Human Brain Archives - Scent of Eros

Caption: Contemporary analyses of cell metabolism have called out three metabolites: ATP, NADH, and acetyl-CoA, as sentinel molecules whose accumulation represent much of the purpose of the catabolic arms of metabolism and then drive many anabolic pathways. Such analyses largely leave out how and why ATP, NADH, and acetyl-CoA (Figure 1) at the molecular level play such central roles. Yet, without those insights into why cells accumulate them and how the enabling properties of these key metabolites power much of cell metabolism, the underlying molecular logic remains mysterious. Four other metabolites, S-adenosylmethionine, carbamoyl phosphate, UDP-glucose, and Δ2-isopentenyl-PP play similar roles in using group transfer chemistry to drive otherwise unfavorable biosynthetic equilibria. This review provides the underlying chemical logic to remind how these seven key molecules function as mobile packets of cellular currencies for phosphoryl transfers (ATP), acyl transfers (acetyl-CoA, carbamoyl-P), methyl transfers (SAM), prenyl transfers (IPP), glucosyl transfers (UDP-glucose), and electron and ADP-ribosyl transfers (NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+) to drive metabolic transformations in and across most primary pathways. The eighth key metabolite is molecular oxygen (O2), thermodynamically activated for reduction by one electron path, leaving it kinetically stable to the vast majority of organic cellular metabolites

Kohl's Laws of Biology (codon-optimality revisited)

May 11, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Human Pheromones Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic Variations What's in the News

Summary: Kohl’s Laws help to explain what was missing from Darwin’s ‘conditions of life.’ Darwin knew nothing about genetics, which means he knew nothing about the epigenetic effects of food odors or pheromones.
Ancient hepatitis B viruses from the Bronze Age to the Medieval period 5/7/18

We provide evidence for the creation of HBV genotype A via recombination, and for a long-term association of modern HBV genotypes with humans, including the discovery of a human genotype that is now extinct. These data expose a complexity of HBV evolution that is not evident when considering modern sequences alone.

The complexity of biophysically constrained viral latency in all living genera refutes all pseudoscientific nonsense touted by neo-Darwinian theorists and Big Bang cosmologists.
See for example: Who were the Neanderthals? 5/5/18

Current evidence from both fossils and DNA suggests that Neanderthal and modern human lineages separated at least 500,000 years ago. Some genetic calibrations place their divergence at about 650,000 years ago.

No serious scientists believe in the nonsense that links genetic calibrations to “divergence” at about 650,000 years ago.
See for comparison: Efficient coding explains the universal law of generalization in human perception 5/11/18
Everything known to serious scientists about natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality and RNA-mediated DNA repair is placed back into the context of evolution, which is subject to constraints (finding food and reproduction).
See also: Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception (2017)
The creation of visual perception starts with the energy-dependent creation of enzymes.

High-resolution cryo-EM analysis of the yeast ATP synthase in a lipid membrane 5/11/18

…the enzyme transduces the energy of a proton gradient, generated by the electron transport chain, into the major energy currency of the cell, ATP.

The quantized energy-dependent creation of the enzyme was linked to the creation of ATP and RNA
Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation” (1964)

The synthesis of RNA in isolated thymus nuclei is ATP dependent.

Natural selection interacts with recombination to shape the evolution of hybrid genomes 5/11/18

Hybridization is an important force in evolution.

That is a ridiculous assumption. Quantized energy is an important force in ecological adaptation. That is a fact.

Metabolic regulation of transcription through compartmentalized NAD⁺ biosynthesis 5/11/18

Competition between the NAD+ precursors—nuclear NMNAT-1 and cytosolic NMNAT-2…, regulates the balance between nuclear NAD+ synthesis for adipogenic gene regulation and cytosolic NAD+ synthesis used in metabolism.

Every aspect of what is currently know about life on Earth begins with the creation of quantized energy.
Energy efficiency drives the global seasonal distribution of birds 5/7/18
Reported as: A Thermodynamic Answer to Why Birds Migrate 5/7/18

…research makes a forceful argument that energy supply and demand is a driving ecological principle shaping the global structure of biodiversity.”

In this 1996 review, we linked the sex differences in yeasts to sex differences in humans via alternative splicings of pre-mRNAs, which are now called microRNAs. From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior

I linked quantized energy from subatomic particles to all biodiversity via the creation of microRNAs in:
2014 Preprint: Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems
2018 Publication: Nutrient-dependent Pheromone-Controlled Ecological Adaptations: From Angstroms to Ecosystems

Biological Laws

Biophysical constraints and biological laws appear to link ecological variation to ecological adaptations via conserved molecular mechanisms in all species. For example, nutrient-dependent ecological niche construction leads to pheromone-controlled social niche construction via the nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction. The nutrient-dependent origin of amino acid substitutions in viruses [149-152], which also are manifested in plant and animal interactions, exemplifies a continuum of biological plausibility and ecological validity in the context of Laws of Biology. These Laws of Biology include Kohl’s Laws of Biology, which are so named because the surname of the first author or sole author on each of 7 peer-reviewed publications in the paragraph below is Kohl. The Kohls did not create the Laws of Biology; they merely independently incorporated what is known about them into what appears to be a cohesive series of published works.

Kohl’s Laws of Biology
Life is nutrient-dependent. That is a Biological Law. The ecological origin of all biological laws is apparent 1) in the context of systems biology [87]; 2) in the context of the metabolism of nutrients by microbes [153]; and 3) in the context of how the metabolism of nutrients results in species-specific pheromones that control the physiology of reproduction [154]. Taken together, the systems biology of nutrient metabolism to species-specific pheromones, which control the physiology of reproduction, can be expressed in a summary of Kohl’s Laws of Biology: 1) Life is nutrient-dependent.

See for review [27,155]. The physiology of reproduction is pheromone-controlled. See for review [26]. In the context of nutrient-dependent epigenetically-effected human reproduction, it is clearer that the epigenetic effects of human pheromones integrate neuroendocrinology and behavior [100], which includes the neuroendocrinology of mammalian behavior associated with the development of sexual preferences [156].

Kohl’s Laws help to explain what was missing from Darwin’s ‘conditions of life.’ Darwin knew nothing about genetics, which means he knew nothing about the epigenetic effects of food odors or pheromones.

Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled feedback loops

May 3, 2018

Summary: The link from positive selection to one food energy-dependent base pair change and fixation of the mouse-model-to-human-specific EDAR V370A allele in populations on different continents attests to sympatric speciation at every level of examination that refutes the pseudoscientific nonsense of neo-Darwinian mutation-driven evolution.

Reported on 5/3/18 as: SWAT team of immune cells found in mother’s milk

“There is a feedback loop,” says Yu. It’s known that some immune cells like leucocytes, another white blood cell that fights infection, increase in the milk in response to an infection in the baby.

…the largest immune cell population in breast milk is macrophages, which ILCs are known to direct. Macrophages, which literally means ‘big eaters,” are the largest of the white blood cells and much-better studied than ILCs. They are known for their ability to envelop unwanted items like bacteria, viruses…

Environmental selection during the last ice age on the mother-to-infant transmission of vitamin D and fatty acids through breast milk 4/23/18

The frequency of the human-specific EDAR V370A allele appears to be uniquely elevated in North and East Asian and New World populations due to a bout of positive selection likely to have occurred circa 20,000 y ago. The dental pleiotropic effects of this allele suggest an even higher occurrence among indigenous people in the Western Hemisphere before European colonization. We hypothesize that selection on EDAR V370A occurred in the Beringian refugium because it increases mammary ductal branching, and thereby may amplify the transfer of critical nutrients in vitamin D-deficient conditions to infants via mothers’ milk. This hypothesized selective context for EDAR V370A was likely intertwined with selection on the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster because it is known to modulate lipid profiles transmitted to milk from a vitamin D-rich diet high in omega-3 fatty acids.

Reported as: Gene linked to breastfeeding may have boosted survival of earliest Americans (4/23/18)

…they carried a genetic mutation—revealed in ancient teeth—that boosted the development of milk ducts in women’s breasts, which may have helped nursing mothers pass more nutrients to their infants.

The obvious link from infant nutrition to healthy longevity was reported in the context of a ridiculous gene-centric theory of species survival. Gene-centric theories are all that pseudoscientists have left. They use them to hold back the scientific progress made by serious scientists like those who reported this:
Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction (2005)

These results may reflect a strategy wherein GnRH neurons can modify diverse functions in order to coordinate the internal state of the animal and its behavior with reproduction in order to optimize reproductive success.

Ecological Adaptations vs the Randomness of Evolution

May 1, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Human Pheromones Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms RNA Directed RNA editing RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations

Summary: Ecological variation is linked to ecological adaptations in all living genera via the creation of microRNAs and the sense of smell.

Odor Perception on the Two Sides of the Brain: Consistency Despite Randomness

Highlights

•A random model predicts observed preservation of correlations in piriform responses
•The model supports consistent agreement about odor quality among individuals

The model fails to explain how the energy-dependent creation of microRNAs links pattern recognition to the creation of pre-mRNAs and biophysically constrained viral latency. Everything required for our visual perception of energy and mass in the context of the space-time continuum has been linked to the RNA-mediated transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of conserved molecular mechanisms.

See: Minding your caps and tails

A nascent mRNA, synthesized in the nucleus, undergoes diﬀerent modifcations before it can be translated into proteins in the cytoplasm. For a mRNA to be functional, it requires modifed 5´ and 3´ ends and a coding region (i.e., an open reading frame (ORF) encoding for the protein of interest) ﬂanked by the untranslated regions (UTRs). The nascent mRNA (premRNA) undergoes two signifcant modifcations in addition to splicing.

Simply put, nascent mRNAs do not exist outside the context of their energy-dependent creation.

Mathematical models explain nothing when they fail to link the anti-entropic virucidal of sunlight to energy-dependent RNA-mediated biophysically constrained viral latency.

Linda Buck shared the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine with Richard Axel, who is a co-author of the article about consistency despite randomness. She is scheduled to present during Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018

For comparison, Richard Axel appears to have been stuck with ridiculous theories and mathematical models.

Evolutionists believe adaptable traits arose through the progressive accumulation of random genetic mutations that somehow provided an advantage to living things facing specific environmental challenges. But not only are nearly all mutations either harmful or at best neutral, it’s impossible to achieve a functioning system of many orchestrated components one step at a time. All-or-nothing systems cannot evolve bit by bit.

Ecological variation is linked to ecological adaptations in all living genera via the creation of microRNAs and the sense of smell.

See: Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception

See also: Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference

The rearrangements link energy-dependent fixed amino acid substitutions to the Precision Medicine Initiative via genome wide inferences of natural selection. This detailed representation of energy-dependent natural selection for codon optimality links biologically- based cause and effect from G protein-coupled receptors to RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions and the functional structure of supercoiled DNA.

Energy-dependent polycombic ecological adaptations are manifested in supercoiled DNA. Chromosomal inheritance links the adaptations from morphological phenotypes to healthy longevity via behavioral phenotypes. For contrast, virus-driven energy theft is the link from messenger RNA degradation to negative supercoiling, constraint breaking mutations, and hecatombic evolution. The viral hecatomb links transgenerational epigenetic inheritance from archaea to Zika virus-damaged DNA, which typically is repaired by endogenous RNA interference and fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in organized genomes

High-throughput sequencing and analysis of microbial community cDNA (#metatranscriptomics) are providing valuable insight into in situ microbial activity and metabolism in the oceans.

The eternal significance of microRNAs (4)

April 20, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings base editing biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms RNA Directed

Conclusion: Conserved energy biophysically constrains viral latency.
Metatranscriptomics

High-throughput sequencing and analysis of microbial community cDNA are providing valuable insight into in situ microbial activity and metabolism in the oceans.

When faced with the eternal significance of quantized energy-dependent natural selection for codon optimality, theorists must attack the basics of what is known to serious scientists about biophysically constrained life on Earth.
See for example: Virus-mediated archaeal hecatomb in the deep seafloor
By starting with “raw assemblies” instead of the energy from sunlight that must be linked to the “Assemblies Trinity,” pseudoscientists link “data” to codon optimality. They fail to link the creation of virucidal light from differential gene expression before they link the data to results that are meaningless outside the context of an energy source.
All results can be predicted only in the context of the energy-dependent biophysical constraints that prevent the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA from destroying the supercoiled DNA that is required to maintain viral latency and healthy longevity.
Nutrition, microRNAs, and Human Health (2017)

MicroRNAs (miRs) hybridize with complementary sequences in mRNA and silence genes by destabilizing mRNA or preventing translation of mRNA.

The authors recapitulate the claims from my 2014 invited review of nutritional epigenetics but fail to address the most important aspect of biophysically constrained viral latency, which requires the energy-dependent creation of microRNAs that prevent the translation of mRNA. The destabilizing effects of viruses are eliminated when enough food energy is available to support RNA-directed DNA methylation and fixation of amino acid substitutions in organized genomes.
See: Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems

This atoms to ecosystems model of ecological adaptations links nutrient-dependent epigenetic effects on base pairs and amino acid substitutions to pheromone-controlled changes in the microRNA / messenger RNA balance and chromosomal rearrangements. The nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled changes are required for the thermodynamic regulation of intracellular signaling, which enables biophysically constrained nutrient-dependent protein folding; experience-dependent receptor-mediated behaviors, and organism-level thermoregulation in ever-changing ecological niches and social niches. Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological, social, neurogenic and socio-cognitive niche construction are manifested in increasing organismal complexity in species from microbes to man.

See for comparison: Prediction of 5-Fluorouracil Toxicity Associated With Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Gene (DPYD) Polymorphism Using the Secondary Structure Prediction Programs
The predicted toxicity must be linked from the energy-dependent creation of dehydrogenase gene polymorphisms. The failure to do that has led to class action litigation.
See also: DPYD dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

The protein encoded by this gene is a pyrimidine catabolic enzyme and the initial and rate-limiting factor in the pathway of uracil and thymidine catabolism. Mutations in this gene result in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency, an error in pyrimidine metabolism associated with thymine-uraciluria and an increased risk of toxicity in cancer patients receiving 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Finding isoforms is of little use if researchers do not know how the isoforms are created.
medical Definition of isoform.:

any of two or more functionally similar proteins that have a similar but not identical amino acid sequence and are either encoded by different genes or by RNA transcripts from the same gene which have had different exons removed.

Most researchers know nothing about energy-dependent biophysical constraints on the creation of amino acid substitutions in the isoforms.
See for example: NSF’s Big Ideas: Understanding the Rules of Life and The Quantum Leap
The rules of life that include fixation of amino acid substitutions in organized genomes could have been linked from the quantum leap to biophysically constrained viral latency and healthy longevity in all living genera. Instead the presenters failed to answer any of my questions.

1) Has anyone place the rules of Life and the Quantum Leap into the context of food energy-dependent biophysically constrained viral latency and sympatric speciation?
2) Do you think that this parody accurately represents what was known in 2014 about the importance of energy-dependent base pair changes to biophysically constrained protein folding chemistry? All About that Base (Meghan Trainor Parody) 12/10/14
3) Do you agree that questions about genome adaptations compared to the evolution of organized genome are ambiguous in the context of what is known about natural selection for quantized energy-dependent codon optimality?
4) Has the difference in the energy of two photons been linked from altered proton gradients to the protential of hydrogen (pH) and RNA-mediated DNA repair via the creation of microRNAs and enzymes?
NSF funding is largely used to support theories about the emergence of energy and evolution of all biodiversity.
This work would be funded by NSF: The evolutionary history of vertebrate RNA viruses
They claim that the evolutionary history of vertebrates matches the history of the RNA viruses, which they claim is because the viruses evolved. Viruses must steal the quantized energy of sunlight from cell types or they cannot replicate. Does that sound like vertebrate viruses are capable of evolution?
That nonsense was reported as: New study transforms understanding of virus origins and evolution
See also: Estimating evolutionary rates in giant viruses using ancient genomes

…this suggests that these viruses could have diverged at least hundreds of thousands of years ago, and hence have evolved over longer time-scales than previously suggested. We propose that the evolutionary rate and time-scale of pithovirus evolution should be reconsidered in the light of these observations and that future estimates of the rate of giant virus evolution should be carefully examined in the context of their biological plausibility.

All their suggestions have become more ridiculous as more facts about the creation of microRNAs have been placed into the context of biophysically constrained viral latency.
See: MicroRNAs in neural development: from master regulators to fine-tuners

The proper formation and function of neuronal networks is required for cognition and behavior. Indeed, pathophysiological states that disrupt neuronal networks can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, schizophrenia or intellectual disability. It is well-established that transcriptional programs play major roles in neural circuit development. However, in recent years, post-transcriptional control of gene expression has emerged as an additional, and probably equally important, regulatory layer. In particular, it has been shown that microRNAs (miRNAs), an abundant class of small regulatory RNAs, can regulate neuronal circuit development, maturation and function by controlling, for example, local mRNA translation. It is also becoming clear that miRNAs are frequently dysregulated in neurodevelopmental disorders, suggesting a role for miRNAs in the etiology and/or maintenance of neurological disease states. Here, we provide an overview of the most prominent regulatory miRNAs that control neural development, highlighting how they act as ‘master regulators’ or ‘fine-tuners’ of gene expression, depending on context, to influence processes such as cell fate determination, cell migration, neuronal polarization and synapse formation.

See also: Learning-dependent chromatin remodeling highlights noncoding regulatory regions linked to autism
They identified a single nucleotide polymorphism known as rs6010065. It is associated with differences in microRNAs linked to autism spectrum disorder.
See also: A Common Allele in FGF21 Associated with Sugar Intake Is Associated with Body Shape, Lower Total Body-Fat Percentage, and Higher Blood Pressure
A single nucleotide polymorphism known as rs838133 was linked from food energy-dependent changes in microRNAs to biophysically constrained viral latency and healthy longevity in the mouse-primate-human model of pheromone-controlled reproduction.
I reiterate: Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems

In the context of quantized energy as information-driven changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance, a single nucleotide polymorphism known as rs3827760, 1540T/C, 370A, V370A, and/or Val370Ala was linked to conserved morphological and behavioral phenotypes in mice and humans.

See: Epigenetics and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Is There a Correlation?

At a time when all serious scientists have linked energy-dependent changes in electrons to ecosystems, questions about correlations are irrelevant.

See: Oppositional COMT Val158Met effects on resting state functional connectivity in adolescents and adults

Functional connectivity is energy dependent and biophysically constrained by by the energy-dependent physiology of reproduction.

It is time for all biologically uniformed science idiots to admit that the source of all energy-dependent changes in every organism on Earth is sunlight.

See: Resolving sub-cellular miRNA trafficking and turnover at single-molecule resolution

Regulation of microRNA (miRNA) localization and stability is critical for their extensive cytoplasmic RNA silencing activity and emerging nuclear functions. Here, we have developed single-molecule fluorescence-based tools to assess the subcellular trafficking, integrity, and activity of miRNAs.

The regulation of microRNA (miRNA) localization and stability is quantized energy-dependent and pheromone controlled in the context of everything known to serious scientists about biophysically constrained protein folding chemistry and supercoiled DNA, which protects all organized genomes from virus-driven energy theft and genomic entropy.
Why symmetry gets really interesting when it is broken

Energy is conserved…because the laws of physics are the same now as they were a millennium ago…

Long-range coherence and energy storage in biological systems (1968)

The supplied energy is thus not completely thermalized but stored in a highly ordered fashion.

Conserved energy biophysically constrains viral latency.

Psychophysical Laws of Biology: RNA-mediated nutritional psychiatry (3)

March 27, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Human Pheromones Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic Variations What's in the News

Psychophysical Laws and the Superorganism (open access)

…superorganisms may also exhibit such behaviour, suggesting that these laws arise from fundamental mechanisms of information processing and decision-making.

Reported on Jun 14, 2013 as Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model

and again on: Mar 27, 2018 as Honeybees may unlock the secrets of how the human brain works

The study… found that superorganisms may obey the same laws as the human brain.

Kohl’s “Laws of Biology” and Darwin’s “conditions of life” can now be compared in the context of how quantized energy as information was linked to biodiversity in this invited review of nutritional epigenetics: Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems (2014)
See also for review:

Functional and evolutionary aspects of chemoreceptors (2012)
Sensory receptors—design principles revisited (2013)
Moving forward: See: Tuning Insect Odorant Receptors (in press)

Among the insect olfactory receptors the odorant receptors (ORs) evolved in parallel to the onset of insect flight. A special property of this receptor type is the capability to adjust sensitivity of odor detection according to previous odor contacts. This article presents a current view on regulatory processes affecting the performance of ORs and proposes a model of mechanisms contributing to OR sensitization.

Future attempts to place psychophysical laws of biology back into the context of neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense will continue to pit ridiculous theories about experience-dependent tuning of odor receptors against everything known to serious scientists about RNA-mediated biophysically constrained viral latency and supercoiled DNA.
See for comparison:
Bacterial self-organization: co-enhancement of complexification and adaptability in a dynamic environment (2003)
Seeking the foundations of cognition in bacteria: From Schrödinger’s negative entropy to latent information (2006)
Learning from Bacteria about Natural Information Processing (2009)
Stability of the hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype (2016)

Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and its reverse – Mesenchymal to Epithelial Transition (MET) – are hallmarks of cellular plasticity during embryonic development and cancer metastasis.

Cellular plasticity was linked from the energy-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in bacteria to our visual perception of energy and mass in the context of the space-time continuum.
See: Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception (2017)

The behavioral gain produced by a congruent relative to an incongruent odor is accompanied by elevated neural oscillatory power around the object’s flicker frequency in the right temporal region ~150-300 ms after object onset, and is not mediated by visual awareness. In parallel, odors bias the subjective duration of visual objects without affecting one’s temporal sensitivity.

See also: Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018
The scheduled speakers will undoubtedly link the Science Behind the Game “Cytosis” to the Science Behind the Game “Subatomic” via everything known to all serious scientists based on Schrodinger’s prescient claims in What is Life? (1944).
See also: What is life when it is not protected from virus driven entropy

The anti-entropic force of virucidal ultraviolet light links guanine–cytosine (G⋅C) Watson–Crick base pairing from hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution to supercoiled DNA, which protects the organized genomes of all living genera from virus-driven entropy. For example, protection of DNA from permanent UV damage occurs in the context of photosynthesis and nutrient-dependent RNA-directed DNA methylation, which links RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions to DNA repair. In the context of thermodynamic cycles of protein biosynthesis and degradation, DNA repair enables the de novo creation of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Olfactory receptor genes are GPCRs. The de novo creation of olfactory receptor genes links chemotaxis and phototaxis from foraging behavior to social behavior in species from microbes to humans. Foraging behavior links ecological variation to ecological adaptation in the context of this atoms to ecosystems model of biophysically constrained energy-dependent RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry. Protein folding chemistry links nutrient-dependent microRNAs from microRNA flanking sequences to energy transfer and cell type differentiation in the context of adhesion proteins, and supercoiled DNA that protects all organized genomes from virus-driven entropy.

This detailed representation of energy-dependent natural selection for codon optimality links biologically- based cause and effect from G protein-coupled receptors to RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions and the functional structure of supercoiled DNA. Energy-dependent polycombic ecological adaptations are manifested in supercoiled DNA. Chromosomal inheritance links the adaptations from morphological phenotypes to healthy longevity via behavioral phenotypes. For contrast, virus-driven energy theft is the link from messenger RNA degradation to negative supercoiling, constraint breaking mutations, and hecatombic evolution. The viral hecatomb links transgenerational epigenetic inheritance from archaea to Zika virus-damaged DNA, which typically is repaired by endogenous RNA interference and fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in organized genomes.

See also “Outer Membrane Vesicles” microRNA (4 of 4 from a 3/27/18 search)

How Our Other Genome Controls Our Epi-Genome (2016)

Secretable Small RNAs via Outer Membrane Vesicles in Periodontal Pathogens (2017)

Tiny RNAs and their voyage via extracellular vesicles: Secretion of bacterial small RNA and eukaryotic microRNA (2017)

Molecular Paths Linking Metabolic Diseases, Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Enterobacteria Infections (2018)

See also: March 28, 2018 sponsored by System Biosciences

Webinar: Deciphering how bacteria utilize outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) to communicate and infect

Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) are membrane vesicles secreted by bacteria that contain DNA, RNA, proteins and endotoxins. Bacteria respond to many environmental factors by secreting specifically-enriched OMVs, which makes these bacteria more fit for their environment. For example, OMVs may be enriched with invasion proteins at the host-pathogen interface. OMVs have recently gained attention as a novel mechanism for transmission of molecular information within bacteria as well as between bacteria and mammalian cells. Owing to their similarities to well-studied extracellular vesicles (EVs), OMVs are being utilized by researchers to study host-bacterial interactions in pathogenesis, cancer therapy, host immune response modulation, as well as bacterial OMV engineering for use as vaccines. This webinar will give an overview of recent studies on the role of OMVs in host-pathogen interactions and discuss their bioengineering potential as vehicles for cargo delivery. We will also introduce our new & revolutionary ExoBacteria™ OMV Isolation Kit, which will enable you to achieve faster, simpler & better OMV isolation.

Learn how OMVs are being utilized by researchers to study host-bacterial interactions in pathogenesis, cancer therapy, host immune response modulation, as well as bacterial OMV engineering for use as vaccines.

Anti-entropic sunlight: Schrödinger’s Creationist Secret? (5)

February 26, 2018

Anti-entropic sunlight: Schrödinger’s Creationist Secret? (3)

The list of those scheduled to present has changed. Michael Rosbash has been added. John E. Walker is not scheduled, which suggests that everyone else already knows that the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy is the link from the creation of ATP to the creation of RNA and all biophysically constrained viral latency via feedback loops and the physiology of reproduction.
Rosbash, as all serious scientists know, started with energy-dependent changes in cycles of RNA biosynthesis. Feedback of the Drosophila period gene product on circadian cycling of its messenger RNA levels (1990). Pseudoscientists failed to link the energy from feedback to biophysically constrained viral latency.
But see: Permeability transition in human mitochondria persists in the absence of peripheral stalk subunits of ATP synthase

Production of ATP depends on the oxidation of energy-rich compounds to produce a chemical potential difference for hydrogen ions, the proton motive force (pmf), across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM).

Other serious scientists have consistently linked photophosphorylation from oxidative phosphorylation to all biodiversity via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in species from soil bacteria to humans
Speakers (new copy-protected list)
Speakers (old list)
See also: Viral Resistance Project
The differences in innate immunity and ecological adaptation are obviously nutrient energy-dependent and transgenerationally inherited in the context of the epigenetically-effected physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction and the affects of hormones on behavior. For instance, pheromones biophysically constrain viral latency via the fixation of amino acid substitutions.
See for comparison: Evolution – Genetic Novelty/Genomic Variations by RNA Networks and Viruses
There are several neo-Darwinian theorists who are scheduled to present, which means they may be ready to accept the ridicule from serious scientists.
See for example: A universal trend of amino acid gain and loss in protein evolution

Amino acid composition of proteins varies substantially between taxa and, thus, can evolve.

See also: Why I got rid of my friends
Some of my former friends kept dumping their garbage about evolution on others in the same way that I. King Jordan and Eugene Koonin did it with their comment about the evolution of the amino acid composition of proteins. See for comparison: All About that Base (Meghan Trainor Parody) 12/10/14 and Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference 2/15/17
Help others who are Combating Evolution to Fight Disease

Conceptual critique: Innateness vs the death gene (2)

February 14, 2018

Excerpt: Martie Haselton notes

“…there’s a hidden adaptive intelligence that has been shaped over eons. Martie Haselton places that ecological adaptation into the context of the claim that “…our bodies are designed to fight off invaders, whether they take the form of a cold virus… (p 73.) and she mentions the link from the designer to one theory about menstruation: “female bleeding serves to flush out “bad” sperm that may carry bacteria, viruses and other pathogens.” (p. 84)

This approach may help limit seasonal influenza epidemics, transmission of tuberculosis, as well as major pandemics.

See for comparison: Subatomic

…is a deck building game where players are competing to build a number of available atoms. Each player starts with the same small deck of cards that consist of Proton Cards, Neutron Cards, Electron Cards and Energy Cards and a beginning hand limit of 5 cards. They use these cards to build upon their current Atom, in an attempt to construct one of the available Atom Cards, and/or use their hand of cards to purchase more powerful atom building cards for later use, or increase their hand limit. The deck building cards are simple and clean, but offer a number of interesting combinations. Players also have an energy track that allows them to store energy, which introduces a “push-their-luck” type of mechanic…

Players start out with a number of workers and on their turn, they will place one of their workers on any available location within that cell. Some of the locations provide players with resources (e.g., mRNA, ATP); some with actions (e.g., convert resources, collect cards). Resources are used to build enzymes, hormones, and/or receptors, which score Health Points.

Science Concepts: cell biology, nucleus, free ribosomes, smooth ER, rough ER, golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, mitochondria, enzymes, hormones, receptors, cell detoxification, antibodies and viruses
Alternatively, theorists may continue to ignore the Science Concepts: in the context of The Hidden Intelligence of Hormones — How They Drive Desire, Shape Relationships, Influence Our Choices, and Make Us Wiser (Feb 13, 2018) for comparison to From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior (1996)

Martie Haselton notes

See for comparison: Conditional expression of women’s desires and men’s mate guarding across the ovulatory cycle (2006)In 2006, it became clear to most serious scientists that Martie Haselton knew nothing about biophysically constrained RNA-mediated viral latency. Now, she places everything known back into the context of neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense and eons of evolution. Fortunately, you can read and discuss her book in the context of what other pseudoscientists have been doing for the past two decades. Simply copy and paste from Wikipedia in attempts to promote ridiculous theories.

See for comparison: Evolution: Genetic Novelty/Genomic Variations by RNA-Networks and Viruses 2018 >

Chantal Abergel >
Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique & Structurale, Marseille, France
Gustavo Caetano Anolles >
Department of Crop Sciences, Evolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, USA.
Marlene Belfort >
Department of Biological Sciences and RNA Institute, University at Albany, New York, USA
Felix Broecker >
Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA

Irene Chen >

Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
Julian Chen >
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
Jean-Michel Claverie >
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique & Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
Bryan Cullen >
Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
Valerian Dolja >
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
Cedric Feschotte >
Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA
Matthias Fischer >
Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Heidelberg, Germany

David Gilmer >
Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, Integrative virology, Strasbourg, France
Reynald Gillet >
Université de Rennes 1, Translation and Folding Team, Rennes cedex, France Institut Universitaire de France
Jordi Gomez >
Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina ‘López-Neyra’ (CSIC), Granada, Spain
Matti Jalasvuori >
Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
I.King Jordan >
School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Eugene Koonin >
National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, USA.
Dusan Kordis >
Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Josef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Mart Krupovic >
Unit BMGE, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
Erez Levanon >
Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
German Martinez >
Dept. of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
John Mattick >
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
Jeff Miller >
California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA

Karin Moelling >
Max Planck Institute for molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
Sabine Müller >
Universität Greifswald, Institut für Biochemie , Greifswald , Germany
Ulrich Müller >
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, USA
Mariusz Nowacki >
Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
David Prangishvili >
Department of Microbiology, BMGE, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
Lennart Randau >
Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
Forest Rohwer >
Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
Corrado Spadafora >
Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Rome, Italy
James Shapiro >
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Chicago , IL , USA
Jason Shepherd >
Biochemistry and Ophthalmology & Visual SciencesUniversity of Utah, School of Medicine Salt Lake City, USA
Ravindra Singh >
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
Keizo Tomonaga >
Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
Peter Unrau >
Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
Luis P. Villarreal >
Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Andreas Werner >
RNA biology group, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, UK
Eric Westhof >
Architecture and Reactivity of RNA, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the CNRS, University of Strasbourg, France
Bojan Zagrovic >
Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna, Austria

Steven Zimmerly >
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

For comparison to Martie Haselton’s February 13, 2018 publication of her pseudoscientific nonsense about hormonal women, see: Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference from my February 15, 2017 virtual conference presentation on Precision Medicine.

Feedback loops link quantized energy as information to biophysically constrained RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry. Light induced energy-dependent changes link angstroms to ecosystems from classical physics to chemistry/chirality and to molecular epigenetics/autophagy. The National Microbiome Initiative links microbial quorum sensing to the physiology of reproduction via endogenous RNA interference and chromosomal rearrangements. The rearrangements link energy-dependent fixed amino acid substitutions to the Precision Medicine Initiative via genome wide inferences of natural selection. This detailed representation of energy-dependent natural selection for codon optimality links biologically- based cause and effect from G protein-coupled receptors to RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions and the functional structure of supercoiled DNA. Energy-dependent polycombic ecological adaptations are manifested in supercoiled DNA. Chromosomal inheritance links the adaptations from morphological phenotypes to healthy longevity via behavioral phenotypes. For contrast, virus-driven energy theft is the link from messenger RNA degradation to negative supercoiling, constraint breaking mutations, and hecatombic evolution. The viral hecatomb links transgenerational epigenetic inheritance from archaea to Zika virus-damaged DNA, which typically is repaired by endogenous RNA interference and fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in organized genomes

Diet-driven RNA interference and mental health (4)

February 13, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity

See: Diet-driven RNA interference and mental health (3)

Social transmission and buffering of synaptic changes after stress

Transmission from the stressed subject to the naive partner required the activation of PVN CRH neurons in both subject and partner to drive and detect the release of a putative alarm pheromone from the stressed mouse.

Reported as: Researchers discover brain cells change following close contact with a stressed individual

“There has been other literature that shows stress can be transferred — and our study is actually showing the brain is changed by that transferred stress,” says Toni-Lee Sterley, an Eyes High postdoctoral fellow in Bains’s lab and the study’s lead author. “The neurons that control the brain’s response to stress showed changes in unstressed partners that were identical to those we measured in the stressed mice.”

The researchers discovered that the activation of the neurons causes the release of a chemical signal, an “alarm pheromone,” from the mouse that alerts the partner. The partner who detects the signal can, in turn, alert additional members of the group.

This links Bruce McEwen’s works on stress to my works. It completes details of how the mouse-to-human model links nutrient stress-linked and social stress-linked mutations from the virus-driven theft of quantized energy to all pathology. It predicts that fact that human pheromone-enhanced products will continue to be used to prevent or effectively treat Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, and to prevent suicide.
See: Formulation and evaluation of anti-suicidal nasal spray of Thyrotropin releasing hormone
See also: Pheromones and the luteinizing hormone for inducing proliferation of neural stem cells and neurogenesis
The unnecessary suffering and premature deaths of ~ 22 veterans per day and many others who commit suicide or who suffer through largely ineffective treatments for cancer can be place into the context of two reviews:
See: Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model (2013)
and Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems
In my 2014 invited review of nutritional epigenetics, I linked one food energy-dependent base pair to fixation of one amino acid substitution and the stability of organized genomes in a modern human population. The stability was clearly linked from the creation of microRNAs via ingestion of sago palm-like leaves to an increase in endogenous vitamin C.
See also: Vitamins and Hormones Volume 106 Thyroid Hormone February 2018 (paywalled)
Vitamin C links a single base pair change to one amino acid substitution (V370A) in a modern human population. That fact can now be linked from my 2013 refutation of neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense to all biodiversity on Earth via the creation of sunlight and the Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation” (1964)

The synthesis of RNA in isolated thymus nuclei is ATP dependent.

The model organism that best represent the facts about epigenetic regulation of biophysically constrained ATP-dependent RNA-mediated viral latency is featured here: Meet the creature that can regenerate its brain and resist cancer.

A good model with a good model organism predicts. The mouse to human model predicts that one base pair and one fixed RNA-mediated amino acid substitution link the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction to all vertebrate biodiversity via food odors. Predictably, in the axolotyl (aka the “walking fish”), an iodine isotope and cryo-EM technology will soon be used to establish the facts about how the creation of sunlight must be linked from the creation of ATP and the creation of RNA to DNA repair and all biodiversity via the physiology of reproduction and healthy longevity in all living genera.

The actions of a protein used for DNA replication and repair are guided by electrostatic forces known as phosphate steering, a finding that not only reveals key details about a vital process in healthy cells, but provides new directions for cancer treatment research.
Electrostatic forces are not known as phosphate steering.
See: What is an Electrostatic Force?

Electrostatic force between electrons and protons is one of the strongest forces in the universe, even more powerful than gravity. A hydrogen atom, which contains only one electron and one proton, has the fundamental force of gravity keeping it together. However, each subatomic particle can develop electrostatic force as well, which becomes even stronger.

Pseudoscientists are prepared to attack serious scientists at every level of examination that includes aspects of how subatomic particles contribute to oxidative phosphorylation. Who doesn’t know about the role that subatomic particles play in biophysically constraining viral latency?
See: Subatomic: An Atom Building Game (2017)

Subatomic is a deck building game where players are competing to build a number of available Elements, which score them points. Each player starts with the same small deck of cards that consist of Proton, Neutron, and Electron Cards. They use these cards to build upon their current Atom (by playing these cards face-up as Subatomic Particles) in an attempt to construct one of the available Element Cards. Or players may use their hand of cards to purchase more powerful cards for later use (by playing them in combinations of face-down as energy and face-up as Subatomic Particles!) Subatomic introduces a unique variation on deck building with a highly accurate chemistry theme…

The fact that Discover’s “My Science Shop” does not yet include information on the game “Subatomic” can be explained because the game is not yet available. The fact that Discover’s “My Science Shop” does not mention the availabilty of “Cytosis” suggests they are not willing to admit that their past representations of neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense were removed from consideration in 1944 when Schrödinger published “What is Life?”
See: Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018
The most accurate of all chemistry themes has continued to link Schrödinger’s claims from quantum physics and quantum chemistry to quantum biology via the conserved molecular mechanisms of biophysically constrained protein folding chemistry. The conserved molecular mechanisms link energy-dependent epigenetics to healthy longevity. The conserved molecular mechanisms also link the virus-driven theft of quantized energy to all pathology.
See also: A quantum theory for the irreplaceable role of docosahexaenoic acid in neural cell signalling throughout evolution (2013)
Classical biophysics does not have a ready explanation for the role of docosahexanoic acid (DHA), which appears to be irreplaceable in the context of a light-activated endogenous substrate that functions as an electron tunnelling device. DHA provides precise quantized signals that are essential to visual accuity in the context of synaptic signaling. The link from quantum physics to classical physics helps to explain why the energy-dependent creation of photoreceptors has been linked to their counter intuitive orientation — away from the incoming light.
But, I digress. I am often forced to digress by theorists who invent new terms, such as phosphate steering, to obfuscate what is know about epigenetically-effected top-down causation, which starts with effects of sunlight linked to oxidative phosphorylation. Top-down causation does not start with phosphate steering. It starts with the creation of receptors. If any aspect of biophysically constrained life on Earth started with phosphate steering, there would be more than one citation to the claim. There is only one. See. “Phosphate steering.”
For comparison to what is known about the link from microRNAs to the brain and behavior, see:
microRNA brain and microRNA behavior
See also: Reduced expression of brain-enriched microRNAs in glioblastomas permits targeted regulation of a cell death gene (2011)
and Targeted expression of suicide gene by tissue-specific promoter and microRNA regulation for cancer gene therapy (2013)

See: Epigenetics study helps focus search for autism risk factors

Within the Shank3 promoter 6 region they identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (or SNP, a common type of genetic variation) known as rs6010065. Analyzing genomic data from a clinical study of 554 children with autism and 214 healthy controls, they found that rs6010065 is indeed associated with autism spectrum disorder.

I reiterate. The profiles are energy-dependent and the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction helps to ensure that viral latency is biophysically constrained by the dynamic processes. That fact can be compared to ridiculous claims about mutations and the “evolving profiles.”

See for example, this link from the food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled fixation of the BDNF val66met polymorphism amino acid substitution to behavior in human infants.

The BDNF val66met polymorphism and individual differences in temperament in 4-month-old infants: A pilot study

See for comparison: Stress dynamically regulates behavior and glutamatergic gene expression in hippocampus by opening a window of epigenetic plasticity

Reported as: Newly discovered windows of brain plasticity may help with treatment of stress-related disorders

…they looked at mice genetically engineered to carry a genetic variant associated with development of depression and other stress-related disorders in humans [ the variant is (BDNF Val66Met)] and present in 33 percent of the population.

If you don’t know where to look, you might find where the information on the BDNF Val66Met is buried. But, if you look at the life’s works of Bruce S. McEwen, you will discover what is known to all serious scientists about stress linked RNA-mediated cell type differentiation.

Redefining neuroendocrinology: Epigenetics of brain-body communication over the life course (2017)

Heterozygous BDNF Val66Met mice are genetically susceptible to stress. The effects of stress on messenger RNA levels in wild-type mice was recapitulated but only via activation of immediate early genes when the heterozygous BDNF Val66Met mice were actually stressed. In the absence of stress, stress activated expression of immediate early genes is not worth studying. Similarly, it is not worth studying how nutrient stress is linked to social stress via c-fos activation in gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neuroscretory neurons.

However, if baseline studies had not already linked expression of the Fos protein to epigenetic effects of pheromones on luteinizing hormone in mice, the epigenetic effects of food odors and pheromones on humans might never have been linked to interethnic genetic differences in human morphology and behavior.

See: Influence of male rats on the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neuronal system in female rats: role of the vomeronasal organ (1993)

[Pheromonal regulation of genetic processes: research on the house mouse (Mus musculus L.)] (1994)

Human pheromones: integrating neuroendocrinology and ethology (2001)

Pheromones and the luteinizing hormone for inducing proliferation of neural stem cells and neurogenesis (2011)

The link from diet-driven RNA interference to mental health can now be considered in the context of gene gains and losses.

For example, see: APOBEC1

Catalytic component of the apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme complex which is responsible for the postranscriptional editing of a CAA codon for Gln to a UAA codon for stop in the APOB mRNA.
Also involved in CGA (Arg) to UGA (Stop) editing in the NF1 mRNA.
May also play a role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression by participating in DNA demethylation.

Loss of APOBEC1 RNA-editing function in microglia exacerbates age-related CNS pathophysiology

These data provide powerful evidence supporting the critical role of APOBEC1-mediated RNA editing in maintaining the balance between the homeostatic and activated immune functions of MG.

Reported as: Cellular ‘powerhouses’ may explain health effects of stress

The findings are especially exciting for the field of psychosomatic medicine, with its traditional focus on re-integrating the mind (“psyche”) and body (“soma”). Emerging evidence on the role of mitochondria in translating the effects of stress on health “extend the reach of mind-body research into the cellular-molecular domain that is the core foundation of current biomedical training and practice,” Drs. Picard and McEwen write. They emphasize the need for further studies to test various elements of their model, especially in humans. “Future research should consider the dynamic bi-directional interactions between mitochondria and other important physiological systems,” the authors conclude.

Mitochondria are membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells, where they generate the majority of the cell’s supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. In addition, they are involved in a range of other processes, such as signalling, cellular differentiation, cell death, as well as the control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondria have been implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders, in particular, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, autism, and Alzheimer’s dementia. Furthermore, the presence of mutations at the level of mitochondrial or nuclear DNA (mtDNA and nDNA, respectively) has been linked to personality disorders, behavioral disturbances, thought alterations, impulsivity, learning impairment, cognitive failures until dementia. The aim of this paper is to review the literature on the relationship between psychiatric symptoms or syndromes and mtDNA mutations or mitochondrial alterations, while highlighting novel therapeutic targets for a broad range of disorders.

Subatomic: From thermophiles to humans

February 9, 2018

A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. — Max Planck
Every great scientific truth goes through three stages. First, people say it conflicts with the Bible. Next they say it has been discovered before. Lastly they say they always believed it. — Louis Agassiz (1807-1873)
The claims of neo-Darwininan theorists and big bang cosmologists bastardized the scientific truth that he included in his “conditions of life.” The theorists made it appear that the greatest of all scientific truths did not come from the Bible because their ridiculous theories were nowhere to be found in the context of links from the creation of energy to the physiology of reproduction and all morphological and behavioral diversity on Earth.
See for comparison:

Subatomic

Subatomic is themed around the intersection of particle physics and chemistry! At it’s core, Subatomic is a deck-building game with a light Area Majority mechanic for end game points. Players start with a hand of Up Quarks, Down Quarks and Particle/Wave Duality cards, which they use to form protons, neutrons, and electrons. Players combine these subatomic particles to either build available Elements or buy even more powerful cards for their deck.

See also: Modulation of miRNAs by Vitamin C in Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells (Nutrients, February 8, 2018)

We hypothesized that vitamin C mediates these biological processes partially through miRNA regulation.

MiRNA regulation is quantized energy-dependent. The energy comes from the sun. Their hypothesis appears to be based on my claims in my invited review of nutritional epigenetics, which was returned without review by the guest editors of the journal “Nutrients.”
I linked the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight from the claims in Schrodinger (1944) “What is life?” via the quantized energy-dependent creation of microRNAs and vitamin C.
See Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems

The likelihood that hemoglobin variants are associated with other beneficial nutrient energy-dependent changes in microbiota populations in the gut can be considered in the context of how balanced nutrition, which includes access to endogenous vitamin C in human populations, supports efficient metabolism and ecological niche construction (McNulty, et al., 2011).

Nutrient-dependent epigenetic effects on histone modifications and DNA methylation play an important role in stabilizing cell type identity and in orchestrating many developmental processes. For example, vitamin C appears to stimulate histone demethylases, which appear to alter the de novo creation of functional G protein-coupled genes such as olfactory receptor genes (Adipietro, Mainland, & Matsunami, 2012; Blaschke et al., 2013; Jazin & Cahill, 2010; Lyons et al., 2013; Tan, Zong, & Xie, 2013).

Researchers recently rediscovered a nutrient-dependent epigenetic variant that links vitamin C to what is probably a glucose and glucose dehydrogenase-dependent base pair change. The base pair change results in addition of a methyl group to a cytosine base, which takes on a hydroxyl group to form different 5-hydroxymethylcytosines (5hmCs). Different 5hmCs are associated with differences in cell types that have the same genetic backgrounds. Nutrient-dependent epigenetically-marked bases help to explain how hundreds of cell types in the human body and in the brain (Kriaucionis & Heintz, 2009) are differentiated and how they maintain their glucose-dependent and other nutrient-dependent receptor-mediated identities (Wu et al., 2014).

Conclusion:

In the context of climate change and changes in diet, the story began with what probably was a nutrient-dependent base pair change and a variant epiallele that arose in a human population in what is now central China. Apparently, the effect of the epiallele was adaptive and it was manifested in the context of an effect on sweat, skin, hair, and teeth. In another mammal, such as the mouse, the effect on sweat, skin, hair, and teeth is probably due to a nutrient-dependent epigenetic effect on hormones responsible for the tweaking of immense gene networks that metabolize nutrients to pheromones. The pheromones appear to control the nutrient-dependent epigenetically-effected hormone-dependent organization and hormone-activation of reproductive sexual behavior in mammals such as mice and humans, but also in invertebrates and in microbes as previously indicated.The ecological adaptations, which appear to be manifested in the human population are detailed in these two reports (Grossman, et al., 2013; Kamberov, et al., 2013).

The ecological adaptations are likely to be nutrient-dependent and pheromone-controlled. If so, ecological variation probably leads to ecological, social, neurogenic, and socio-cognitive niche construction, which is manifested in increasing organismal complexity and species diversity. If not, there may be something as yet unknown about mutations and evolution that makes sense in the light of what is known about nutritional epigenetics and the molecular biology of species from microbes to man.

…our study demonstrates that NONO post-transcriptionally coordinates circadian mRNA expression of metabolic genes with the feeding/fasting cycle, thereby playing a critical role in energy homeostasis.

Reported as: Researchers discover how liver responds so quickly to food

“After mice eat, it looks as if NONO brings all these RNAs together and processes them so they can be used to make proteins,” says Panda.

Panda linked what serious scientists know about food energy-dependent RNA interference to autophagy, which protects all organized genomes from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA and all mutations, which have been linked to all pathology.
See: Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference (video 6.46 minutes)
See also: Untangling Neurodegenerative Diseases using Cryo-Electron Microscopy

Wednesday, February 7, 2018 12PM EST (available on demand with registration)

Everything I claimed about the need to link microRNAs to RNA-mediated amino acid substitution ins proteins was included in the context of this Webinar

Within the first 10 minutes, the speaker describes the ability to link specific amino acids to the structure of the protein strand, which allows for the differentiation of pathology from healthy longevity.

Within the first 17 minutes, he links energy-dependent changes in hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution from microtubules to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Lewy Body Disease, and ALS.

He adds that others who are interested in his approach may contact him and he many help them to refine their approach.

Simply put, he does not seem to be among a group of competitors with interests that might prevent the dissemination of accurate information or to prevent rapid scientific advances linked from preventative medicine to Precision Medicine via cryo-EM technology.

Keep in mind the fact that Nothing in Biology Makes Any Sense Except in the Light of Evolution (1973), and this claim:

…the so-called alpha chains of hemoglobin have identical sequences of amino acids in man and the chimpanzee, but they differ in a single amino acid (out of 141) in the gorilla.

Refine your approach to include this fact: Humans And Chimps Differ At Level Of Gene Splicing (2007)

Splicing is the process by which the coding regions of genes are joined to generate genetic messages that specify the production of proteins, the key structural and functional constituents of cells. Splicing can occur in alternative ways in the same genetic message to generate more than one type of protein. The new findings reveal that the alternative splicing process differs significantly between humans and chimpanzees.

See also: Tissue-Specific Alternative Splicing Remodels Protein-Protein Interaction Networks (2012)
Stop touting ridiculous theories before everyone who understands the fact that cryo-EM links everything known to serious scientists about the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy from the physiology of reproduction to healthy longevity. Only then will you begin to understand how the virus-driven theft of quantized energy links the degradation of messenger RNA from mutations to all pathology.
Teach your children well. If you teach them to believe in ridiculous theories, your hell will become theirs. Alzheimer’s is a form of hell on Earth, for example.

Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young – Teach Your Children

Here Comes the Sun: A Tribute to George Harrison by Paul Simon, Crosby and Grahm Nash

A reversible TCA cycle in a thermophile (2)

February 9, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Human Pheromones Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation

Summary: The energy-dependent creation of ATP has been linked from the energy-dependent creation of RNA to feedback loops that link the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction to biodiversity in species from microbes to humans via olfaction and pheromones. Anyone who continues to try to place the facts into the context of brain stimulation by visual input and ignore the facts about how the creation of microRNAs must be linked from creation of the sense of smell to all biophysically constrained viral latency and all biodiversity is playing a fool’s game.
See first: A reversible TCA cycle in a thermophile
See also: Feedback of the Drosophila period gene product on circadian cycling of its messenger RNA levels (1990)
Thermodynamic cycles of ATP-dependent protein biosynthesis and/or the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA have since been linked to healthy longevity or from circadian disruption to diseases of the brain and body, such as depression, Crohn’s disease, IBD, heart disease or cancer.
See: Timing is everything, to our genes

This will have huge impact on understanding the mechanisms or optimizing cures for at least 150 diseases.”

If that was true, the work in the 1990’s that led to Rosbash sharing the 2017 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine would already have been placed into the context of this published work.Olfactory Receptor Patterning in a Higher Primate (2014).
See also, Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction another work by LInda Buck, who shared the 2004 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine and who coauthored both articles.
Instead of linking the energy-dependent pheromone-controlled feedback loops from the physiology of reproduction in thermophiles to the physiology of food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled feedback loops in humans, we have been left the examples of human idiocy in the context of Richard Feynman’s claims and the claims of all other serious scientists.
See:

See also: Single-cell analysis of experience-dependent transcriptomic states in the mouse visual cortex Published online: 11 December 2017

Activity-dependent transcriptional responses shape cortical function.

Reported as: Single-cell analysis of experience-dependent transcriptomic states in the mouse visual cortex on December 13, 2017

…these results reveal the dynamic landscape of the stimulus-dependent transcriptional changes occurring across cell types in the visual cortex; these changes are probably critical for cortical function and may be sites of deregulation in developmental brain disorders.

Reported on and on February 8, 2018 Single-cell analysis reveals diverse landscape of genetic changes in the brain after a sensory experience

Experience and environmental stimuli appear to almost constantly affect gene expression and function throughout the brain. This may help us to understand how processes such as learning and memory formation, which require long-term changes in the brain, arise from the short bursts of electrical activity through which neurons signal to each other,” Greenberg said.

One especially interesting area of inquiry, according to Greenberg, includes the regulatory elements that control the expression of genes in response to sensory experience. In a paper published earlier this year in Molecular Cell, he and his team explored the activity of the FOS/JUN protein complex, which is expressed across many different cell types in the brain but appears to regulate unique programs in each different cell type.

The energy-dependent creation of ATP has been linked from the energy-dependent creation of RNA to feedback loops that link the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction to biodiversity in species from microbes to humans via olfaction and pheromones. Anyone who continues to try to place the facts into the context of brain stimulation by visual input and ignore the facts about how the creation of microRNAs must be linked from creation of the sense of smell to all biophysically constrained viral latency and all biodiversity is playing a fool’s game. They should stop doing that long enough to play the cell biology game “Cytosis” and wait to link particle physics to from quantum chemistry to all biodiversity by what is known to serious scientists about energy-dependent top-down causation is biophysically constrained by the physiology of reproduction.