What's in the News Archives

Caption: Contemporary analyses of cell metabolism have called out three metabolites: ATP, NADH, and acetyl-CoA, as sentinel molecules whose accumulation represent much of the purpose of the catabolic arms of metabolism and then drive many anabolic pathways. Such analyses largely leave out how and why ATP, NADH, and acetyl-CoA (Figure 1) at the molecular level play such central roles. Yet, without those insights into why cells accumulate them and how the enabling properties of these key metabolites power much of cell metabolism, the underlying molecular logic remains mysterious. Four other metabolites, S-adenosylmethionine, carbamoyl phosphate, UDP-glucose, and Δ2-isopentenyl-PP play similar roles in using group transfer chemistry to drive otherwise unfavorable biosynthetic equilibria. This review provides the underlying chemical logic to remind how these seven key molecules function as mobile packets of cellular currencies for phosphoryl transfers (ATP), acyl transfers (acetyl-CoA, carbamoyl-P), methyl transfers (SAM), prenyl transfers (IPP), glucosyl transfers (UDP-glucose), and electron and ADP-ribosyl transfers (NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+) to drive metabolic transformations in and across most primary pathways. The eighth key metabolite is molecular oxygen (O2), thermodynamically activated for reduction by one electron path, leaving it kinetically stable to the vast majority of organic cellular metabolites

Kohl's Laws of Biology (codon-optimality revisited)

May 11, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Human Pheromones Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic Variations What's in the News

Summary: Kohl’s Laws help to explain what was missing from Darwin’s ‘conditions of life.’ Darwin knew nothing about genetics, which means he knew nothing about the epigenetic effects of food odors or pheromones.
Ancient hepatitis B viruses from the Bronze Age to the Medieval period 5/7/18

We provide evidence for the creation of HBV genotype A via recombination, and for a long-term association of modern HBV genotypes with humans, including the discovery of a human genotype that is now extinct. These data expose a complexity of HBV evolution that is not evident when considering modern sequences alone.

The complexity of biophysically constrained viral latency in all living genera refutes all pseudoscientific nonsense touted by neo-Darwinian theorists and Big Bang cosmologists.
See for example: Who were the Neanderthals? 5/5/18

Current evidence from both fossils and DNA suggests that Neanderthal and modern human lineages separated at least 500,000 years ago. Some genetic calibrations place their divergence at about 650,000 years ago.

No serious scientists believe in the nonsense that links genetic calibrations to “divergence” at about 650,000 years ago.
See for comparison: Efficient coding explains the universal law of generalization in human perception 5/11/18
Everything known to serious scientists about natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality and RNA-mediated DNA repair is placed back into the context of evolution, which is subject to constraints (finding food and reproduction).
See also: Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception (2017)
The creation of visual perception starts with the energy-dependent creation of enzymes.

High-resolution cryo-EM analysis of the yeast ATP synthase in a lipid membrane 5/11/18

…the enzyme transduces the energy of a proton gradient, generated by the electron transport chain, into the major energy currency of the cell, ATP.

The quantized energy-dependent creation of the enzyme was linked to the creation of ATP and RNA
Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation” (1964)

The synthesis of RNA in isolated thymus nuclei is ATP dependent.

Natural selection interacts with recombination to shape the evolution of hybrid genomes 5/11/18

Hybridization is an important force in evolution.

That is a ridiculous assumption. Quantized energy is an important force in ecological adaptation. That is a fact.

Metabolic regulation of transcription through compartmentalized NAD⁺ biosynthesis 5/11/18

Competition between the NAD+ precursors—nuclear NMNAT-1 and cytosolic NMNAT-2…, regulates the balance between nuclear NAD+ synthesis for adipogenic gene regulation and cytosolic NAD+ synthesis used in metabolism.

Every aspect of what is currently know about life on Earth begins with the creation of quantized energy.
Energy efficiency drives the global seasonal distribution of birds 5/7/18
Reported as: A Thermodynamic Answer to Why Birds Migrate 5/7/18

…research makes a forceful argument that energy supply and demand is a driving ecological principle shaping the global structure of biodiversity.”

In this 1996 review, we linked the sex differences in yeasts to sex differences in humans via alternative splicings of pre-mRNAs, which are now called microRNAs. From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior

I linked quantized energy from subatomic particles to all biodiversity via the creation of microRNAs in:
2014 Preprint: Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems
2018 Publication: Nutrient-dependent Pheromone-Controlled Ecological Adaptations: From Angstroms to Ecosystems

Biological Laws

Biophysical constraints and biological laws appear to link ecological variation to ecological adaptations via conserved molecular mechanisms in all species. For example, nutrient-dependent ecological niche construction leads to pheromone-controlled social niche construction via the nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction. The nutrient-dependent origin of amino acid substitutions in viruses [149-152], which also are manifested in plant and animal interactions, exemplifies a continuum of biological plausibility and ecological validity in the context of Laws of Biology. These Laws of Biology include Kohl’s Laws of Biology, which are so named because the surname of the first author or sole author on each of 7 peer-reviewed publications in the paragraph below is Kohl. The Kohls did not create the Laws of Biology; they merely independently incorporated what is known about them into what appears to be a cohesive series of published works.

Kohl’s Laws of Biology
Life is nutrient-dependent. That is a Biological Law. The ecological origin of all biological laws is apparent 1) in the context of systems biology [87]; 2) in the context of the metabolism of nutrients by microbes [153]; and 3) in the context of how the metabolism of nutrients results in species-specific pheromones that control the physiology of reproduction [154]. Taken together, the systems biology of nutrient metabolism to species-specific pheromones, which control the physiology of reproduction, can be expressed in a summary of Kohl’s Laws of Biology: 1) Life is nutrient-dependent.

See for review [27,155]. The physiology of reproduction is pheromone-controlled. See for review [26]. In the context of nutrient-dependent epigenetically-effected human reproduction, it is clearer that the epigenetic effects of human pheromones integrate neuroendocrinology and behavior [100], which includes the neuroendocrinology of mammalian behavior associated with the development of sexual preferences [156].

Kohl’s Laws help to explain what was missing from Darwin’s ‘conditions of life.’ Darwin knew nothing about genetics, which means he knew nothing about the epigenetic effects of food odors or pheromones.

Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled feedback loops

May 3, 2018

Summary: The link from positive selection to one food energy-dependent base pair change and fixation of the mouse-model-to-human-specific EDAR V370A allele in populations on different continents attests to sympatric speciation at every level of examination that refutes the pseudoscientific nonsense of neo-Darwinian mutation-driven evolution.

Reported on 5/3/18 as: SWAT team of immune cells found in mother’s milk

“There is a feedback loop,” says Yu. It’s known that some immune cells like leucocytes, another white blood cell that fights infection, increase in the milk in response to an infection in the baby.

…the largest immune cell population in breast milk is macrophages, which ILCs are known to direct. Macrophages, which literally means ‘big eaters,” are the largest of the white blood cells and much-better studied than ILCs. They are known for their ability to envelop unwanted items like bacteria, viruses…

Environmental selection during the last ice age on the mother-to-infant transmission of vitamin D and fatty acids through breast milk 4/23/18

The frequency of the human-specific EDAR V370A allele appears to be uniquely elevated in North and East Asian and New World populations due to a bout of positive selection likely to have occurred circa 20,000 y ago. The dental pleiotropic effects of this allele suggest an even higher occurrence among indigenous people in the Western Hemisphere before European colonization. We hypothesize that selection on EDAR V370A occurred in the Beringian refugium because it increases mammary ductal branching, and thereby may amplify the transfer of critical nutrients in vitamin D-deficient conditions to infants via mothers’ milk. This hypothesized selective context for EDAR V370A was likely intertwined with selection on the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster because it is known to modulate lipid profiles transmitted to milk from a vitamin D-rich diet high in omega-3 fatty acids.

Reported as: Gene linked to breastfeeding may have boosted survival of earliest Americans (4/23/18)

…they carried a genetic mutation—revealed in ancient teeth—that boosted the development of milk ducts in women’s breasts, which may have helped nursing mothers pass more nutrients to their infants.

The obvious link from infant nutrition to healthy longevity was reported in the context of a ridiculous gene-centric theory of species survival. Gene-centric theories are all that pseudoscientists have left. They use them to hold back the scientific progress made by serious scientists like those who reported this:
Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction (2005)

These results may reflect a strategy wherein GnRH neurons can modify diverse functions in order to coordinate the internal state of the animal and its behavior with reproduction in order to optimize reproductive success.

MicroRNA-mediated denuclearization

April 21, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology microRNA editing Model Organisms RNA Directed RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic Variations What's in the News

Kim Says North Korea Is Stopping Nuclear and Missile Tests

Early today, he said the country was stopping nuclear and missile tests and shuttering its atomic test site, which has “done its job.” Those concessions were long demanded by the U.S., lifting hopes that next Friday’s planned summit between Kim and South Korean President Moon Jae-in will be conducted in good faith.

Added Perspective
Emergence of Human G2P[4] Rotaviruses in the Post-vaccination Era in South Korea: Footprints of Multiple Interspecies Re-assortment Events
Viruses do not emerge. They adapt in the context of proton gradients and microRNA-mediated changesin energy-dependent protein folding chemistry. The food energy-dependent fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions links interspecies re-assortment events to healthy longevity.
See for comparison: A Single Amino Acid at the Polymerase Acidic Protein Determines the Pathogenicity of Influenza B Viruses
The ability of researchers in South Korea to create genetically modified viruses with increased pathogenicity links quantum physics from virus-driven energy theft to the degradation of messenger RNA and extinctions in many different populations of extinct organisms during the past 6,000 years.
See: Virus-mediated archaeal hecatomb in the deep seafloor

We show here for the first time the crucial role of viruses in controlling archaeal dynamics and therefore the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems, and suggest that virus-archaea interactions play a central role in global biogeochemical cycles.

The population of North Korea could have been the next to be decimated by a genetically engineered virus if Kim Jong Un had not agreed to denuclearization.
See also: Reappraising the human mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA] recombination dogma

…studies dealing with human variation and evolution have assumed that human mtDNA does not recombine and should be considered as pathological or very infrequent. Using both direct and indirect approaches, we provide consistent evidence of mtDNA recombination in humans.

Food energy-dependent mtDNA recombination in humans appears to protect all organized genomes in all extant human populations. mtDNA recombination may be the best protection from extinction that any species already has. Given what is known to serious scientists about cell type differentiation, the link from light-activated endogenous substrates and the physiology of reproduction in all living genera causes many people to ridicule the assumptions still touted in the context of theories invented by neo-Darwinian theorists.
See also: Mechanisms of Recombination conference

Laws of Biology / Rules of Life

April 3, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy Model Organisms Physics RNA Directed Subatomic What's in the News

Summary: Slide number 6 clearly states the “Levels of Biological Organization” that the “NSF’s 10 Big Ideas” finally places into the context of what has been known to all serious scientists for more than a century. Simply put, Hugo de Vries definition of mutation (sudden energy jumps) should never have been accepted as anything besides the claim of a biologically uninformed science idiot. Instead, the definition bastardized every aspect of what is now known about biophysically constrained viral latency and all epigenetically-effected biodiversity on Earth.
The epigenetic effects start with the creation of quantized energy as information carried in sunlight.
Understanding the Rules of Life: Predicting Phenotype

Rules of Life projects… may have these characteristics:

Addresses a fundamental question in the life sciences

Crosses different scales (spatial, temporal, levels of biological organization and complexity)

Generates results that will be broadly generalizable beyond the system under investigation, so that a rule can be formulated

Enables the forecasting or prediction of change in a biological system

The characteristics of the so-called “Rules of Life” were predicted in the context of Darwin’s “conditions of life,” and in What is Life? (1944)
Biologically uninformed science idiots took this claim from 1944 and placed it into the ridiculous context of mutation-driven evolution:

Indeed, in the case of higher animals we know the kind of orderliness they feed upon well enough, viz. the extremely well-ordered state of matter in more or less complicated organic compounds, which serve them as foodstuffs. After utilizing it they return it in a very much degraded form -not entirely degraded, however, for plants can still make use of it. (These, of course, have their most power supply of ‘negative entropy’ the sunlight.)

See for comparison: Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems

Kohl’s Laws of Biology

…summary of Kohl’s Laws of Biology: 1) Life is nutrient-dependent. See for review (J. V. Kohl, 2012; M. Lynch, 2007). The physiology of reproduction is pheromone-controlled. See for review (J. V. Kohl, 2013). In the context of nutrient-dependent epigenetically-effected human reproduction, it is clearer that the epigenetic effects of human pheromones integrate neuroendocrinology and behavior (J. V. Kohl, et al., 2001), which includes the neuroendocrinology of mammalian behavior associated with the development of sexual preferences (J.V. Kohl, 2007).

M. Lynch (2007) is The frailty of adaptive hypotheses for the origins of organismal complexity

…emergent biological features such as complexity, modularity, and evolvability, all of which are current targets of considerable speculation, may be nothing more than indirect by-products of processes operating at lower levels of organization.

See for comparison: Evolutionary determinants of genome-wide nucleotide composition (2018) with senior author Michael Lynch
Reported as: Scientists explore mysteries behind diversity of DNA composition among species

…mutation drives the overall pattern, but selection for G’s and C’s over A’s and T’s boosts the genome content above the neutral mutational expectation.

Natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality is the driving force that links the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy to biophysically constrained viral latency and all biodiversity via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in species from microbes to humans.
I reiterate:

“…selection for G’s and C’s over A’s and T’s boosts the genome content above the neutral mutational expectation.”

Selection is quantized energy-dependent and RNA-mediated. The energy comes from sunlight!
See also: Cytosis and Subatomic
See also: Human Pheromones: Linking Neuroendocrinology and Ethology (revisited) (2010)
Slide number 6 clearly states the “Levels of Biological Organization” that the “NSF’s 10 Big Ideas” finally places into the context of what has been known to all serious scientists for more than a century. Simply put, Hugo de Vries definition of mutation (sudden energy jumps) should never have been accepted as anything besides the claim of a biologically uninformed science idiot. Instead, the definition bastardized every aspect of what is now known about biophysically constrained viral latency and all epigenetically-effected biodiversity on Earth.
The epigenetic effects start with the creation of quantized energy as information carried in sunlight.

Let there be anti-entropic virucidal light

March 28, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy Model Organisms Physics RNA Directed RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression What's in the News

Summary: This is a lie!

…theories are too detailed to be included in models that study host-phage interactions in the long term, which hinders our understanding of systems that range from pathogens infecting gut bacteria to marine phage shaping present and future oceans.

Fuelling the future

In his short story ‘Let There Be Light’, the science-fiction author Robert A Heinlein introduced the energy source that would power his Future History series of stories and novels.

In The Darwin Code, Greg Bear helped to explain how he linked biophysically constrained light energy to the creation of a superior human species in “Darwin’s Radio” (1999) and “Darwin’s Children” (2003).
On June 21, 2017, Philip C. Ball ignored the science fiction and all facts that link the quantized energy of sunlight to biophysically constrained viral latency.
See: Quantum common sense

To turn quantum to classical, we don’t need a conscious mind to measure or look; we just need an environment full of stuff. With or without us, the Universe is always looking.

His pseudoscientific nonsense led me to ridicule him on June 24, 2017.
See:

See for comparison: Genesis 1:3

And God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light.

For a historical perspective on the creation of anti-entropic virucidal light see Schrodinger’s claims in “What is LIfe?” (1944),

See for comparison: Ecological and evolutionary consequences of viral plasticity 3/27/18

For bacteriophages, this host-viral performance link has been characterized empirically and with intracellular theories. Such theories are too detailed to be included in models that study host-phage interactions in the long term, which hinders our understanding of systems that range from pathogens infecting gut bacteria to marine phage shaping present and future oceans.

My comment on the preprint:

The “importance of viral plasticity to unravel host-phage interactions” has been modeled in the context of everything known about the creation of anti-entropic virucidal light (e.g., ultraviolet light), and how sunlight is linked from the creation of ATP synthase to the creation of ATP and to the creation of RNA and fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions that biophysically constrain viral latency in all cell types of all living genera.

A google search for “virus-driven energy theft” would be a good place to start looking for information that you appear to have missed in its entirety.

See also, for example: Virus-mediated archaeal hecatomb in the deep seafloor http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/10/e1600492.full

“We show here for the first time the crucial role of viruses in controlling archaeal dynamics and therefore the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems, and suggest that virus-archaea interactions play a central role in global biogeochemical cycles.”

See for comparison: Riding the Evolution Paradigm Shift With Eugene Koonin May 7, 2015

…the new understanding of evolution needs to integrate what we now know about viruses and virus-host interactions which, from my own perspective, has been absolutely one of the key factors of all evolution since the emergence of cells — well, actually even before the emergence of cells.

Israeli Middle Schools School to Include Theory of Evolution

…learning about evolution is not the primary function of the decision, but rather to use it as a building block for students to learn more about their ecology.

To learn more about ecology and dismiss the pseudoscientific nonsense touted by neo-Darwinian theorists and Big Bang cosmologists, see:
Phase Transitions in the Assembly and Function of Human miRISC March 16, 2018

…may explain how miRISC silences mRNAs … and provide[s] experimental evidence that protein-mediated phase separation…

Probably facilitates biophysically constrained RNA-mediated achiral glycine-controlled energy processing in all jawless vertebrates.

Psychophysical Laws of Biology: RNA-mediated nutritional psychiatry (3)

March 27, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Human Pheromones Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic Variations What's in the News

Psychophysical Laws and the Superorganism (open access)

…superorganisms may also exhibit such behaviour, suggesting that these laws arise from fundamental mechanisms of information processing and decision-making.

Reported on Jun 14, 2013 as Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model

and again on: Mar 27, 2018 as Honeybees may unlock the secrets of how the human brain works

The study… found that superorganisms may obey the same laws as the human brain.

Kohl’s “Laws of Biology” and Darwin’s “conditions of life” can now be compared in the context of how quantized energy as information was linked to biodiversity in this invited review of nutritional epigenetics: Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems (2014)
See also for review:

Functional and evolutionary aspects of chemoreceptors (2012)
Sensory receptors—design principles revisited (2013)
Moving forward: See: Tuning Insect Odorant Receptors (in press)

Among the insect olfactory receptors the odorant receptors (ORs) evolved in parallel to the onset of insect flight. A special property of this receptor type is the capability to adjust sensitivity of odor detection according to previous odor contacts. This article presents a current view on regulatory processes affecting the performance of ORs and proposes a model of mechanisms contributing to OR sensitization.

Future attempts to place psychophysical laws of biology back into the context of neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense will continue to pit ridiculous theories about experience-dependent tuning of odor receptors against everything known to serious scientists about RNA-mediated biophysically constrained viral latency and supercoiled DNA.
See for comparison:
Bacterial self-organization: co-enhancement of complexification and adaptability in a dynamic environment (2003)
Seeking the foundations of cognition in bacteria: From Schrödinger’s negative entropy to latent information (2006)
Learning from Bacteria about Natural Information Processing (2009)
Stability of the hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype (2016)

Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and its reverse – Mesenchymal to Epithelial Transition (MET) – are hallmarks of cellular plasticity during embryonic development and cancer metastasis.

Cellular plasticity was linked from the energy-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in bacteria to our visual perception of energy and mass in the context of the space-time continuum.
See: Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception (2017)

The behavioral gain produced by a congruent relative to an incongruent odor is accompanied by elevated neural oscillatory power around the object’s flicker frequency in the right temporal region ~150-300 ms after object onset, and is not mediated by visual awareness. In parallel, odors bias the subjective duration of visual objects without affecting one’s temporal sensitivity.

See also: Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018
The scheduled speakers will undoubtedly link the Science Behind the Game “Cytosis” to the Science Behind the Game “Subatomic” via everything known to all serious scientists based on Schrodinger’s prescient claims in What is Life? (1944).
See also: What is life when it is not protected from virus driven entropy

The anti-entropic force of virucidal ultraviolet light links guanine–cytosine (G⋅C) Watson–Crick base pairing from hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution to supercoiled DNA, which protects the organized genomes of all living genera from virus-driven entropy. For example, protection of DNA from permanent UV damage occurs in the context of photosynthesis and nutrient-dependent RNA-directed DNA methylation, which links RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions to DNA repair. In the context of thermodynamic cycles of protein biosynthesis and degradation, DNA repair enables the de novo creation of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Olfactory receptor genes are GPCRs. The de novo creation of olfactory receptor genes links chemotaxis and phototaxis from foraging behavior to social behavior in species from microbes to humans. Foraging behavior links ecological variation to ecological adaptation in the context of this atoms to ecosystems model of biophysically constrained energy-dependent RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry. Protein folding chemistry links nutrient-dependent microRNAs from microRNA flanking sequences to energy transfer and cell type differentiation in the context of adhesion proteins, and supercoiled DNA that protects all organized genomes from virus-driven entropy.

Feedback loops link quantized energy as information to biophysically constrained RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry. Light induced energy-dependent changes link angstroms to ecosystems from classical physics to chemistry/chirality and to molecular epigenetics/autophagy. The National Microbiome Initiative links microbial quorum sensing to the physiology of reproduction via endogenous RNA interference and chromosomal rearrangements. The rearrangements link energy-dependent fixed amino acid substitutions to the Precision Medicine Initiative via genome wide inferences of natural selection.

This detailed representation of energy-dependent natural selection for codon optimality links biologically- based cause and effect from G protein-coupled receptors to RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions and the functional structure of supercoiled DNA. Energy-dependent polycombic ecological adaptations are manifested in supercoiled DNA. Chromosomal inheritance links the adaptations from morphological phenotypes to healthy longevity via behavioral phenotypes. For contrast, virus-driven energy theft is the link from messenger RNA degradation to negative supercoiling, constraint breaking mutations, and hecatombic evolution. The viral hecatomb links transgenerational epigenetic inheritance from archaea to Zika virus-damaged DNA, which typically is repaired by endogenous RNA interference and fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in organized genomes.

See also “Outer Membrane Vesicles” microRNA (4 of 4 from a 3/27/18 search)

How Our Other Genome Controls Our Epi-Genome (2016)

Secretable Small RNAs via Outer Membrane Vesicles in Periodontal Pathogens (2017)

Tiny RNAs and their voyage via extracellular vesicles: Secretion of bacterial small RNA and eukaryotic microRNA (2017)

Molecular Paths Linking Metabolic Diseases, Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Enterobacteria Infections (2018)

See also: March 28, 2018 sponsored by System Biosciences

Webinar: Deciphering how bacteria utilize outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) to communicate and infect

Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) are membrane vesicles secreted by bacteria that contain DNA, RNA, proteins and endotoxins. Bacteria respond to many environmental factors by secreting specifically-enriched OMVs, which makes these bacteria more fit for their environment. For example, OMVs may be enriched with invasion proteins at the host-pathogen interface. OMVs have recently gained attention as a novel mechanism for transmission of molecular information within bacteria as well as between bacteria and mammalian cells. Owing to their similarities to well-studied extracellular vesicles (EVs), OMVs are being utilized by researchers to study host-bacterial interactions in pathogenesis, cancer therapy, host immune response modulation, as well as bacterial OMV engineering for use as vaccines. This webinar will give an overview of recent studies on the role of OMVs in host-pathogen interactions and discuss their bioengineering potential as vehicles for cargo delivery. We will also introduce our new & revolutionary ExoBacteria™ OMV Isolation Kit, which will enable you to achieve faster, simpler & better OMV isolation.

Learn how OMVs are being utilized by researchers to study host-bacterial interactions in pathogenesis, cancer therapy, host immune response modulation, as well as bacterial OMV engineering for use as vaccines.

Light-controlled cell biology (revisited)

March 21, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Autophagy biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations What's in the News

See Sci-Bay Scholar for citations and downloads of more than 3300 published works that link viruses to microRNAs
Summary: …either the organized genomes of all cell types use the energy source, or viruses use the biophysically constrained energy of the cell types. No extant species can be used as an example of how the virus-driven theft of quantized energy can be linked from natural selection to the evolution of a new species.
See also, with my emphasis:

Light Offers New Way to Control Cell Biology (3/16/17)

…the power of light-sensitive proteins is that they can be used to study the inner workings of any living cell.

Archaea:

Salt-tolerant archaea (the Haloarchaea) use sunlight as an energy source, and other species of archaea fix carbon; however, unlike plants and cyanobacteria, no known species of archaea does both.

See: A Conversation With George Church At 15:10

…the cyanobacteria turn out that they fix light ah as well or better than land plants…

From the transcript:

The cyanobacteria fix [carbon via] light as well or better than land plants. Under ideal circumstances, they can be maybe seven to ten times more productive per photon.

The difference between the fixation of light and the fixation of carbon is that (see above) no known species of archaea does both. That fact supports the claim that the ability to fix light is an ecological adaptation that links the quantized energy of sunlight to all biophysically constrained biodiversity in the context of energy-dependent viral latency.

Archaea that do not use sunlight as their energy source probably become L-forms in the context of the virus-driven degradation of their messenger RNA, which has been linked from mutations to all pathology in the context of one-carbon metabolism. Quantized energy is the obvious link from the fixation of light to the fixation of carbon in all carbon-based life forms on Earth.

Simply put, either the organized genomes of all cell types use the energy source that fixes carbon, or the viruses use the biophysically constrained energy of the cell types. For comparison, no extant species can be used as an example of how the virus-driven theft of quantized energy can be used in the context of natural selection and evolution.

Polymaths and paradigm shifts: From Asimov to Bear (5)

March 14, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology microRNA editing Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics Physics RNA editing RNA interference RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic What's in the News

Summary: Neil deGrasse Tyson and Lawrence Krauss are among those who have continued to substitute pseudoscientific nonsense for legitimate facts, which is what Hawking did in every book he ever wrote, and each time he made a spurious claim based on his abilities as a conniving theorist whose works still have not been confirmed-and-validated. Now that he is gone, others may proclaim the greatness of his intellect and lionize the magnitude of his influence because they also are biologically uninformed science idiots. Like Hawking, they refused to learn how Darwin’s “conditions of life” have been linked to the prevention of all virus-driven pathology.

Renowned Physicist Stephen Hawking Dies

The comments by Neil deGrasse Tyson and Lawrence Krauss can be linked to this discussion: 2013 Isaac Asimov Memorial Debate: The Existence of Nothing and to the 2017 representation of biomolecules in On the Difference between Physics and Biology: Logical Branching and Biomolecules.
The food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled creation of the biomolecules will be discussed during Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018 after the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA and all pathology is discussed during Evolution – Genetic Novelty/Genomic Variations by RNA Networks and Viruses
For comparison, Stephen Hawking gained fame by collaborating with Roger Penrose and with George FR Ellis, who co-authored The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time.
In the forward to the reprint edition of What is Life?, Roger Penrose wrote

How often do we still hear that quantum effects can have little relevance in the study of biology, or even that we eat food in order to gain energy? (8 August 1991)

In the cell biology game Cytosis, anyone age 10+ can learn that the creation of energy as ATP protects all organized genomes from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA, which all serious scientists since Schrödinger have linked from mutations to all pathology.That’s all you need to know about Roger Penrose.
George FR Ellis is the co-author of On the Difference between Physics and Biology: Logical Branching and Biomolecules. He helped to link the food energy-dependent creation of microRNAs to biophysically constrained viral latency, but is determined to undermine the works of other serious scientists with his use of the ambiguous term biomolecules.
Taken together, Stephen Hawking, Roger Penrose, and George FR Ellis have done more than most to bastardize Darwin’s claims about the need to start with food energy-dependent “conditions of life.” Their unproven ideas from physics should never have been substituted for experimental evidence.
The evidence links the premise of the game “Subatomic” from what is known about particle physics to biophysically constrained viral latency and healthy longevity via this claim, which was made by Schrödinger.

Neil deGrasse Tyson and Lawrence Krauss are among those who have continued to substitute pseudoscientific nonsense for legitimate facts, which is what Hawking did in every book he ever wrote, and each time he made a spurious claim based on his abilities as a conniving theorist whose works still have not been confirmed-and-validated. Now that he is gone, others may proclaim the greatness of his intellect and lionize the magnitude of his influence because they also are biologically uninformed science idiots. Like Hawking, they refused to learn how Darwin’s “conditions of life” have been linked to the prevention of all virus-driven pathology.
See: DNA Tumor Virus Regulation of Host DNA Methylation and Its Implications for Immune Evasion and Oncogenesis
Reported as: Here’s How Viruses Inactivate the Immune System, Causing Cancer

“Ultimately viruses are causing these tumors to form and are further manipulating the immune system to allow tumors to keep growing,” Kuss-Duerkop says. “But these same mechanisms may be key in combating tumors with immune-based therapies or in keeping cancer from developing in the first place.”

If not for the bastardization of Darwin’s claims by theorists, Kuss-Duerkop and others like her probably would have learned that sunlight is the source of energy for the growth of food that links food energy to the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans. The energy links changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance from virus-driven energy theft to all unnecessary suffering and premature death.The fact that Stephen Hawking suffered throughout his life with a neurodegenerative disease may be fitting in the context of his ignorance.
The 4 Scientific Lessons Stephen Hawking Never Learned

We have a tendency, when we turn people into heroes, to lionize their achievements and ignore their failings, but to do so cheats humanity out of recognizing all the facets of a complicated character.
May we memorialize him in the best way possible: by increasing our own knowledge and curiosity to live better lives.

Until then, see: Prominent Neuroscientist Fired by Columbia, HHMI
This is the first clear indicator of how the Trump administration will drain the academic swamp.
Jessell is the serior author of: Activity Regulates the Incidence of Heteronymous Sensory-Motor Connections

The positioning of newly born neurons is a tightly regulated process that is critical for the assembly of the nervous system. In the spinal cord, nuclear organization of motor neurons into pools is an elaborated morphogenetic feature at the basis of the wiring of spinal sensory motor circuits (Sürmeli et al., 2011, Hinckley et al., 2015, Bikoff et al., 2016). The events controlling motor neuron positioning during development have yet to be clearly defined.

The activity is food energy-dependent and RNA-mediated in the context of sensory input and the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction, which biophysically constrains viral latency in species from microbes to humans.
See for example: Meet the creature that can regenerate its brain and resist cancer.(video) The superimposed electron cloud over the yin yang symbol of Chinese philosophy and medicine is a clear representation of the complexity. If neuroscientists cannot link energy-dependent changes in electrons to ecosystems in all living genera, they will be dismissed and replaced with serious scientists.
For example, the facts about regenerating the brain and resisting cancer suggests Jessell’s termination occurred due to his ongoing failure to link the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA to loss of motor control in all neurodegenerative diseases.
See for comparison: “Blood Music” (1985) by Greg Bear, who presciently linked energy-dependent changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance to the creation of an advanced human species via naturally occurring biophysically constrained viral latency.
See also: Actor Steven Kearney reads excerpts from Greg Bear’s 1985 novel Blood Music.

Bear was one of the first sci-fi authors to delve deep into the possibilities of synthetic biology. In this section, a biologist named Michael Bernard is infected with a killer virus that has wiped out most of North America. The virus is made up of tiny biological computers called “noocytes,” where were intended to improve the human body — giving it routine maintenance and maximizing human potential. Instead, it wiped out most of North America.

Remember, without the food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled RNA-mediated DNA repair that biophysically constrains viral latency:

Cytosis can be used to teach everything from base editing to RNA editing to everyone over age 10. They will learn how to link the creation of energy to biophysically constrained viral latency via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction.

Polymaths and paradigm shifts: from Asimov to Bear (2)

March 14, 2018

by James Kohl with One Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic What's in the News

Polymaths and paradigm shifts: from Asimov to Bear (1)
See also: Search results for virus-driven energy theft
Summary: The creation of enzymes, such as ATP synthase is energy-dependent. The energy biophysically constrains viral latency via the creation of microRNAs and RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions that differentiate the cell types of all living genera.
Modifying Other’s Originality without Quote is an Act of Piracy

A writer who does not cite the sources in h/h feature article is committing piracy. Piracy is plagiarism… high level quality requires originality and creativity… these inattentions…should be strongly condemned… Accordingly, the originally contributing author may preserve the honor worthily and endeavor to further contribution in scientific study.

See for comparison: Here’s how viruses inactivate the immune system, causing cancer

It’s no new news that viruses cause cancer.

The full text of the article is free: DNA Tumor Virus Regulation of Host DNA Methylation and Its Implications for Immune Evasion and Oncogenesis

…virus-associated cancers show highly increased levels of DNMT expression [75,76,77,85,94,95,96,97,98,99]. In HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), DNMT expression is inversely correlated with levels of tumor suppressor microRNAs (miRNAs), including miR-152 targeting DNMT1 [97] and miR-101 targeting DNMT3A [99]. Virus-induced DNA hypermethylation is commonly found on several tumor suppressor genes…

RNA-directed DNA methylation links the energy-dependent microRNA-mediated creation of tumor suppressor genes to biophysically constrained viral latency via the proton motive force. The proton motive force links differences in the energy of photons from hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution to the light-activated endogenous substrates of RNA-mediated DNA repair.
See also: “There is no honor among thieves” is a pithy saying that captures Solomon’s observation concerning the wicked and those who choose their company.
A Twitter search returned several interesting comments related to what is known to serious scientists about the proton motive force and the claim that “There is no honor among thieves.” For instance, writers who modify the claims and questions about the proton motive force are plagiarists and/or thieves. See:

Steven Bird‏ @stevenbird64 12 Sep 2010

What do proton motive force driven multidrug resistance transporters have in common?

2. Toya‏ @toyaj05 19 Jun 2010

The H+ gradient is called the proton-motive force. This force drives the H+ back across the membrane through H+ channels. ATP synthases aids

The creation of enzymes, such as ATP synthase is energy-dependent. The energy biophysically constrains viral latency via the creation of microRNAs and RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions that differentiate the cell types of all living genera.

Philip Ball‏ @philipcball Mar 2

This was filmed tonight, so you’ll soon get to see why Nick Lane thinks the key to the origin of life is not amino acids or RNA but proton gradients. (I think he may be right.)

See for comparison: snippet from our June 24, 2017 conversation about the claims of Philip C. Ball.

The origin of life

Dr Frankenstein aimed to create new life from inanimate parts. But how did life first arise on Earth? Join Nick Lane in conversation with Phil Ball as they discuss the latest ideas, from warm ponds to space rocks and hydrothermal vents.

Ask when Nick Lane and/or Philip C. Ball first learned about proton gradients. See how much longer it takes them to link the creation of sunlight from differences in the energy of photons to biophysically constrained viral latency and all biodiversity via the physiology of reproduction and this model: Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model (2013)

Conclusion:

…the model represented here is consistent with what is known about the epigenetic effects of ecologically important nutrients and pheromones on the adaptively evolved behavior of species from microbes to man. Minimally, this model can be compared to any other factual representations of epigenesis and epistasis for determination of the best scientific ‘fit’.

Abstract:

This angstroms to ecosystems model of ecological adaptation links nutrient energy-dependent epigenetic effects on base pairs and amino acid substitutions to pheromone-controlled changes in the microRNA / messenger RNA balance and chromosomal rearrangements via the physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans. The nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled changes are required for the thermodynamic regulation of intracellular signaling, which enables biophysically constrained nutrient-dependent protein folding; experience-dependent receptor-mediated behaviors, and organism-level thermoregulation in ever-changing ecological niches and social niches. Nutrient-dependent ecological, social, neurogenic and socio-cognitive niche construction are manifested in increasing organismal complexity. Species-specific pheromones link quorum-sensing in microbes from chemical ecology to the physiology of reproduction. The reciprocal relationships of species-typical nutrient-dependent morphological and behavioral diversity are enabled by pheromone-controlled reproduction. Ecological variations and biophysically constrained natural selection for codon optimality links nutritional epigenetics to the behaviors that enable ecological adaptations. All biodiversity is an ecologically validated proof-of-concept. Ideas from population genetics, which exclude ecological factors, are integrated with an experimental evidence-based approach that establishes what is currently known. Simply put, olfactory/pheromonal input links food odors and social odors from the epigenetic landscape to the physical landscape of supercoiled DNA in the organized genomes of species from microbes to man during their development.

See for comparison: On the Difference between Physics and Biology: Logical Branching and Biomolecules

In my model, microRNAs are the biomolecules that link the creation of sunlight to all energy-dependent biophysically constrained viral latency. Viral latency is required to link the physiology of reproduction to all biologically-based diversity in all species.

Claims about proton gradients that link physics to biology without starting with the creation of sunlight are made by biologically uninformed theorists.

From photons to the proton motive force (2)

March 9, 2018

by James Kohl with One Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Nutrigenomics Pharmacogenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity What's in the News

If you know someone who has linked differences in the energy of photons from the proton motive force to the physiology of reproduction and all biophysically constrained biodiversity, ask if they will attend Schrödinger at 75-The Future of Biology
For contrast, touting genetic evolution is not the future of biology.
See: Abstract: K06.00013 : A Path Integral Method for Analytically Tractable Inference of Evolutionary Dynamics

Understanding the forces that shape genetic evolution is a subject of fundamental importance in biology and one with numerous practical applications. Modern experimental techniques give insight into these questions, but inferring evolutionary parameters from sequence data, such as how an organism’s genotype affects its fitness, remains challenging. Here we present a method to infer selection from genetic time-series data using a path integral approach based in statistical physics. Through extensive numerical tests we find that our method exceeds the current state of the art in the successful classification of mutations as beneficial or deleterious in a variety of scenarios, while also yielding orders of magnitude improvements in run time. Our approach can also be extended to jointly infer other evolutionary parameters such as the effective population size and mutation rates.

Serious scientists do not infer evolutionary parameters using sequence data. They link natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality to biophysically constrained viral latency. Virus-driven energy theft is linked from mutations to all pathology. There is no such thing as a beneficial mutation.
See also: Abstract: K06.00001 : Coarse-grained models coupling cell cycle and gene expression*

During a cell cycle, cells grow and divide. Recent single-cell experiments show that gene expression levels depend on the cell cycle. Particularly important is the proportion of the number of mRNA and protein to the cell volume. It is not clear how cells maintain a constant mRNA and protein concentration as the cells grow. Here we propose a coarse-grained gene expression model incorporating ribosomes and RNA polymerases, which captures the exponential growth of mRNA and protein number. We show that the homeostasis of mRNA and protein concentrations during the cell cycle can be achieved in a robust manner independent of cell shape. Furthermore, we show that the fluctuations in ribosome and polymerase numbers do not propagate to protein concentrations while the fluctuation in cell density does. Furthermore, our model reconciles the discrepancy between the experimentally observed negligible correlations between mRNA and protein levels, and the predicted positive correlations from previous models

Energy-dependent changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance have been linked from RNA-mediated cell cycles to gene expression in more than 70,000 published works. See: microRNA
See also: Applications of ligation-mediated PCR

A nick in a strand is any place where there’s a missing covalent bond between a sugar and the next adjacent phosphate. Nicks can arise from DNA damage, during normal DNA replication, or from the action of nuclease enzymes. Since a nick breaks the continuity of the backbone of one strand, it must be repaired by re-forming the missing covalent bond in order to make the DNA molecule intact again. This job of sealing nicks (specifically, nicks that occur between a sugar 3′ -OH group and the adjacent phosphate attached to the preceding sugar’s 5′ -OH group) is the function of DNA ligase. Using a molecular energy source (which differs depending on the enzyme source organism), DNA ligase reforms the missing covalent bond and the strand is whole again. Two aspects of this are critical:

The nick to be repaired occurs on a single strand but in the context of a double-stranded molecule.

The bases of the nicked strand, and particularly those directly flanking the nick site, must be properly base-paired to the opposite (un-nicked) strand.

It’s not hard to imagine why this is: the base pairing is required to hold the two parts (sugar 3′ -OH and the next phosphate) in place for the ligase enzyme active site to catalyze joining them. If either one of these isn’t base-paired down and is flopping about with thermal motion, the reaction geometry doesn’t occur, and no new bond can be made.

Simply put: It’s all about that base and energy-dependent RNA-mediated DNA repair.
If you are still trying to put what is known about DNA repair and cell type differentiation back into the context of neo-Darwinian evolution, you are not a winner.
See: Kalevi Kull: Censorship & Royal Society Evo Event

Nobody wants to belong to the party of losers. One of the best strategies in such a case is evidently an interpretation of the change as a gradual accumulation of knowledge while their work has always been at the cutting edge. — Kalevi Kull

Additionally, the article’s authors point out that false information affects not only the political sphere but also areas not previously regarded as political, such as public health topics like nutrition and vaccinations, as well as the stock market.

Do you know someone who has consistently touted the use of vaccinations compared to nutrition? Are they paid to do that or are they biologically uninformed?

Scent of Eros

Posts in category: What’s in the News