOs

We’re working with a team of geneticists, biologists, and environmental scientists to bring you the most up-to-date report on the science, history, and safety of genetically-modified organisms.

Coming May 2018

I know how GMOs are linked to the forthcoming viral apocalypse. Do you? Atheistic communists in North Korea have learned. When will you?

Environmental selection is natural selection (5)

April 30, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic

Summary: Atheistic Chinese Communists realize that vaccinations cannot protect them. Their attempts to develop a universal vaccine have failed. Bill Gates promotes vaccinations, which led us to the brink of the next pandemic.

Vaccines prevent ecological adaptations in some cell types. Does Bill Gates, a non-scientist, think that people from God-fearing non-communist countries can do better than the atheistic Communists?

Bill Gates calls on U.S. to lead fight against a pandemic that could kill 33 million

Gates and his wife, Melinda, have repeatedly warned that a pandemic is the greatest immediate threat to humanity. Experts say the risk is high, because new pathogens are constantly emerging and the world is so interconnected.

New pathogens do not emerge. Read Quantico. The viruses that cause all pathology ecologically adapt by stealing the quantized energy that all differentiated cell types need to survive.

Bill Gates thinks a coming disease could kill 30 million people within 6 months — and says we should prepare for it as we do for war

If you were to tell the world’s governments that weapons that could kill 30 million people were under construction right now, there’d be a sense of urgency about preparing for the threat, Gates said.

The one time the military tried a sort of simulated war game against a smallpox pandemic, the final score was “smallpox one, humanity zero,” Gates said.

…a strategy was developed in 2009, but it’s carried out by several government agencies in an uncoördinated approach…

Bill Gates has been promoting vaccinations as a strategy. The vaccinations led us to the brink of the pandemic. Vaccines prevent ecological adaptations in some cell types. The atheistic Chinese Communists now realize that vaccinations cannot protect them. Their attempts to develop a universal vaccine have failed, miserably. Does Bill Gates, a non-scientist, think that people from non-communist countries can do better than the atheistic Communists?
Perhaps he doesn’t know how South Korea forced the denuclearization of North Korea, which will probably lead to proclamations of world peace.
See: Engineered virus has artificial amino acid allowing it to serve as a vaccine (2016)

A team of researchers at Peking University has developed a new type of vaccine that they claim may allow for a new approach to generating live virus vaccines which could conceivably be adapted to any type of virus.

Their “new approach” failed. The uncoordinated strategy against the CRISPR bioterror threat has failed to address the established scientific facts. All ecological adaptations are quantized energy-dependent and biophysically constrained by the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in species from microbes to humans. That fact is presented in the context of the Holy Bible, which explains why scientific creationists from South Korea were able to force denuclearization on atheistic communists.
Now Gates accuses the US Government (the Trump Administration?) of failing to protect US citizens.
On April 26, 2018, I discussed factual representations of biologically-based cause and effect that probably led to the death of Timothy J. Cunningham. I told a friend that Cunningham’s publication record clearly reveals his ability to link viruses to the failed differentiation of all cell types in all living genera.
See his publications on

1)”Racial Disparities in Age-Specific Mortality”
2) “Sex-specific relationships between adverse childhood experiences”
3) “Associations between antioxidants and all-cause mortality”
and
4) “Health and Safety Issues for Travelers”

What Bill Gates Fears Most may be the revelations of facts about vaccines. Gates seems to be still promoting the live (or dead) virus-containing vaccines that have failed to protect anyone since the time they were supposed to start protecting us all.
Is he aware that An error made in 1925 led to a crisis in modern science?
The error replaced the creation of energy with models of statistical significance as if the answer to the question “What is Life?” was akin to computers that automagically emerged with the energy to run themselves.
See also: Arrowsmith (1925). If Bill Gates had studied US history, he might have learned that the 1925 Scopes Trial in Dayton, Tennessee predicted that teaching neo-Darwinian evolution would cause the next pandemic.
Instead see: Gates Foundation launches $12M Grand Challenge for universal flu vaccine, as Bill Gates urges world to prepare for war on pandemics
When Europeans “invaded” the Americas, indigenous human populations were decimated by the virus-driven degradation of their messenger RNA. Few American Indians had the amino acid substitution that protected them from the virus-driven pathology manifested in the deep sea. The virus-driven pathology has been linked to all physical and mental diseases/disorders on Earth via the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic.
For comparison, everything known to all serious scientists about quantized energy-dependent RNA-mediated cell type differentiation has been linked to biophysically constrained viral latency.
See: Virus-mediated archaeal hecatomb in the deep seafloor and Cytosis.
See for comparison: Environmental selection during the last ice age on the mother-to-infant transmission of vitamin D and fatty acids through breast milk
The V370A adaptation came from populations in what is now Central China, but dietary changes eliminated the need for the adaptation in the Americas, where indigenous populations had adapted to other viruses. When Europeans introduced the viruses to indigenous populations on other continents, the 6,000 year history of ecological adaptations in species from mice to humans became clear.
See: Modeling Recent Human Evolution in Mice by Expression of a Selected EDAR Variant
The EDAR variant is V370A, which is also known as The ectodysplasin receptor variant (EDARV370A) and as rs3827760, which is also known as 1540T/C, 370A or Val370Ala. It is a SNP in the ectodysplasin A receptor EDAR gene on chromosome 2. The fact that one food energy-dependent variant in one SNP was linked from the creation of a receptor to biophysically constrained RNA-mediated cell type differentiation in species from mice to humans proved that environmental selection links quantized energy-dependent changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance from the creation of sunlight to viral latency in all living genera.
See for comparison: Here Are Michelle Wolf’s Boldest Moments At The White House Correspondents’ Dinner
See also the bold moves made by scientific creationists in South Korea, who forced the denuclearization of North Korea (in the same week as the “dinner”) with prior publication of two articles that link viruses to the decimation of populations of atheistic Communists.
Whether or not the US, and/or if South Korea invades, they could decimate the populations of atheists without firing more than one shot to deliver a payload of virus-modified yeasts. The lives of well-nourished troops could be saved for the take-over/occupation.
See:
1) A Single Amino Acid at the Polymerase Acidic Protein Determines the Pathogenicity of Influenza B Viruses 4/13/18

Several amino acid mutations were identified in PB2, PB1, PA, BM2, and/or NS1 protein coding regions, and one concurrent lysine (K)-to-arginine (R) mutation in PA residue 338 (PA K338R) was found in both maVc_BR60 and maYm_WI01 viruses.

2) Emergence of Human G2P[4] Rotaviruses in the Post-vaccination Era in South Korea: Footprints of Multiple Interspecies Re-assortment Events 4/18/18

…17-24 amino acid changes, specifically A87T, D96N, S213D, and S242N substitutions in G2 epitopes, were observed.

If the only thing atheistic Communists want is to not be invaded, they probably know that vaccines and nuclear weapons cannot protect them from the decimation that could be caused by a single amino acid substitution in a virus.

Why tempt our Creator to show them the error of their ways, when atheistic Communists do not believe in Him? Ask also, “Who killed Timothy J. Cunningham?” — and/or anyone else who is killed or goes missing during the transition to Global Peace.
See also: [evol-psych] Sorry but Yahoo! groups have blocked all my news items — Robert Karl Stonjek 4/30/18
Wait for this to happen with the Human Ethology Yahoo group, where you can still find the atheistic pseudoscientific nonsense touted by the moderator, Jay R. Feierman.
See for example:
Variation is not nutrient availability and the something that is doing the selecting is not the individual organism. A feature of an educated person is to realize what they do not know. Sadly, you don’t know that you have an incorrect understanding [of] Darwinian biological evolution.
See also: I am absolutely certain that if you showed this statement to any professor of biology or genetics in any accredited university anywhere in the world that 100% of them would say that “Random mutations are the substrate upon which directional natural selection acts” is a correct and true statement.
See for comparison: Tracking niche variation over millennial timescales in sympatric killer whale lineages

Ecological variation is the raw material by which natural selection can drive evolutionary divergence [1–4].
The differences in amino acid composition among different tissues can lead to large differences in trophic discrimination [38].

Many evolutionary theorists and Big Bang cosmologists are among the hate-mongers who would rather combat Christianity than make any efforts towards Combating Evolution to Fight Disease.

Environmental selection is natural selection (4)

April 30, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Model Organisms Physics Subatomic

Conclusion: Only biologically uninformed science idiots still believe in the pseudoscientific nonsense of neo-Darwinian evolution.
VISUALIZING APOPTOSIS AS IT HAPPENS

Apoptosis is a highly regulated and critical homeostatic process in multicellular organisms.

Biologically uninformed theorists have claimed the conserved molecular mechanisms of energy-dependent apoptosis in multicelluar organisms arose after energy emerged. Aberrations in this form of energy-dependent programmed cell death have been linked from the virus-driven theft of quantized energy to all pathology. That helps to explain why biologically uninformed science idiots continue to link emergence to the evolution of all biodiversity but serious scientists present experimental evidence of highly regulated apoptosis.
Every level of biological organization has now linked the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight to the proton motive force from apoptosis to all biodiversity via what is known about biophysically constrained viral latency.
For more evidence of obfuscation that theorists have used in their attempts to support their pseudoscientific nonsense “Download this eBook from The Scientist and Biotium to find out more about”

– The intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways
– The biochemical and morphological stages of apoptosis
– Apoptosis signs and signals
– Nuclear events during apoptosis

Quantized energy-dependent changes link the extrinsic pathway to the instrinsic pathway via changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance, which links the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction to biophysically constrained RNA-mediated fixation of amino acid substitutions and ecological adaptations in the context of viral latency.
For links to what is known about the role of anti-entropic virucidal energy links the proton motive force from protection of the mitochondrial membrane to all biophysically constrained biodiversity, see:
Reappraising the human mitochondrial DNA recombination dogma
Substitute energy-dependent ecological adaptation each time you see others suggest that human mitochondrial DNA recombination evolved.
See also: If you can’t explain something in simple terms, you don’t understand it

Sizing up his audience perfectly, Feynman said, “I’ll prepare a freshman lecture on it.” But he came back a few days later to say, “I couldn’t do it. I couldn’t reduce it to the freshman level. That means we don’t really understand it.”

He died in 1988. Anyone who continues to claim that we still do not understand the links from quantum physics to quantum souls exemplifies human idiocy. See: Food energy
Only biologically uninformed science idiots still believe in the pseudoscientific nonsense of neo-Darwinian evolution.

(E) KEGG analysis of the common up- and downregulated mRNAs in NDV infection. The left panel shows the KEGG enrichment analysis of each of the top 20 significant differences in the upregulated mRNAs, and the right panel shows the KEGG enrichment analysis of each of the top 20 significant differences in the downregulated mRNAs.

The eternal significance of microRNAs (6)

April 26, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology RNA Directed

Accurate representations of how mutations are linked to the ecological adaptations in viruses that kill us are required to end the stranglehold that pseudoscientists have held on medical research. The pseudoscientists and other theorists make claims about mutation-driven evolution or natural selection and evolution as if the effect of virus-driven energy theft was beneficial to species that have somehow evolved from other species.
Neo-Darwinian theories will cause the death of us all. But first they will kill all the chickens.
Common microRNA-mRNA Interactions in Different Newcastle Disease Virus-Infected Chicken Embryonic Visceral Tissues
figure 3 E (above) includes biosynthesis of amino acids but a word search for “amino acid” turns up nothing.

(E) KEGG analysis of the common up- and downregulated mRNAs in NDV infection. The left panel shows the KEGG enrichment analysis of each of the top 20 significant differences in the upregulated mRNAs, and the right panel shows the KEGG enrichment analysis of each of the top 20 significant differences in the downregulated mRNAs.

The pathways for the biosynthesis of amino acids link microRNA biogenesis from energy-dependent changes in base pairs to amino acid substitutions that stabilize or destabilize the organized genomes in the context of everything that could be learned by playing the cell biology game “Cytosis.”
Ages 10+ can learn how to protect all organized genomes from viruses in the context of the food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction of humans, which biophysically constrains viral latency in species from microbes to humans.
One base pair change and one amino acid substitution (e.g., EDAR V370A) in a human host may be all that’s required to protect the organized genome from the virus-driven degradation of mRNA that has been linked to all pathology.
That means the virus-driven theft of quantized energy may link the change in the base pair to an amino acid substitution in the virus that stabilizes the virus. The 1918 Spanish flu was one example of what happens next. But no one knew why it happened until more recently.
See: Substitutions Near the Receptor Binding Site Determine Major Antigenic Change During Influenza Virus Evolution (2013)

Koel et al. (p. 976) show that major antigenic change can be caused by single amino acid substitutions.

…the PA K338R mutation may be a molecular determinant of IBV pathogenicity via modulating the viral polymerase function of IBVs.

Accurate representations of how mutations are linked to ecological adaptations in viruses are required to end the stranglehold that pseudoscientists have held on medical research. The pseudoscientists and other theorists make claims about mutation-driven evolution or natural selection and evolution as if the effect of virus-driven energy theft was beneficial to species that have somehow evolved from other species.
The most recent example of that nonsense may be the focus of several blog posts here.
See: Environmental selection during the last ice age on the mother-to-infant transmission of vitamin D and fatty acids through breast milk

…we investigate whether the population occupying Beringia during the LGM represents another example of human adaptation to an extreme environment, this time adapting to very low UV exposure (Fig. 1). There are two lines of genetic evidence for this: variation in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster that modulates the manufacture of polyunsaturated fatty acids and variation in the ectodysplasin A receptor (EDAR) gene that influences ectodermally derived structures, such as teeth, hair, and mammary gland ductal branching. A study on selection on the FADS gene cluster in the ancestral population of Native Americans has been published previously (13), but, here, we shift the emphasis from phenotypic effects on older adults to focus on those that influence fertility via breast milk.

They link the food energy-dependent creation of microRNAs in all mammals from the physiology of reproduction to biophysically constrained viral latency via one base pair change an a single amino acid substitution, EDAR V370A. They refuse to acknowledge the facts that link the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy from the creation of microRNAs to viral latency in the mouse-to-human model, and fail to link what is known about what animals eat from the physiology of reproduction to the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of healthy longevity and fertility.
See: The Bull Sperm MicroRNAome and the Effect of Fescue Toxicosis on Sperm MicroRNA Expression (2014)

The potential for sperm miRNA affecting zygote development has recently been reported in the literature [18] and has interesting implications for the use of sperm miRNA profiles as indicators of potential male fertility.

The amino acid optimality code (Fig 6) provides an alternative perspective on sequence changes between paralogs in evolution and human disease.

The chicken-livered (timid; fearful; cowardly) theorists who refuse to admit that their ridiculous theories have led to the unnecessary suffering and premature death of millions to billions of people and other mammals, have brought us all to the brink of extinction.
Does any intelligent person think that humans will evolve another protective variant allele like the EDAR V370A variant before humanity — as we know it know – ceases to exist?
Environmental selection during the last ice age on the mother-to-infant transmission of vitamin D and fatty acids through breast milk