An evolutionary theory killer

A single base change refutes theistic evolution (2)

Announcing publication of a model that links the creation of quantized energy from changes in subatomic particles to biophysically constrained viral latency and sympatric speciation in all living genera.

Nutrient-dependent Pheromone-Controlled Ecological Adaptations: From Angstroms to Ecosystems

This angstroms to ecosystems model of ecological adaptation links nutrient energy-dependent epigenetic effects on base pairs and amino acid substitutions to pheromone-controlled changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance and chromosomal rearrangements via the physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans.

The invited review of nutritional epigenetics was returned without review and the preprint was posted 4 years ago as:

Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems

The only significant change to the manuscript was a change in the title. Atoms to ecosystems became Angstroms to Ecosystems when quantized energy-dependent changes in angstroms were linked to ecological adaptation by what is known to all serious scientists in this 2014 parody.
All About that Base (Meghan Trainor Parody) 12/10/14
Repeat after them (and me): “… every angstrom is dynamic from the 5 prime to the three…”
See also the 2015 publication: Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA

DNA simultaneously exists in a largely inactive B-form with bases tucked in and protected and an active, highly varied structure with exposed bases.

See also: RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering

George Church and others may have been the first to place the naturally occurring biophysically constrained energy-dependent processes of ecological adaptations into the context of a patent. (It is extremely unusual for anyone to attempt to patent a naturally occurring process.) That explains why there is no patent litigation, which still plagues those who claimed to discover the CRISPR-Cas 9 innate immune system of bacteria, which biophysically constrains viral latency and prevents the degradation of messenger RNA that links the energy-dependent creation of bacteria to the virus-driven creation of archaea and L-forms. All biophysically constrained virus-driven pathology has since been placed back into the context of embryogenesis and the dynamics of energy-dependent gene expression at the level of single-cell resolution as if bacteria somehow evolved into humans.

See:

Single-cell reconstruction of developmental trajectories during zebrafish embryogenesis
Single-cell mapping of gene expression landscapes and lineage in the zebrafish embryo
The dynamics of gene expression in vertebrate embryogenesis at single-cell resolution
Chronicling embryos, cell by cell, gene by gene
Reported as: How one cell gives rise to an entire body
See for comparison our section on molecular epigenetics in: From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior (1996)
Watch pseudoscientists continue to make ridiculous claims that fail to link the creation of biophysically constrained thermonuclear energy to autophagy and all biodiversity in the context of the cell biology game Cytosis and most of the forthcoming presentations during Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018.
Remember to note that at the end of the parody All About that Base, the research group politely refers to Neil deGrasse Tyson as a big ass (er, a bass). Try not to use the acronym ROTFLMAO in attempts to discuss what is known to all serious scientists with theorists.

Caption: Contemporary analyses of cell metabolism have called out three metabolites: ATP, NADH, and acetyl-CoA, as sentinel molecules whose accumulation represent much of the purpose of the catabolic arms of metabolism and then drive many anabolic pathways. Such analyses largely leave out how and why ATP, NADH, and acetyl-CoA (Figure 1) at the molecular level play such central roles. Yet, without those insights into why cells accumulate them and how the enabling properties of these key metabolites power much of cell metabolism, the underlying molecular logic remains mysterious. Four other metabolites, S-adenosylmethionine, carbamoyl phosphate, UDP-glucose, and Δ2-isopentenyl-PP play similar roles in using group transfer chemistry to drive otherwise unfavorable biosynthetic equilibria. This review provides the underlying chemical logic to remind how these seven key molecules function as mobile packets of cellular currencies for phosphoryl transfers (ATP), acyl transfers (acetyl-CoA, carbamoyl-P), methyl transfers (SAM), prenyl transfers (IPP), glucosyl transfers (UDP-glucose), and electron and ADP-ribosyl transfers (NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+) to drive metabolic transformations in and across most primary pathways. The eighth key metabolite is molecular oxygen (O2), thermodynamically activated for reduction by one electron path, leaving it kinetically stable to the vast majority of organic cellular metabolites

EDAR V370A and sympatric speciation

Nick Lane and others like him refuse to reappraise their human mitochondrial DNA recombination dogma. All serious scientists know where the energy for recombination comes from. But, in his latest video clip, he touts the same unsubstantiated theoretical pseudoscientific nonsense.

See the: Aeon Video:

Life on earth – from mushrooms to humans and everything in between – seems enormously diverse. At the cellular level, however, almost all complex lifeforms are surprisingly similar. Why life is this way, though, remains mysterious. In this Aeon interview, the UK biochemist and author Nick Lane discusses his research on the connection between energy and genes, which, he hypothesises, made possible the radical transformation from single-celled organisms to complex life about 4 billion years ago.

See for comparison: Reappraising the human mitochondrial DNA recombination dogma

I’ve asked the authors: Are you prepared to address the comments that you might receive from people like Nick Lane in the context of “peer review?” How will you respond to those who do not accept the fact that the creation of ATP synthase and the creation of ATP must be linked to the creation of RNA and biophysically constrained viral latency in the context of SNPs and fixation of amino acid substitutions? What can be done when biologically uninformed theorists continue to link anything except biophysically constrained viral latency to all biodiversity?

I ask because there are still too many examples of human idiocy that are being considered outside the context of facts about energy-dependent RNA-mediated cell type differentiation.

See: Modeling Recent Human Evolution in Mice by Expression of a Selected EDAR Variant

See the claims about the selection of the EDAR variant placed back into the context of evolution.

Field-deployable viral diagnostics using CRISPR-Cas13

…we report the rapid (<1 week) design and testing of instrument-free assays to detect clinically relevant viral single-nucleotide polymorphisms.

The relevant energy-dependent single-nucleotide polymorphisms clearly protect all living genera from the clinically relevant viral single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The viral single-nucleotide polymorphisms link the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA to all pathology via what is known to all serious scientists about the energy-dependent creation of the innate immune system in species from bacteria to humans.

Environmental selection during the last ice age on the mother-to-infant transmission of vitamin D and fatty acids through breast milk

The frequency of the human-specific EDAR V370A allele appears to be uniquely elevated in North and East Asian and New World populations due to a bout of positive selection likely to have occurred circa 20,000 y ago.

If any experimental evidence of biophysically constrained viral latency supported the claim about positive selection 20,000 y ago, it could be linked to Nick Lane’s claims about how chimeras and electricity allowed a sterile planet to give way to complex life 4 billion years ago. Since there is no experimental evidence to support his ridiculous theories, intelligent people may want to continue to link environmental selection from food selection to the physiology of reproduction and fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions such as V370A that stabilize the organized genomes of all species on Earth.

Cytosis can be used to teach everything from base editing to RNA editing to everyone over age 10. They will learn how to link the creation of energy to biophysically constrained viral latency via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction.

Polymaths and paradigm shifts: from Asimov to Bear (3)

Polymaths and paradigm shifts: from Asimov to Bear (2)

Teilhardism And The New Religion: A Thorough Analysis of the Teachings of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin”, p.18, TAN Books

The evolutionist thesis has become more stringently unthinkable than ever before. — Dr. Wolfgang Smith (2015).

A Chat with Information Scientist Pedro Marijuán (2017)

I’ve based my informational scheme of the cell on this thinking of “distinction on the adjacent” — where molecular recognition is the essential phenomenon over which biological complexity has been developed.

Biological complexity develops in the context of the olfactory code. Molecular recognition of food odors and pheromones biophysically constrains viral latency.

See: Fundamental principles of the olfactory code  Volume 164, February 2018, Pages 94-101 open access

Sensory coding represents a basic principle of all phyla in nature: species attempt to perceive their natural surroundings and to make sense of them. Ultimately, sensory coding is the only way to allow a species to make the kinds of crucial decisions that lead to a behavioral response.

Alternative splicing of microRNAs (aka pre-mRNAs) are required for a behavior response.

The splicing code  Volume 164, February 2018, Pages 39-48

…the splicing code depends on a myriad of different factors that in part are influenced by the background in which they are read such as different cells, tissues or developmental stages. Given the complexity of the splicing process, the construction of an algorithm that can define exons or their fate with certainty has not yet been achieved.

Algorithms define nothing. The availability of quantized energy as information must be linked to biophysically constrained viral latency and all biologically based cause and effect.

What is code biology?  Volume 164, February 2018, Pages 1-10

The great discontinuities of the history of life, in other words, can be explained as the result of the appearance of new codes.

New codes do not automagically occur. The new codes are energy-dependent and RNA-mediated in the context of the fixation of amino acid substitutions that differentiate the cell types of all living genera.

On universal coding events in protein biogenesis  Volume 164, February 2018, Pages 16-25

The complete ribosomal protein synthesis cycle and codon-amino acids associations are universally preserved in all life taxa on Earth. This process is accompanied by a set of hierarchically organized recognition and controlling events at different complexity levels. It starts with amino acid activation by aminoacyl tRNA synthetases…

The energy-dependent creation of the tRNA synthetases links hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution to all energy-dependent biodiversity.

How prokaryotes ‘encode’ their environment: Systemic tools for organizing the information flow  Volume 164, February 2018, Pages 26-38

An important issue related to code biology concerns the cell’s informational relationships with the environment. As an open self-producing system, a great variety of inputs and outputs are necessary for the living cell, not only consisting of matter and energy but also involving information flows.

Quantized energy is the information that flows through every cell type in all prokaryotes.

Causation, constructors and codes  Volume 164, February 2018, Pages 121-127

A formal definition of codes in general, and organic codes in particular, allows the relational diagram to be extended so as to capture this translation of formal cause into process. The extended relational diagram is used to exemplify causal entailment in a diverse range of processes, such as enzyme action, construction of automata, communication through the Morse code, and ribosomal polypeptide synthesis through the genetic code.

The diverse range of processes starts with the creation of energy-dependent enzyme action. The anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight was first linked to the creation of all biodiversity on Earth in 1944: What is Life?

Indeed, in the case of higher animals we know the kind of orderliness they feed upon well enough, viz. the extremely well-ordered state of matter in more or less complicated organic compounds, which serve them as foodstuffs. After utilizing it they return it in a very much degraded form -not entirely degraded, however, for plants can still make use of it. (These, of course, have their most power supply of ‘negative entropy’ the sunlight.) (pp. 73 and 74)

If you think you can link anything except sunlight to all biodiversity on Earth, see: Evolution – Genetic Novelty/Genomic Variations by RNA Networks and Viruses
If you know that serious scientists do not link viruses to the evolution of anything except pathology, see:
Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018
The future of biology will not be left in the hands of biologically uninformed theorists.

Caption: Contemporary analyses of cell metabolism have called out three metabolites: ATP, NADH, and acetyl-CoA, as sentinel molecules whose accumulation represent much of the purpose of the catabolic arms of metabolism and then drive many anabolic pathways. Such analyses largely leave out how and why ATP, NADH, and acetyl-CoA (Figure 1) at the molecular level play such central roles. Yet, without those insights into why cells accumulate them and how the enabling properties of these key metabolites power much of cell metabolism, the underlying molecular logic remains mysterious. Four other metabolites, S-adenosylmethionine, carbamoyl phosphate, UDP-glucose, and Δ2-isopentenyl-PP play similar roles in using group transfer chemistry to drive otherwise unfavorable biosynthetic equilibria. This review provides the underlying chemical logic to remind how these seven key molecules function as mobile packets of cellular currencies for phosphoryl transfers (ATP), acyl transfers (acetyl-CoA, carbamoyl-P), methyl transfers (SAM), prenyl transfers (IPP), glucosyl transfers (UDP-glucose), and electron and ADP-ribosyl transfers (NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+) to drive metabolic transformations in and across most primary pathways. The eighth key metabolite is molecular oxygen (O2), thermodynamically activated for reduction by one electron path, leaving it kinetically stable to the vast majority of organic cellular metabolites

Ecological adaptation: A new definition of heredity (3)

Excerpt:
Moving forward: Novel and Haplotype Specific MicroRNAs Encoded by the Major Histocompatibility Complex

…these data suggest that a subset of the identified novel miRNAs may contribute to the pathophysiology of numerous diseases, laying the groundwork for future studies to elucidate the functional connections of miRNAs to the numerous diseases associated with sequence variants within non-coding regions of the MHC.

OMCD: OncoMir Cancer Database

Dysregulation of miRNAs is commonly observed in cancers and it largely cancer dependent.

The virus-driven theft of quantized energy as information has been linked from changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance to all pathology. That fact replaces the circular logic that links cancer-dependent dysregulation of miRNAs to cancer.  Simply put, the proliferation of viruses cause cancer. The proliferation of viruses is energy-dependent in the context of established links from atoms to ecosystems in all living genera.
See: Subatomic: An Atom Building Board Game

A deck-building game where particle physics & chemistry collide! Use quarks to build subatomic particles & particles to build Atoms!

See also: Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems

This atoms to ecosystems model of ecological adaptations links nutrient-dependent epigenetic effects on base pairs and amino acid substitutions to pheromone-controlled changes in the microRNA / messenger RNA balance and chromosomal rearrangements.

Moving forward: Novel and Haplotype Specific MicroRNAs Encoded by the Major Histocompatibility Complex

…these data suggest that a subset of the identified novel miRNAs may contribute to the pathophysiology of numerous diseases, laying the groundwork for future studies to elucidate the functional connections of miRNAs to the numerous diseases associated with sequence variants within non-coding regions of the MHC.

My “Disqus” comment (and nearly 2000 others): Gene expression is energy-dependent, RNA-mediated, and biophysically constrained.
See: FUS Regulates Activity of MicroRNA-Mediated Gene Silencing.

MicroRNA-mediated gene silencing is a fundamental mechanism in the regulation of gene expression.

MicroRNAs do not create themselves.
See also:  Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference
8 of my 9 most recent comments to Disqus have been removed.
See for comparison: Incomplete host immunity favors the evolution of virulence in an emergent pathogen
Reported as: In nature, an imperfect immune system drives the evolution of deadly pathogens

…birds that eat at feeders are more likely to be infected with the disease, which causes red, swollen eyes and often blindness that results in death.

…lower virulence strains could be their own worst enemies, creating a population of hosts that are resistant to them but not the higher virulence strains that remain.

By removing my Disqus comments, the moderators limit discussion of the facts about virus-driven energy theft, which links mutations to all pathology.  That allows the biased reporting on preprints that continue to try to support the ridiculous concept of neo-Darwinian evolution.
It also prevents the realization of goals by serious scientists who have linked the biogenic creation of uranium ores to the prevention of radiation sickness via microRNA therapy. See, for examples: miRNA-mediated therapies
A miRNA-145/TGF-beta1 Negative Feedback Loop Regulates the Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Phenotype

…miR-145 is a key regulator of the CAF phenotype, acting in a negative feedback loop to dampen acquisition of myofibroblastic traits, a key feature of CAF associated with poor disease outcome.

See also: Microhomology-assisted scarless genome editing in human iPSCs

Gene-edited induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide relevant isogenic human disease models in patient-specific or healthy genetic backgrounds. Towards this end, gene targeting using antibiotic selection along with engineered point mutations remains a reliable method to enrich edited cells. Nevertheless, integrated selection markers obstruct scarless transgene-free gene editing. Here, we present a method for scarless selection marker excision using engineered microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). By overlapping the homology arms of standard donor vectors, short tandem microhomologies are generated flanking the selection marker. Unique CRISPR-Cas9 protospacer sequences nested between the selection marker and engineered microhomologies are cleaved after gene targeting, engaging MMEJ and scarless excision. Moreover, when point mutations are positioned unilaterally within engineered microhomologies, both mutant and normal isogenic clones are derived simultaneously. The utility and fidelity of our method is demonstrated in human iPSCs by editing the X-linked HPRT1 locus and biallelic modification of the autosomal APRT locus, eliciting disease-relevant metabolic phenotypes.

Reported as: Gene Editing Is Now Precise Enough to Modify a Single Letter of DNA

To make these very precise edits, an SNP modification is first inserted alongside a fluorescent reporter gene that helps researchers to identify modified cells. The researchers engineered a duplicate DNA sequence known as a microhomology (hence the technique’s name) on each side of the fluorescent gene, targeting sites for CRISPR to go in and cut DNA. The researchers were then able to use a DNA repair system known as microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) to remove the fluorescent gene. That left only the single-base edit, in the form of an SNP, behind.

See also: Inhibition of the Host Translation Shutoff Response by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Triggers Nuclear Envelope-Derived Autophagy
Nuclear envelope-derived autophagy (NEDA) appears to be a cellular stress response, which is triggered late during HSV-1 infection. An energy-dependent single nucleotide repeat (SNR) might compensate for the viral alteration of the macroautophagic response. At this level of hydrogen-atom energy transfer in DNA base pairs in solution, the link to supercoiled DNA and viral latency becomes increasingly important.
Theorists are angry because they have been left behind. They know very little about what is important. That was expected by all serious scientists, especially those who have accumulated decades of testing experience while working in medical laboratories.
See for example: Applications of ligation-mediated PCR

Using a molecular energy source (which differs depending on the enzyme source organism), DNA ligase reforms the missing covalent bond and the strand is whole again. Two aspects of this are critical:

The nick to be repaired occurs on a single strand but in the context of a double-stranded molecule.
The bases of the nicked strand, and particularly those directly flanking the nick site, must be properly base-paired to the opposite (un-nicked) strand.

It’s not hard to imagine why this is: the base pairing is required to hold the two parts (sugar 3′ -OH and the next phosphate) in place for the ligase enzyme active site to catalyze joining them. If either one of these isn’t base-paired down and is flopping about with thermal motion, the reaction geometry doesn’t occur, and no new bond can be made.

Biologically uninformed theorists cannot even speak the same language. They do not start with a molecular energy source for base pairing and microRNA-mediated amino acid substitutions that differentiate all cell types. Instead, mutations are linked to increasing organismal complexity via the magic of evolution.

Exemplifying human idiocy

MicroRNAs biophysically constrain behavior (2)

Excerpt:

Researchers, like Shunsuke Suzuki, who cannot link photonic coupling from quantum physics to biophysically constrained atomic energy via classical physics and quantum chemistry prevent scientific progress, They are limited to asking questions that have already been answered by serious scientists.

MicroRNA 1-20 of more than 70,400
The fact that the energy-dependent creation of microRNAs links RNA-mediated cell type-differentiation to biophysically constrained viral latency and all morphological phenotypes has been established.
See: PAN-cancer analysis of S-phase enriched lncRNAs identifies oncogenic drivers and biomarkers

…using nascent RNA capture sequencing, we identify 1145 temporally expressed S-phase-enriched lncRNAs. Among these, 570 lncRNAs show significant differential expression in at least one tumor type across TCGA data sets.

Reported as: RNA-based therapy cures lung cancer in mouse models

By turning down the activity of a specific RNA molecule researchers at Sahlgrenska Academy, Sweden, have cured lung tumors in mice by 40-50 percent. The results, published in Nature Communications, represent the tip of the iceberg in an extensive research project in which 633 new biomarkers for 14 types of cancer have been identified.

Ongoing support for my model of Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference continues to link RNA-mediated differences in human populations to biophysically constrained viral latency and survival. Why haven’t others accepted the fact that there must be a link from the RNA-mediated differences to behavior? Morphological and behavioral phenotypes are energy-dependent and receptor-mediated.
See: Vital Signs: Racial Disparities in Age-Specific Mortality Among Blacks or African Americans — United States, 1999–2015
See also:
1) Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 3 Controls Neural Stem Cell Activation in Mice and Humans (2015)
2) Delayed Dopamine Signaling of Energy Level Builds Appetitive Long-Term Memory in Drosophila (2015)
Reported as: Fruit flies remember a good meal, Blood growth factor activates neural stem cells

…the fruit fly brain is wired to remember and crave sweeter, energy-rich foods. After smelling and consuming a meal, such as a glob of sugar, information about the food’s energy content is relayed via dopaminergic neurons to a fruit fly’s olfactory long-term memory center.

The ability to remember a good meal is linked to a single amino acid substitution in one or more receptors.
3) A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the Activation Loop Defines the Decoy Characteristic of VEGFR-1/FLT-1 (2006)
The link from the food energy-dependent creation of microRNAs and the creation of enzymes to the single amino acid substitution that controls receptor-mediated neural step cell activation in mice and humans may not be obvious. For instance, the acronym VEGFR might not be linked to other reports on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors.
The likelihood of establishing facts about top-down causation and biophysically constrained viral latency is reduced as each step towards neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense brings another level of obfuscation. See for example:

Identification of Multiple Forms of RNA Transcripts Associated with Human-Specific Retrotransposed Gene Copies (2016)

Duplicated genes are abundant in eukaryotic genomes and thus are presumed to play important roles in evolution.

Duplicated genes do not create themselves. The de novo creation of genes is energy-dependent and receptor-mediated. That fact establishes all the links from top-down causation to biophysically constrained viral latency and ecological adaptations via the creation of RNA and energy-dependent fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions.
If serious scientists understand the facts about food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations in species from microbes to humans, questions like this are not likely to arise. VEGF165b elevation in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients, causative or adaptive? (4/1/18)
No reply is required. But see: VEGF165b elevation in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients, causative or adaptive? -Reply. (4/1/18)
Shunsuke Suzuki is a co-author of the reply. I am not interested in reading about questions or replies that are placed into the context of ridiculous theories, or attending meetings on Epigenetics & Chromatin where discussion of the emergence of novel CpG islands and genomic imprinting in mammalian evolution are discussed.
See for comparison: Direct Photonic Coupling of a Semiconductor Quantum Dot and a Trapped Ion (2015)
Understanding the key role played by single atoms and ions in the context of elementary quantum information processing protocols is required to answer questions about top-down causation and adaptation. Researchers, like Shunsuke Suzuki, who cannot link photonic coupling from quantum physics to biophysically constrained atomic energy via classical physics and quantum chemistry prevent scientific progress, They are limited to asking questions that have already been answered by serious scientists.
See Frohlich (1968) Long-range coherence and energy storage in biological systems

The supplied energy is thus not completely thermalized but stored in a highly ordered fashion.

See also: Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 5-6, 2018
The future of biology lies in the understanding of how the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic energy links RNA-mediated top-down causation via natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality in the context of novel CpG islands and genomic imprinting. The RNA-mediated genomic imprinting must be linked to biophysically constrained viral latency. It is ridiculous to link the systems complexity of cell type differentiation and cancer prevention to mammalian evolution without consideration of how behavior could be linked to biophysically constrained cell type differentiation.
See for instance: CpG islands microRNA

Plenty of Room at the Bottom

Cryo-EM: Linking spatial and conformational constraints

On Darwin Day (2018) Carl Zimmer suggested use of the twitter hashtag #Istudyevolution to report whatever aspect of biology people were studying. For example, Richard Lenski reported that he studied adaptation in E. coli. When I told others that ecological adaptation is nutrient-dependent and pheromone-controlled in species from microbes to humans, he blocked me from seeing his comments. Evidently he did not want people to know that he had been studying ecological adaptation for more than 2 decades but reporting the adaptations in the context of neo-Darwinian theories about mutations and evolution. For further clarification of that fact see:
Cryo-electron tomography reveals that dynactin recruits a team of dyneins for processive motility

…the mechanisms responsible for increased transport activity are not well understood, largely owing to limited structural information. We used cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) to visualize the 3D structure of the MT-bound dynein–dynactin complex from Mus musculus and show that the dynactin–cargo adaptor complex binds two dimeric dyneins. This configuration imposes spatial and conformational constraints on both dynein dimers.

This spatial and conformational constraints were reported as: Microscopic chariots deliver molecules within our cells

This discovery was totally unexpected, and will change how this motor complex is represented in cell biology and biochemistry text books,” says Saikat Chowdhury, PhD, a TSRI research associate and co-first author of the study.

“There had been years of biophysical experiments and biochemical experiments, and it was always assumed that there was just one dynein molecule,” Lander adds.

Assuming there was just one dynein molecule is something that only a biologically uninformed theorist would do. An energy-dependent difference in two molecules is required for movement and for biophysical constraints on movement. For comparison, all discoveries that link energy-dependent changes from electrons to ecosystems were anticipated by Richard P. Feynman in his claims about Plenty of Room at the Bottom.He linked his claims about the size of letters in a code from atoms to ecosystems in the context of Food Energy and denigrated the works of all theorists in The key to science (Cornell, 1964)
See also McEwen et al., (1964) Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation”
Everything known to serious scientists links cryo-ET and cryo-EM technology from ecological niche construction to socio-cognitive niche construction via food energy-dependent amino acid substitutions in the microtubules, which link differences in animal behavior to human consciousness.
See: Untangling Neurodegenerative Diseases using Cryo-Electron Microscopy
Everything known about prevention of all pathology starts with the creation of sunlight.
See: Far-UVC light: A new tool to control the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases

In conclusion, we have shown for the first time that very low doses of far-UVC light efficiently inactivate airborne viruses carried by aerosols. For example, a very low dose of 2 mJ/cm2 of 222-nm light inactivates >95% of airborne H1N1 virus. Our results indicate that far-UVC light is a powerful and inexpensive approach for prevention and reduction of airborne viral infections without the human health hazards inherent with conventional germicidal UVC lamps. If these results are confirmed in other scenarios, it follows that the use of overhead very low level far-UVC light in public locations may represent a safe and efficient methodology for limiting the transmission and spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases. Public locations such as hospitals, doctors’ offices, schools, airports and airplanes might be considered here. This approach may help limit seasonal influenza epidemics, transmission of tuberculosis, as well as major pandemics.

Reported as: Special UV light safely kills airborne flu virus, finds study

In the study, aerosolized H1N1 virus—a common strain of flu virus—was released into a test chamber and exposed to very low doses of 222 nm far-UVC light. A control group of aerosolized virus was not exposed to the UVC light. The far-UVC light efficiently inactivated the flu viruses, with about the same efficiency as conventional germicidal UV light.

They confirmed the fact that UV light biophysically constrains the degradation of messenger RNA that links mutations to all pathology.
See also: Photon-Mediated Quantum Gate between Two Neutral Atoms in an Optical Cavity

Quantum logic gates are fundamental building blocks of quantum computers. Their integration into quantum networks requires strong qubit coupling to network channels, as can be realized with neutral atoms and optical photons in cavity quantum electrodynamics. Here we demonstrate that the long-range interaction mediated by a flying photon performs a gate between two stationary atoms inside an optical cavity from which the photon is reflected. This single step executes the gate in 2μs. We show an entangling operation between the two atoms by generating a Bell state with 76(2)% fidelity. The gate also operates as a cnot. We demonstrate 74.1(1.6)% overlap between the observed and the ideal gate output, limited by the state preparation fidelity of 80.2(0.8)%. As the atoms are efficiently connected to a photonic channel, our gate paves the way towards quantum networking with multiqubit nodes and the distribution of entanglement in repeater-based long-distance quantum networks.

Reported as: Light controls two-atom quantum computation

This interaction is the basis for performing characteristic gate operations between the atoms, for example the operation as a CNOT gate or the generation of entanglement. The new method offers a variety of advantages: for example, the gate operations take place within microseconds which is an asset for quantum information processing.

Quantized energy is the information that must be biophysically constrained and transferred from hydrogen-atoms in DNA base pairs in solution. That fact seems to have escaped the attention of biologically uninformed pseudoscientists and most so-called science journalists. The pseudoscientists and other theorists linked the emergence of the energy to the evolution of all biodiversity outside the context of the physiology of reproduction and autophagy, which biophysically constrains viral latency.
See for comparison to what serious scientist have done:Experimental Evidence of Radiation Reaction in the Collision of a High-Intensity Laser Pulse with a Laser-Wakefield Accelerated Electron Beam

The dynamics of energetic particles in strong electromagnetic fields can be heavily influenced by the energy loss arising from the emission of radiation during acceleration, known as radiation reaction. When interacting with a high-energy electron beam, today’s lasers are sufficiently intense to explore the transition between the classical and quantum radiation reaction regimes. We present evidence of radiation reaction in the collision of an ultrarelativistic electron beam generated by laser-wakefield acceleration (ϵ>500MeV) with an intense laser pulse (a0>10). We measure an energy loss in the postcollision electron spectrum that is correlated with the detected signal of hard photons (γ rays), consistent with a quantum description of radiation reaction. The generated γ rays have the highest energies yet reported from an all-optical inverse Compton scattering scheme, with critical energy ϵcrit>30MeV.

Reported as: Intense laser experiments provide first evidence that light can stop electrons

“One thing I always find so fascinating about this is that the electrons are stopped as effectively by this sheet of light, a fraction of a hair’s breadth thick, as by something like a millimetre of lead. That is extraordinary.”

The data from the experiment also agrees better with a theoretical model based on the principles of quantum electrodynamics, rather than Maxwell’s equations, potentially providing some of the first evidence of previously untested quantum models.

Effects of quantized energy as information cannot be defined in the context of equations, which is why physicists have traditionally been ridiculed for any attempt to explain energy-dependent top-down causation in the context of biophysically constrained healthy longevity.

All species on Earth exhibit an undefined, incalculable, innate ability to biophysically constrain energy-dependent viral latency. That ability is food energy-dependent and controlled by the physiology of reproduction. Food energy comes from sunlight, either directly or indirectly via plant grown and the creation of microRNAs in plants. Serious scientists know how to light the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy to DNA repair.
See: Watson–Crick Base Pairing Controls Excited-State Decay in Natural DNA (2014)
Reported as: Base-pairing protects DNA from UV damage

…the Watson-Crick base-pairing mechanism itself controls the dissipation of the absorbed UV energy. This contradicts the conventional wisdom, which holds that the base sequence within the same strand is responsible for the deactivation of excited states,” says Wolfgang Zinth.

See also:  Ultraviolet Absorption Induces Hydrogen-Atom Transfer in G⋅C Watson–Crick DNA Base Pairs in Solution (2015)

Ultrafast deactivation pathways bestow photostability on nucleobases and hence preserve the structural integrity of DNA following absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. One controversial recovery mechanism proposed to account for this photostability involves electron-driven proton transfer (EDPT) in Watson–Crick base pairs. The first direct observation is reported of the EDPT process after UV excitation of individual guanine–cytosine (G⋅C) Watson–Crick base pairs by ultrafast time-resolved UV/visible and mid-infrared spectroscopy. The formation of an intermediate biradical species (G[−H]⋅C[+H]) with a lifetime of 2.9 ps was tracked. The majority of these biradicals return to the original G⋅C Watson–Crick pairs, but up to 10 % of the initially excited molecules instead form a stable photoproduct G*⋅C* that has undergone double hydrogen-atom transfer. The observation of these sequential EDPT mechanisms across intermolecular hydrogen bonds confirms an important and long debated pathway for the deactivation of photoexcited base pairs, with possible implications for the UV photochemistry of DNA.

See also:  UV Irradiation Induces a Non-coding RNA that Functionally Opposes the Protein Encoded by the Same Gene (2017)
Reported as: Noncoding RNA Helps Cells Recover from DNA Damage
My comment to the Scientist:

There is clear evidence that femtosecond blasts of UV light repair DNA in the context of energy-dependent changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance and autophagy, which protects all organized genomes from virus-driven energy theft and the degradation of messenger RNA.

The failure to integrate the Nobel Prize winning works of Ben Feringa (Chemisty 2016) and Yoshinori Ohsumi (Physiology or Medicine 2016) prevents theorists from linking what organisms eat to their pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in the context of Schrodinger’s claims in “What is Life?”(1944) and this claim by Roger Penrose in the reprint edition:

“How often do we still hear that quantum effects can have little relevance in the study of biology, or even that we eat food in order to gain energy?” (Roger Penrose 8 August 1991)

See also: From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior In our section on molecular epigenetics, we wrote:

Small intranuclear proteins also participate in generating alternative splicing techniques of pre-mRNA and, by this mechanism, contribute to sexual differentiation in at least two species, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans…

The food energy that is linked from alternative splicing techniques of pre-mRNA to the chemistry of protein folding and the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in all living genera seems to be largely ignored by those who are not Nobel Laureates.

It links the virus-driven theft of quantized energy from the degradation of messenger RNA to mutations and all pathology, and physicists cannot explain that fact with math and definitions. They tried with de Vries 1902 definition of mutations, and they have failed miserably ever since.

See: Amino acid–base interactions: a three-dimensional analysis of protein–DNA interactions at an atomic level (2001)

To assess whether there are universal rules that govern amino acid–base recognition, we investigate hydrogen bonds, van der Waals contacts and water-mediated bonds in 129 protein–DNA complex structures. DNA–backbone interactions are the most numerous, providing stability rather than specificity. For base interactions, there are significant base–amino acid type correlations, which can be rationalised by considering the stereochemistry of protein side chains and the base edges exposed in the DNA structure.

See also: Systematic prediction of DNA shape changes due to CpG methylation explains [quantized energy-dependent] epigenetic effects… (2018)
The effects of sunlight and quantum chemistry link energy-dependent fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions to the differentiation of all cell types in all living genera via the physiology of reproduction, which is controlled by pheromones in species from microbes to humans. Pheromones biophysically constrain viral latency in all animals that need to eat for their species to survive.

Cryo-EM technology predicts RNA-mediated DNA shape, which means the technology can be used to link the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA from mutations to all pathology in the context of the games “Cytosis” and “Subatomic.”
When “Subatomic” is available, players will link what is known to all serious scientists who present during “Schrodinger at 75” to the overwhemling amount of pseudoscientific nonsense touted by theorists during the past 75 years.

Theorists failed to link subatomic particles to biophysically constrained viral latency via the “Virus Expansion” from “Cytosis.” That fact led to this admission of ignorance:

Microscopic chariots deliver molecules within our cells https://phys.org/news/2018-02-microscopic-chariots-molecules-cells.html

Excerpt: This discovery was totally unexpected, and will change how this motor complex is represented in cell biology and biochemistry text books,” says Saikat Chowdhury, PhD, a TSRI research associate and co-first author of the study.

“There had been years of biophysical experiments and biochemical experiments, and it was always assumed that there was just one dynein molecule,” Lander adds.

My comment: All the discoveries that have since linked energy-dependent changes from electrons to ecosystems were anticipated by Richard P. Feynman in his claims about “Plenty of Room at the Bottom.” Everything known to serious scientists links cryo-EM technology from ecological niche construction to socio-cognitive niche construction via food energy-dependent amino acid substitutions in the microtubules that link differences in animal behavior to human consciousness.

It will good to see “Subatomic” placed into the context of the admission that there are two dynein molecules. Others may begin to see the levels of complexity that must be represented in game play to prevent further assumptions based on ignorance of particle physics and energy transfer that biophysically constrains viral latency.

The fact that many people can readily learn more than most theoretical physicists have learned about subatomic particles and cell biology by playing games for fun is an exciting development for scientists and laypersons.

Magnus S. Magnusson wrote: James Kohl it [the Neil deGrasse Tyson meme] was not aimed at you, of course, understand that it is about the genera educational situation. BTW Einstein mostly missed biology and Hawking says the 21. century will be that of biology, which I also believe.”
The Icelandic atheist and hate monger, blocked me before I could comment further on Neil deGrasse Tyson’s overwhelming display of ignorance.
George FR Ellis, who co-authored with Stephen Hawking in the 60’s has already validated my model. See: Understanding and accounting for relational context is critical for social neuroscience

George F R Ellis This is absolutely correct and forms part of the larger concept that top-down causation is a key factor not just in the way the brain works but in broader contexts in biology and even physics.

The Genius Games series from John Coveyou is the way forward. The games successfully link the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy from top-down causation to all biophysically constrained biodiversity via a model that links electrons to ecosystems.

See: Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems

Cytosis can be used to teach everything from base editing to RNA editing to everyone over age 10. They will learn how to link the creation of energy to biophysically constrained viral latency via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction.

BiondVax Universal Flu Vaccine Patent

Summary: …the dream to create an effective universal flu vaccine to ultimately eradicate the flu is placed into the context of claims about changes to the virus. The changes are energy-dependent ecological adaptations. No one claims that the virus mutates or that it evolves. Only biologically uninformed theorists make such ridiculous claims.
BiondVax Universal Flu Vaccine Patent Granted in India

The patent describes influenza vaccines comprised of multiple copies of several epitopes, such as M-001 which contains nine common and conserved influenza virus epitopes.

The use of the word epitope obfuscates cause and effect in the context of natural information processing, which is energy-dependent and biophysically constrained by the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in species from microbes to humans. If they used the term conserved amino acid substitutions more people might understand the fact the fixation of amino acid substitutions biophysically constrains viral latency. Who knows what epitopes are or what they do or how they do it?
See for comparison: Learning from Bacteria about Natural Information Processing (Israel) and Generation of influenza A viruses as live but replication-incompetent virus vaccines, (China) which was reported as: Engineered virus has artificial amino acid allowing it to serve as a vaccine
Researchers in other countries, but not in the United States of America, have made scientific progress that helps to make sense of claims about energy-dependent natural information processing and RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions that biophysicaily constrain viral latency and typically prevent all pathology.
In this video, the dream to create an effective universal flu vaccine to ultimately eradicate the flu is placed into the context of claims about changes to the virus. The changes are energy-dependent ecological adaptations. No one claims that the virus mutates or that it evolves. Only biologically uninformed theorists make such ridiculous claims.

See for comparison: How to Build a Better Flu Shot (with my emphasis)
1) … the influenza virus has many rapidly mutating strains. And because the strains mutate so quickly
2) …the mushroom head of hemagglutinin mutates rapidly, so antibodies against one type of head won’t work against a mutant version.
3) To infect the cell, the stalk of the hemagglutinin mushroom becomes completely rearranged from its normal state. “It’s a machine,” Krammer explains. “It doesn’t tolerate mutations well. If you introduce mutations, you destroy the machine, so the virus doesn’t like to change it.”
4) Other teams are testing headless stalks made by anchoring the stalk to a ferritin protein nanoparticle or by creating genetic mutations at the top, as potential vaccines too.
5) In a study published January 19 in Science, University of California, Los Angeles, virologist Ren Sun and colleagues identified eight genetic mutations that make the flu virus sensitive to a host cell’s interferons.
6) “The team was able to mutate this virus for interferon sensitivity without changing the immune response, which is a challenge.”
7) Fauci says one essential piece of information scientists need to build a universal flu vaccine is to understand how serial exposure to the virus and vaccination affects the immune system.
8) “This is what we call immunological imprinting. It’s controversial, but we need to know what the influence is to create a broadly effective flu vaccine,” Fauci says.
9) Understanding the effect of pre-existing immunity on virus evolution is also important, given that vaccination itself could influence how flu strains evolve, Fauci and colleagues note in a paper published last summer in Immunity
10) The paper describes a path toward making a universal flu vaccine. “I see this work falling into three buckets,” Fauci says. “There’s the bucket on antibody development, the bucket on boosting the immune response to flu, and finally the bucket on prior exposure and how that affects the immune system,” he says.
Fauci wants others to believe that viruses mutate and evolve but that immunological imprinting is controversial. He has many others to help people in the United States accept the claims about mutations and evolution and put the claims of serious scientists who understand the facts about immunological imprinting into the context of controversy.
My comment to The Scientist:

In this report from the NIH: Flu infection study increases understanding of natural immunity the focus on the change in the influenza virus was properly placed into context of energy-dependent changes in the virus, which are called ecological adaptations when they occur in human populations.

For example, one energy-dependent amino acid substitution causes increased virulence in the influenza virus, as clearly stated here: The major antigenic changes of the influenza virus are primarily caused by a single amino acid near the receptor binding site.

Simply put, all serious scientists know that viruses do not mutate and evolve. Viruses steal the energy that biophysically constrains viral latency and some humans in some human populations fail to ecologically adapt as quickly as others.

Is Fauci, or anyone else who made claims in the article from The Scientist, a serious scientist? Unfortunately, the answer is no. Serious scientists do not believe that mutations can be linked to evolution. That gives them an edge if they are working in other countries, but not the United States of America.
See how serious scientists in some countries will maintain their edge, and continue to put theorists from the United States of America to shame — along with all the so-called science journalists who report the nonsense about mutations and evolution.
Controversy over evolution in Israel (2010)

There are many people who don’t believe the evolutionary account is correct,” he was quoted as saying. “There are those for whom evolution is a religion and are unwilling to hear about anything else. Part of my responsibility, in light of my position with the Education Ministry, is to examine textbooks and curricula.”

See also: Israeli Middle Schools School to Include Theory of Evolution (2014)

 “…learning about evolution is not the primary function of the decision, but rather to use it as a building block for students to learn more about their ecology.”

Those who learn about ecology are less likely to make claims about mutations or evolution.
Turkish schools to stop teaching evolution, official says (2017)

The secular opposition has long argued that the government of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is pursuing a covert Islamist agenda contrary to the republic’s founding values.

Does anyone in the United States think that the Trump administration is pursuing a covert Christian agenda?  If so, see:
Cytosis: A Cell Biology Board Game

A board game taking place inside a human cell! Players compete to build enzymes, hormones and receptors and fend off attacking Viruses!

 

Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA

Diet-driven RNA interference and cancer prevention (3)

Excerpt: They claim to have found novel autoregulatory feedback loops that link changes in microRNAs to the alternative splicing factors SRSF1 and SRSF2.  Ectopic expression of SRSF1 can automagically repress the level of multiple microRNAs and SRSF2 can automagically upregulate miRNA expression.

The fact that a peer-reviewed work published in 2018 links autoregulatory feedback loops to automagically altered gene expression and apoptosis via alternative splicings of pre-mRNAs suggests it is time for all serious scientists to retire. The magic of pseudoscientists has prevailed for more than 2 decades.

See for comparison: In clinical trial, cream reduces squamous cell carcinoma risk

Results of a new randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial in veterans showed a 75 percent reduction in the risk of needing surgery to treat a squamous cell carcinoma for a year after applying a skin cream for up to four weeks.

How Fluorouracil Works: (with my emphasis)

The ability of chemotherapy to kill cancer cells depends on its ability to halt cell division. Usually, the drugs work by damaging the RNA or DNA that tells the cell how to copy itself in division. If the cells are unable to divide, they die. The faster the cells are dividing, the more likely it is that chemotherapy will kill the cells, causing the tumor to shrink. They also induce cell suicide (self-death or apoptosis).

Chemotherapy drugs that affect cells only when they are dividing are called cell-cycle specific. Chemotherapy drugs that affect cells when they are at rest are called cell-cycle non-specific. The scheduling of chemotherapy is set based on the type of cells, rate at which they divide, and the time at which a given drug is likely to be effective. This is why chemotherapy is typically given in cycles.

Chemotherapy is most effective at killing cells that are rapidly dividing. Unfortunately, chemotherapy does not know the difference between the cancerous cells and the normal cells. The “normal” cells will grow back and be healthy but in the meantime, side effects occur. The “normal” cells most commonly affected by chemotherapy are the blood cells, the cells in the mouth, stomach and bowel, and the hair follicles; resulting in low blood counts, mouth sores, nausea, diarrhea, and/or hair loss. Different drugs may affect different parts of the body.

Fluoruracil belongs to the category of chemotherapy called antimetabolites. Antimetabolites are very similar to normal substances within the cell. When the cells incorporate these substances into the cellular metabolism, they are unable to divide. Antimetabolites are cell-cycle specific. They attack cells at very specific phases in the cycle. Antimetabolites are classified according to the substances with which they interfere. Fluoruracil is classified as a pyrimidine analog because it interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis by mimicking the building blocks necessary for synthesis.

The term antimetabolites is confusing. Metabolism is enzyme-dependent. Cell type differentiation is energy-dependent and the creation of microRNA links ATP to the creation of enzymes that metabolize food to the species-specific pheromones.
Pheromones biophysically constrain viral latency. That is how they prevent all pathology in the context of metabolism. Enzyme-dependent cycles of metabolism are the key to healthy longevity. Simply put, pheromones prevent the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of nearly all viruses that have not been biophysically constrained by food energy-dependent metabolism.

Hardin, Hall and Rosbash (1990) put that fact into the perspective of Feedback of the Drosophila period gene product on circadian cycling of its messenger RNA levels. The feedback loops are food energy-dependent and biophysically constrained by naturally occurring RNA interference (i.e., natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality). The feedback links the metabolism of food to pheromone-controlled biophysically constrained viral latency.
 

Rosbash shared the 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which attests to the fact that all serious scientists probably know how to prevent or to effectively treat cancer as a disorder of cyclic changes in the chemistry of energy-dependent RNA mediated cell type differentiation. Prevention should include limiting exposure to nutrient stress and/or social stress because stress alters microRNA-mediated alternative splicings that link food energy to the biophyiscally constrained chemistry of protein folding.

See: Microrna-mediated regulation of splicing factors SRSF1, SRSF2 and hnRNP A1 in context of their alternatively spliced 3’UTRs

The microRNAs targeting SRSF1 and SRSF2 are involved in a regulatory feedback loop. microRNAs miR-183-5p and miR-200c-3p that target SRSF2, affect the expression of genes involved in apoptotic regulation.

They claim to have found novel autoregulatory feedback loops that link changes in microRNAs to the alternative splicing factors SRSF1 and SRSF2.  Ectopic expression of SRSF1 can automagically repress the level of multiple microRNAs and SRSF2 can automagically upregulate miRNA expression.

The fact that a peer-reviewed work published in 2018 links autoregulatory feedback loops to automagically altered gene expression and apoptosis via alternative splicings of pre-mRNAs suggests it is time for all serious scientists to retire. The magic of pseudoscientists has prevailed for more than 2 decades.

See for comparison:

From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior (1996)

Small intranuclear proteins also participate in generating alternative splicing techniques of pre-mRNA and, by this mechanism, contribute to sexual differentiation in at least two [model organisms.]

See also:
Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction (2005)
The feedback loops are food energy-dependent and biophysically constrained by the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans.

Sarcasm alert: The treatment of automagically dysregulated apoptosis should probably begin with a change in diet.

Changes in diet have been linked from the energy-dependent creation of enzymes that specifically link an energy-dependent base pair change to microRNA-mediated DNA repair via fixation of an RNA-mediated amino acid substitution. The substitutions are linked to energy-dependent cell type differentiation and healthy longevity without the magic.

Just add food energy or the virus-driven theft of quantized energy to eliminate the term autoregulatory and you could prevent or effectively treat all virus-driven pathology. 

Energy-dependent RNA interference links the enzyme-dependent metabolism of food and drugs to cell type differentiation via feedback loops that link pheromones to biophysically constrained viral latency.

Do not claim to have a logical philosophy if you cannot link the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy to every aspect of the biophysically constrained pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to human by starting with the obvious need to control viral replication in the ocean and linking the control to healthy longevity in modern human populations via fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in all differentiated cell types.

See also: Metabolic Labeling and Profiling of Transfer RNAs Using Macroarrays

Transfer RNAs (tRNA) are abundant short non-coding RNA species that are typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length. tRNAs are directly responsible for protein synthesis by translating codons in mRNA into amino acid sequences.

See also: Molecular mechanism of promoter opening by RNA polymerase III

RNA polymerase III (Pol III) and transcription factor IIIB (TFIIIB) assemble together on different promoter types to initiate the transcription of small, structured RNAs.

Nothing happens without the energy-dependent creation of the enzymes and the biophysically constrained viral latency that links the creation of G protein-coupled receptors to the functional structure of supercoiled DNA. The claims about molecular mechanisms of promoter opening appear to be deliberate attempts to obfuscate cause and effect.
Activation of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor signaling inhibits melanoma and improves response to immune checkpoint blockade

Female sex and history of prior pregnancies are associated with favorable melanoma outcomes. Here, we show that much of the melanoma protective effect likely results from estrogen signaling through the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) on melanocytes. Selective GPER activation in primary melanocytes and melanoma cells induced long-term changes that maintained a more differentiated cell state as defined by increased expression of well-established melanocyte differentiation antigens, increased pigment production, decreased proliferative capacity, and decreased expression of the oncodriver and stem cell marker c-Myc. GPER signaling also rendered melanoma cells more vulnerable to immunotherapy. Systemically delivered GPER agonist was well tolerated, and cooperated with immune checkpoint blockade in melanoma-bearing mice to dramatically extend survival, with up to half of mice clearing their tumor. Complete responses were associated with immune memory that protected against tumor rechallenge. GPER may be a useful, pharmacologically accessible target for melanoma.

Sex-specific cell type differentiation links yeasts to primates via the nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction that links the food energy-dependent structure and function of enzymes and G protein-coupled receptors to the biophysically constrained Structure and dynamics of GPCR signaling complexes, which are required to biophysically constrain viral latency in the context of effect of androgens and estrogens on difference in the cell type of males and females.
Any focus on G protein-coupled estrogen receptors compared to G protein-coupled androgen receptors  should be viewed with suspicion in the context of what has been known to all serious scientists about hormones and behavior since our Hormones and Behavior review of RNA-mediated cell type differentiation. From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior (1996)
Simply put, the alternative splicings of pre-mRNAs, which are now called microRNAs, biophysically constrain energy-dependent viral latency and prevents the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of nearly all virus-driven pathology until excess nutrient stress or social stress takes its toll on the innate immune system.
Eventually, our food energy-dependent RNA-mediated DNA repair fails, and the accumulation of viral microRNAs predicts the failure of cell type differentiation in the tissues that are required to sustain our physical health and mental health.

For God and Country

Enzyme-constrained interethnic diversity (8)

I am intrigued by the fact that I detailed the energy-dependent links to interethnic diversity in this blog post on the same day that the so-called science journalist Ed Yong placed everything known to serious scientists back into the context of neo-Darwinian evolution.
See for comparison to Ed Yong’s nonsense: “Players compete to build enzymes, hormones and receptors and fend off attacking Viruses!
Yong’s addendum:

*This article has been corrected to reflect the fact that Arc genes were co-opted by animals from a group of genes that also gave rise to retroviruses, and are not directly descended from retroviruses, as originally stated. We regret the error.

Retractions by Szostak reflect a similar theme.

In retrospect, we were totally blinded by our belief [in our findings]…we were not as careful or rigorous as we should have been (and as Tivoli was) in interpreting these experiments.

The food energy-dependent creation of Arc genes links the virus-driven theft of quantized energy to the creation of retroviruses, which are biophysically constrained by RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in the context of the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction.
Something has gone horribly wrong in the context of respected scientist’s retractions and the addendums by science journalists who have failed to link ridiculous theories from top-down causation to biophysically constrained viral latency during the past two decades.
See for comparison:  The vibrational theory of olfaction for the win
John Hewitt will almost undoubtedly be the first science journalist to link the energy-dependent creation of enzymes from the sense of smell in bacteria to our visual perception of mass and energy.
Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception will then be linked to “The Darwin Code: Intelligent Design without God” and interethnic biodiversity via food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions.

IMG_3010

Enzyme-constrained interethnic diversity (7)

Summary:  I suspect that John Hewitt will soon publish an article on the energy-dependent creation of microRNAs and enzymes. He is most likely to link the virus-driven theft of quantized energy as information to all pathology without challenging pseudoscientists and other science journalists to revise their ridiculous claims about mutation-driven evolution.
Digital medicine, on its way to being just plain medicine

There are already nearly 30,000 peer-reviewed English-language scientific journals, producing an estimated 2.5 million articles a year.

Until recently, no published works linked the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy from ATP to the creation of RNA and biophysically constrained viral latency.
But see: EXD2 governs germ stem cell homeostasis and lifespan by promoting mitoribosome integrity and translation January 15, 2018

“Loss of EXD2 results in defective mitochondrial translation, impaired respiration, reduced ATP production…” and “…aberrant association of messenger RNAs with the mitochondrial ribosome.

Exonuclease 3′ –5′ domain-containing 2 (EXD2) is a mitochondrial ribonuclease. A ribonuclease is a type of nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA into smaller components such as microRNAs. A nuclease is an enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between monomers of nucleic acids. EXD2 is required for mitoribosome integrity and efficient mitochondrial translation.
See: The Excitable Mitochondria by John Hewitt, who brought the article on EXD2 to my attention in his tweets. The link from energy-dependent changes in EXD2 to homeostasis predicts the link from reduced ATP production to the virus-driven degradation of EXD2 to the aberrant associations that link mutations in messenger RNA to all pathology. I suspect that John Hewitt will soon publish an article on the energy-dependent creation of microRNAs and enzymes. He is most likely to link the virus-driven theft of quantized energy as information to all pathology without challenging pseudoscientists and other science journalists to revise their ridiculous claims about mutation-driven evolution. Challenging your peers leads to your elimination from consideration. Your peers cannot rise to the ocassion and meet the challenge, so they must ignore you.
As I finalize this series on enzyme-constrained interethnic diversity, I also offer information from my largely ignored FB posts on the anniversary dates indicated:
January 10, 2017

The scent of eros: mysteries of odor in human sexuality

“This is science at its best, with adventure, ideas, and lots of facts”. — Helen Fisher

“A treasure hunt through history, literature, and scientific data”. — Gina Ogden

On pages 160-162 of “The Scent of Eros” (1995/2002) we linked race and ethnicity to all biodiversity via the same model of biologically-based cause and effect. It is still the only valid model.

What exactly do people think was still being debated about the fact that all organisms must eat to reproduce, or that pheromones control the physiology of reproduction in all living genera?

How could race and ethnicity not be aspects of a valid model of biologically-based cause and effect unless pseudoscientists convinced you to believe in mutation-driven evolution?

January 10, 2016

This serves as a reminder to all sex researchers. Most of them understand nothing about how RNA-mediated sex differences in cell types are linked to sex differences in #behavior by nutrient-dependent amino acid substitutions.
They refused to accept the fact that the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction and chromosomal rearrangements link the molecular epigenetics of cell type differentiation in all cell types of all individuals of all species from microbes to humans.

Xistential crisis: Discovery shows there’s more to the story in silencing X chromosomes
Xist is widely believed to be both necessary and sufficient for X silencing,” … “We for the first time show that it’s not sufficient, that there have to be other factors, on the X-chromosome itself, that activate Xist and then cooperate with Xist RNA to silence the X-chromosome.
An example of how 20 years of ignorance about RNA-mediated cell type differentiation leads to “NEW” discoveries.
From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior 1996
Genomic-imprinting is also manifest in specific parts of the X-inactivation region’s related XIST gene. Here male- and female-specific methyl-group patterns participate in X-inactivation in females and also in the preferential inactivation of the paternal X in human placentae of female concepti (Harrison, 1989; Monk, 1995). This process indicates that tissues of the early conceptus can sense and react differentially to epigenetic sexual dimorphisms on the female conceptus’ own two X chromosomes. Furthermore, variations of X-inactivation patterns often account for traits discordance in monozygotic twin females. In other words, they are often found to have nonidentical patterns of X-inactivation, yielding differing expression of noticeable X-linked traits (Machin, 1996).
January 10, 2017

The anniversary of an attack on science.

Odious Christianity
Ray Comfort

Professor PZ Myers hates Christianity. Nor is he a big fan of my good friend, Ken Ham.
In writing about his hatred, PZ unwittingly showed his hand when he said,

“I reject his notion of sin — the idea that there is some kind of divine law against which we can transgress — but humanists do not deny that we can do wrong and we can do harm. We think we should do better, not to appease some vengeful deity, but because it improves our lives and helps make those around us happier and better able to live up to their potential. We certainly do accept that death is inevitable, but not because we are wicked — the wicked often seem to flourish while the good may die young. Are we to measure the virtue of human beings by their longevity? Charles Manson is 82, and surely destined to join the saints in heaven, while every infant death must open a chute directly to hell for its wicked soul.”
His hatred is perfectly in line with the Bible:
“Because the carnal mind is enmity against God; for it is not subject to the law of God, nor indeed can be” (Romans 8:7).
PZ is unashamedly godless (a state the Bible refers to as “carnal”), and so his mind is at “enmity” against God. That means he is in a continual state of hostility towards his Creator. That certainly is true. Even though he doesn’t believe that He exists, but he contemptuously hates the very thought of “a god.”
But look at the pinpoint accuracy of the Scriptures:
“…for it [our carnal mind] is not subject to the law of God, nor indeed can be.”
His hatred is directed at the “law of God,”–the moral Law (the Ten Commandments).
PZ is like a criminal who hates the police, not because of who they are individually, but because of what they represent. They stand for the law–that which is right and good, and that is offensive to someone who loves and lives for crime.
PZ’s railings about his loved ones dying is tragic, but peripheral. They are not the main reason why he is angry.
His anger is primarily at God and His Law, because he doesn’t like being told what to do. Like you and I before we came to Christ, he loves his sin, and he who loves the darkness hates the light.
I’m not sure why PZ called Charles Manson “wicked,” when his atheistic worldview doesn’t allow for anyone to be “wicked.”
Or could it simply be that Manson transgressed the moral Law, which says “You shall not kill,” and PZ intuitively knows that, because of his God-given knowledge of right and wrong (see Romans 2:15).
It’s actually heartening to see him using his moral compass. If he would put down his weapons and study how God’s moral compass is infinitely higher, he may rethink his rejection of “The soul who sins, shall die.”
This is because every death is sobering evidence of the truth of that verse.
You can see PZ in action in our movie “Evolution vs God” (over 2 million views) at www.FullyFreeFilms.com
P.S. PZ hates the movie.

January 10, 2017

How Your Toxic Boss Is Hurting Your Mental Health

Get out before the DNA damage is irreparable.


I do not have a boss. But the stress of attempting to interest others in what is known about how biologically-based cause and effect must be linked to interethnic similarities and differences may prevent some further attempts to explain how DNA damage is biophysically constrained in the context of naturally occurring RNA interference and viral latency.
November 27, 2017 See: Damage-induced lncRNAs control the DNA damage response through interaction with DDRNAs at individual double-strand breaks
Reported on November 29, 2017 as: RNA takes over control of DNA break repair

Now, a study shows that following the formation of DNA double-strand breaks, bidirectional transcription events adjacent to the break generate small RNAs that trigger the DNA damage response by local RNA:RNA interactions.

The RNA:RNA interactions are energy-dependent and they link the creation of microRNAs to the creation of enzymes, receptors, and hormones that protect organized genomes from virus-driven energy theft and all pathology.  But they are not just RNA:RNA interactions. The interactions among microRNAs and messenger RNA link food energy and the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction to all biodiversity on Earth without the pseudoscientific nonsense touted by biologically uninformed theorists and science journalists such as Ed Yong and Carl Zimmer.