A rendering of how changes in an electron's motion (bottom view) alter the scattering of light (top view), as measured in a new experiment that scattered more than 500 photons of light from a single electron. Previous experiments had managed to scatter no more than a few photons at a time. Credit: Extreme Light Laboratory|University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Exome Sequencing Impact in Routine Care

by with No Comment AdaptationsDiseases & DisordersEcologyRNA Directed

Summary: They placed the pseudoscientific nonsense about selection for beneficial mutations into the context of positive selection for mutations, which are caused by the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA. The mutations have been linked to all pathology. It’s as if all theorists want to become known as “biologically uninformed science idiots” via their associations with others who have touted claims about “beneficial mutations.”

US Air Force Studying Impact of Exome Sequencing in Routine Care

Who, among my fellow veterans, and especially among others from The American Legion and The American Legion Riders, did not anticipate that the US Air Force would lead the way forward to prevention of all virus-driven pathology via the use of this technology?

The doctors will receive an educational primer in genomics and on-site genetic counseling support. After exome testing is performed on patients, their doctors will get a report listing the pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants related to dominant and recessive monogenic conditions, risks for complex diseases, and response to drugs. These results will be entered into the service members’ electronic medical records.

I was trained to become a medial laboratory scientist during the last 4 years of my 7 years in the United States Air Force (Dec. 1970-Aug. 1977).  I worked in the laboratory and examined the experimental evidence reported in published works, I learned that all pathogenic variants are caused by the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA. I also learned that pharmacogenomic profiles have already been linked to effective treatments for virus-driven energy theft via my model of nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled biodiversity.
See: Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model
Conclusion:

…the model represented here is consistent with what is known about the epigenetic effects of ecologically important nutrients and pheromones on the adaptively evolved behavior of species from microbes to man. Minimally, this model can be compared to any other factual representations of epigenesis and epistasis for determination of the best scientific ‘fit’.

My model refuted every aspect of neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense, which may be why some doctors never heard about it, or why some of them don’t want to admit to what they know about effective treatments for all pathology.
During suicide prevention month, the National Commander of the American Legion focused on efforts to help reduce the number of suicides among veterans, which occur at ~ 22 each day. I was surprised to see how little response from the general public there has been since then. It’s as if no one has learned about experimental evidence of biologically-based cause and effect such as this:
Whole-transcriptome brain expression and exon-usage profiling in major depression and suicide: evidence for altered glial, endothelial and ATPase activity

Differences in miRNA expression or structural gene variants were not detected. Results lend further support for models in which deficits in microglial, endothelial (blood-brain barrier), ATPase activity and astrocytic cell functions contribute to MDD and suicide, and identify putative pathways and mechanisms for further study in these disorders.

The only obvious link from from energy-dependent ATPase activity to cell type function in all cell types of all living genera is the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight, which biophysically constrains viral latency in the context of the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction. That fact suggests exome sequencing data must be linked to routine case via the creation of energy, the creation of ATP and the creation of RNA.
See: Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation”

The synthesis of RNA in isolated thymus nuclei is ATP dependent.

If the role of microRNAs is not examined in the context of virus-driven energy theft, the degradation of messenger RNA cannot be linked to all pathology. The suicide rate may never change, or it may not change until the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA is linked to cancer and all other pathology in species from microbes to humans.
See also: exome sequencing microRNA  for examples like this:
Whole exome sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism array analyses to identify germline alterations in genes associated with testosterone metabolism in a patient with androgen insensitivity syndrome and early-onset colorectal cancer.
If you do not agree that exome sequencing is the key to understanding the difference between energy-dependent healthy longevity and virus-driven pathology, please explain what you don’t like about the scientific approach to effective treatment and/or prevention of all pathology in the context of Precision Medicine.
See also: Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference from the Labroots: Precision Medicine Virtual Conference February 22-23. 2017
Narrative: The term microRNA has been used in 58,000 indexed works. All the works support claims that link the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight from endogenous RNA interference to biophysically constrained protein folding chemistry and cell type differentiation.

Abstract:

Feedback loops link quantized energy as information to biophysically constrained RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry. Light induced energy-dependent changes link angstroms to ecosystems from classical physics to chemistry/chirality and to molecular epigenetics/autophagy.

The National Microbiome Initiative links microbial quorum sensing to the physiology of reproduction via endogenous RNA interference and chromosomal rearrangements. The rearrangements link energy-dependent fixed amino acid substitutions to the Precision Medicine Initiative via genome wide inferences of natural selection.

This detailed representation of energy-dependent natural selection for codon optimality links biologically- based cause and effect from G protein-coupled receptors to RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions and the functional structure of supercoiled DNA. Energy-dependent polycombic ecological adaptations are manifested in supercoiled DNA. Chromosomal inheritance links the adaptations from morphological phenotypes to healthy longevity via behavioral phenotypes.

For contrast, virus-driven energy theft is the link from messenger RNA degradation to negative supercoiling, constraint breaking mutations, and hecatombic evolution. The viral hecatomb links transgenerational epigenetic inheritance from archaea to Zika virus-damaged DNA, which typically is repaired by endogenous RNA interference and fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in organized genomes.

See for comparison: Evolutionary Analysis Reveals Number, Nature of Mutations Under Positive Selection in Cancer

The research shows that “across cancer types a relatively consistent small number of mutated genes is required to convert a single normal cell into a cancer cell, but that the specific genes chosen differ according to cancer type,” Sanger Institute Director Michael Stratton, a co-author on the study, said in a statement.

…the researchers identified almost 200 mutated genes under positive selection in cancer — a collection that included known cancer contributors and genes not previously implicated as cancer driver candidates.

They placed the pseudoscientific nonsense about selection for beneficial mutations into the context of positive selection for mutations, which are caused by the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA. The mutations have been linked to all pathology. It’s as if all theorists want to become known as “biologically uninformed science idiots” via their associations with others who have touted claims about “beneficial mutations.”

A rendering of how changes in an electron's motion (bottom view) alter the scattering of light (top view), as measured in a new experiment that scattered more than 500 photons of light from a single electron. Previous experiments had managed to scatter no more than a few photons at a time. Credit: Extreme Light Laboratory|University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Predicting who wins the 2017 Nobel Prizes (7)

by with No Comment AdaptationsDiseases & DisordersEcologyLight EnergyModel OrganismsPhysicsRNA DirectedRNA-mediated toxicitySubatomic

Conclusion: The biggest threat to humanity is not the “Big Bang” theory of creation or the “Big Bang” theory of how life on Earth might end after an explosion of cosmic proportions. The biggest threat has always been “human idiocy.”

2017 Nobel Peace Prize Awarded to International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons

“for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons.”

I am reminded of the treaties our forefathers drafted to end the wars with American Indians. See for comparison: Bill Gates warns tens of millions could be killed by bio-terrorism

“The next epidemic could originate on the computer screen of a terrorist intent on using genetic engineering to create a synthetic version of the smallpox virus … or a super contagious and deadly strain of the flu.”

On October 2, 2017 I wrongly predicted this: Bruce McEwen wins the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize  I placed my prediction into the proper context of nuclear energy and the virus-driven theft of quantized energy as information.
See: Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation” (1964)

The synthesis of RNA in isolated thymus nuclei is ATP dependent.

Although some Nobel Prize committee members may not know this, many people have since realized that the creation of energy as information links the energy of ATP to the creation of RNA. Some people also realize that the energy-dependent creation of RNA links what organisms eat from the creation of enzymes that metabolize food to the biophysically constrained pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction and all biodiversity on Earth.
See for instance: Atomic structure reveals how cells translate environmental signals

The team identified an amino acid sequence in the leaflet that is conserved in parasites, suggesting structural insights that may assist in drug discovery for these devastating conditions.

Awarding the Nobel Peace Prize to a group that focuses on prevention of a nuclear holocaust — instead of awarding it to at least one or more people who have tried for more than 50 years to prevent the forthcoming viral apocalypse — seems to be another example of what Richard Feynman referred to as “human idiocy.”  Feynman complained about the different measures used by theorists to link energy to the ability of organisms to do work and the ability of machines to do the work that humans design and/or program them to do. His work on the “Manhattan Project” qualified him to speculate on what would become known about atomic energy and biologically-based cause and effect.
For example, the metabolism of what some bacteria eat has been linked from their biophysically constrained physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction to the energy-dependent creation of uranium isotopes. When engineered and programmed to do so, uranium isotopes can be used to kill the cells that were created during energy-dependent biogenesis.
Energy-dependent biogenesis can also be compared to the ridiculous claims about abiogenesis that have been made by evolutionary theorists. Some people still claim that energy emerged from nothing and everything on Earth evolved after that. In the context of Feynman’s claim about “human idiocy,” I refer to people like that as biologically uninformed science idiots.
See for comparison: Biogenic non-crystalline U(IV) revealed as major component in uranium ore deposits
Reported as: Biologists discover electric bacteria that eat pure electrons rather than sugar, redefining the tenacity of life July 18, 2014
Subsequently reported on June 1, 2017 as: A new twist on uranium’s origin story, by CSU scientists
The biogenesis of uranium isotopes was linked to the estimates of pseudoscientists who claimed that most of the uranium they found in that unmined site is ~ 3 million years old. They also claimed it was formed by microbes that eat something that allows them to respire not on oxygen, but on uranium.
Every aspect of biophysically constrained biologically based biodiversity on Earth can be linked from what organisms eat to their energy-dependent physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction via respiration, which is akin to the human ability to breathe. For comparison, the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA links the theft of quantized energy from the half-life of atomic energy to the biophysically constrained energy in soil bacteria. The biophysically constrained energy in soil bacteria has been linked to the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy.
Virus-driven fescue toxicosis links theft of quantized energy as information from the bull sperm microRNAome from to all pathology.
See: The Bull Sperm MicroRNAome and the Effect of Fescue Toxicosis on Sperm MicroRNA Expression
In the last few decades, sperm have been reported to carry both RNA and microRNA to the fertilized zygote [17], [18]. MicroRNA (miRNA) are important regulators in translation, and their altered expression often leads to disease or cancer. As such, they have become popular biomarkers for diseases, cancers, or altered cellular functionality.
If the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize had been awarded to anyone who worked for the good of humanity, it would have been awarded to one of the serious scientists who has tried for at least several decades to prevent unnecessary suffering and premature death. The unnecessary suffering and premature death is caused by virus-driven energy theft and altered cellular functionality in all living genera that fail to successfully reproduce in the context of biophysically constrained viral latency.
Conclusion: The biggest threat to humanity is not the “Big Bang” theory of creation or the “Big Bang” theory of how life on Earth might end after an explosion of cosmic proportions. The biggest threat has always been “human idiocy.”

A rendering of how changes in an electron's motion (bottom view) alter the scattering of light (top view), as measured in a new experiment that scattered more than 500 photons of light from a single electron. Previous experiments had managed to scatter no more than a few photons at a time. Credit: Extreme Light Laboratory|University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Predicting who wins the 2017 Nobel Prizes (5)

by with No Comment AdaptationsAutophagybiophotonicsDiseases & DisordersEcologyLight EnergyModel OrganismsNutrigenomicsPhysicsSubatomic

Summary: If he was not still dead, the 1965 Nobel Laureate, Richard P. Feynman might claim that this year’s Physics Prize was awarded for “human idiocy.”
Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to LIGO Black Hole Researchers

Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, pronounced in 1916, suggested that matter and energy would warp the geometry of space-time the way a heavy sleeper sags a mattress, producing the effect we call gravity. His equations described a universe in which space and time were dynamic.
 

Other claims in this article appear to arise in the context of the emergence of energy from nothing with no mention of the biophysical constraints that link food energy from electrons to ecosystems via the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans.

If he was not still dead, the 1965 Nobel Laureate, Richard P. Feynman might claim that this year’s Physics Prize was awarded for “human idiocy.”

See:

 
Facts about Einstein’s “General Theory” have since been validated with experimental evidence of biologically-based cause and effect. See: Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception
 

The energy-dependent de novo creation of G protein-coupled receptors, such as odor receptors, links the sense of smell in bacteria to the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction, which links changes in chirality to autophagy. Autophagy links what organisms eat to cell type differentiation via amino acid substitutions that link our visual perception of energy and mass to the feedback loops that link what organisms eat to their behavior.

Experimental proof of concept might require the sacrifice of one mammal. If it can find a mass of energy that is biophysically constrained in a source of food, it must also eat the food and survive to reproduce. Foraging and reproduction occur in the context of facts presented in Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction (co-authored by 2004 Nobel Laureate, Linda  Buck).

If an organism cannot find the food and eat it, entropy must clearly be linked to its death unless it is among the individuals of a species that mutated and evolved from a common ancestor. For comparison, theories about common ancestors can be linked to the billion dollar LIGO “black hole” project and to this year’s Nobel Laureates in Physics.

I encourage others who live on Earth to do that in the context of a money-saving effort to save all humanity from death that will be caused by the virus-driven entropy of organized genomes.

See for details: Cytosis: A Cell Biology Board Game

A board game taking place inside a human cell! Players compete to build enzymes, hormones and receptors and fend off attacking Viruses!

A rendering of how changes in an electron's motion (bottom view) alter the scattering of light (top view), as measured in a new experiment that scattered more than 500 photons of light from a single electron. Previous experiments had managed to scatter no more than a few photons at a time. Credit: Extreme Light Laboratory|University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Energy-dependent physical and biophysical constraints (5)

by with One Comment AdaptationsCytosisDiseases & DisordersEcologyHuman PheromonesModel OrganismsNeuronal PlasticityNutrigenomicsPhysicsRNA DirectedRNA interferenceRNA-directed DNA methylationRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expressionVariations

Summary: Emmy Noethe’s theorems were developed in the early 1900’s. Richard Feynman inadvertently or purposefully alluded to them as examples of human idiocy.
Discover Magazine resurrected the examples of human idiocy in a 2017 article. For comparison, Choi et al., (2017) support the claims that intercellular and interkingdom communication is energy-dependent and controlled by the metabolism of food energy to pheromones.
It is obvious that pheromones biophysically constrain the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA. That fact links everything currently known about RNA-mediated cell type differentiation to human love in the context of established links from quantum physics to quantum souls. It may surprise some people to know that the virus-driven evolution of love is the antithetical to the food energy-dependent physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in all living genera. Indeed, some people may realize that the virus-driven evolution of anything is based upon ridiculous theories that were invented by Emmy Noethe.
See: Energy-dependent physical and biophysical constraints (4)
Natural selection links odors and the food energy from what organisms eat to the de novo creation of microRNAs. The creation of microRNAs is linked to biophysically constrained energy-dependent codon optimality.
Odor and food energy-dependent changes in microRNAs link hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution from the creation of amino acids to the ability to sense energy and mass in the context of the space-time continuum. The sense of smell in bacteria has been linked to our food energy-dependent visual perception of the space-time continuum.
Publication of Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception precedes the September 2017 release of the cell biology game Cytosis. The cell biology game links virus-driven energy theft to all pathology.

A board game taking place inside a human cell! Players compete to build enzymes, hormones and receptors and fend off attacking Viruses!

Taken together, the facts about olfaction link the sense of smell in bacteria from quorum sensing to our visual perception of mass and energy in the context of the space-time continuum. It is no trouble for a serious scientist to consistently link quantum physics from food energy to the creation of quantum souls via changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance and the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction.
Richard Feynman inadvertently did that when he claimed that the different measures for units of energy used by other theoretical physicists were examples of human idiocy.

See for comparison: The Universe According to Emmy Noethe (Discover Magazine, 2017)

…energy may not be conserved “locally” — that is, in an arbitrarily small patch of space — but everything works out when the space is sufficiently large. That was one of two theorems she proved that year in Göttingen, Germany. The other theorem, which would ultimately have a far greater impact, uncovered an intimate link between conservation laws (such as the conservation of energy) and the symmetries of nature, a connection that physicists have exploited ever since. Today, our current grasp of the physical world, from subatomic particles to black holes, draws heavily upon this theorem, now known simply as Noether’s theorem.

Emmy Noethe’s so-called theorems, which she developed in the early 1900’s, attempted to explain how the concept of entropy might not appear to defy everything known to serious scientists about the biophysically constrained energy-dependent physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction, which links feedback loops from odors and pheromones to the creation of all energy-dependent biodiversity on Earth.
Simply put, more than 100 years ago Emmy Noethe’s theorems suggested that all representations of energy-dependent biologically-based cause and effect are wrong. For a current representation of what is known, see: Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction.
The physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction links what organisms eat to all energy-dependent biodiversity via the de novo creation of genes and gene activation that is biophysically constrained by the metabolism of food to pheromones which control the physiology of reproduction in all living genera.
See also: AMP-enabled FLT3-ITD detection

Independent and bidirectional probes are specifically optimized to detect internal tandem duplications (ITDs) of all sizes. The reads originating from these probes are bioinformatically assembled by Archer Analysis using a de novo assembler to form longer consensus sequences that span the ITD. These longer sequences are then aligned to the reference genome to identify the presence of even very large ITDs (> 250bp).a
a Only available on Illumina® instruments

Use of a so-called “de novo assembler” eliminates any consideration of energy as information that must be used in the context of bioinformatics and the identify of reference genomes that are used to identify pathological gene variants that arise in the context of energy-dependent de novo gene creation.  The link from Emmy Noethe’s theorems to the pseudoscientific nonsense about the  “de novo assembler” may not be clear without examination of facts about the physiology of reproduction.
For example, see: Physiology is rocking the foundations of evolutionary biology

Perhaps the elegant mathematics and the extraordinary reputation of the scientists involved blinded us to what now seems obvious: the organism should never have been relegated to the role of mere carrier of its genes.

For information on Emmy Noethe’s reputation and her elegant mathematics, see:

The Mighty Mathematician You’ve Never Heard Of (2012)

She invented a theorem that united with magisterial concision two conceptual pillars of physics: symmetry in nature and the universal laws of conservation.

Noether’s brilliance was obvious to all who worked with her, and her male mentors repeatedly took up her cause…

A Fight for the Soul of Science (2015)

Silk accused these theorists of “moving the goalposts” of science and blurring the line between physics and pseudoscience. “The imprimatur of science should be awarded only to a theory that is testable,” Ellis and Silk wrote, thereby disqualifying most of the leading theories of the past 40 years. “Only then can we defend science from attack.”

See for comparison:

Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems April by James V Kohl

This atoms to ecosystems model of ecological adaptations links nutrient-dependent epigenetic effects on base pairs and amino acid substitutions to pheromone-controlled changes in the microRNA / messenger RNA balance and chromosomal rearrangements. The nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled changes are required for the thermodynamic regulation of intracellular signaling, which enables biophysically constrained nutrient-dependent protein folding; experience-dependent receptor-mediated behaviors, and organism-level thermoregulation in ever-changing ecological niches and social niches. Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological, social, neurogenic and socio-cognitive niche construction are manifested in increasing organismal complexity in species from microbes to man. Species diversity is a biologically-based nutrient-dependent morphological fact and species-specific pheromones control the physiology of reproduction. The reciprocal relationships of species-typical nutrient-dependent morphological and behavioral diversity are enabled by pheromone-controlled reproduction. Ecological variations and biophysically constrained natural selection of nutrients cause the behaviors that enable ecological adaptations. Species diversity is ecologically validated proof-of-concept. Ideas from population genetics, which exclude ecological factors, are integrated with an experimental evidence-based approach that establishes what is currently known. This is known: Olfactory/pheromonal input links food odors and social odors from the epigenetic landscape to the physical landscape of DNA in the organized genomes of species from microbes to man during their development.

From my publications alert: What’s new for ‘microRNA’ in PubMed on July 26, 2017
Tiny RNAs and their voyage via extracellular vesicles: Secretion of bacterial small RNA and eukaryotic microRNA

MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that bind to the 3′-untranslated region of target mRNAs and have transcriptional or translational inhibitory function in eukaryotes. Before microRNAs were widely known, bacterial non-coding small RNAs around 50-200 nt in length were discovered whose mechanism of action resembled that of microRNAs. Recently, RNAs that are of similar size to or smaller than microRNAs have been discovered in bacteria and indeed, this class of small RNAs have been found throughout all domains of life. Moreover, recent findings suggest that these tiny RNAs can be released via extracellular vesicles (such as exosomes in eukaryotes and outer membrane vesicles in bacteria), which in turn heralds a new field of research, interkingdom communication. This review discusses two similar classes of small RNAs in evolutionarily distinct eukaryotes and bacteria. In addition to their biogenesis and regulation, we discuss small RNA vehicles and their secretion. Impact statement The possible endogenous functions of small RNAs such as regulatory small RNAs in bacteria and microRNAs in eukaryotes have been extensively studied since they were first discovered. However, their powerful functions should not be seen as limited to their cells of origin. Recently, several papers have demonstrated that small RNAs function as signaling molecules between cells. This is possible because small RNAs can be shuttled around after being incorporated into environmentally protective extracellular vesicles. It is now clearly plausible that secreted small RNAs can regulate other types of cells through biofluids. Given their “common molecule” status, the role of small RNAs in mediating bacteria-human crosstalk is an emerging and competitive area of genetic research. This review provides insight into the function of small RNAs in intercellular and even interkingdom communication.

See also:Impact statement

The possible endogenous functions of small RNAs such as regulatory small RNAs in bacteria and microRNAs in eukaryotes have been extensively studied since they were first discovered. However, their powerful functions should not be seen as limited to their cells of origin. Recently, several papers have demonstrated that small RNAs function as signaling molecules between cells. This is possible because small RNAs can be shuttled around after being incorporated into environmentally protective extracellular vesicles. It is now clearly plausible that secreted small RNAs can regulate other types of cells through biofluids. Given their “common molecule” status, the role of small RNAs in mediating bacteria-human crosstalk is an emerging and competitive area of genetic research. This review provides insight into the function of small RNAs in intercellular and even interkingdom communication.

As indicated in my 2014 invited review of nutritional epigenetics, which was returned without review, endogenous functions of regulatory RNAs such as small RNAs in bacteria and microRNAs in eukaryotes have been extensively detailed in the context of biophysically constrained biologically-based cause and effect. These authors attest to the fact that the structure and function of bacterial small RNAs and eukaryotic microRNAs are not limited to their food energy-dependent de novo creation in their cells of origin.
The fact that small RNA and micro-RNA-mediated cell type differentiation occurs in the context of hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution links the information in this review to claims that small RNAs in seawater solutions and microRNAs in blood link “common molecule” status to “… the function of small RNAs in intercellular and even interkingdom communication.”  The fact that intercellular and interkingdom communication is energy-dependent and controlled by the metabolism of food energy to pheromones that biophysically constrain the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA, links everything currently known about cell type differentiation from quantum physics to quantum souls via the food energy-dependent physiology of reproduction in all living genera.
See also: Choi JW[Author] microRNA
For example: MicroRNA profiling in the mouse hypothalamus reveals oxytocin-regulating microRNA
For comparison: @36:18 Larry Young explains the virus-driven evolution of love as if serious scientists had learned nothing about receptor-mediated behaviors.

Cytosis

Epigenetic effects of stress by Bruce McEwen (2)

by with No Comment AdaptationsCytosisDiseases & DisordersEcologyLight EnergyModel OrganismsPhysicsRNA DirectedRNA-directed DNA methylationRNA–Mediated Epigenetic HeredityVariations

Summary:

…rapid mRNA turnover starts with the energy-dependent de novo creation of microRNAs and ends with the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA, which links mutations to all pathology.
 
This was reported in the following context: “RNA molecules live short lives” July 12, 2017

See also: Epigenetic effects of stress by Bruce McEwen (1)

Summary:

In the early 1990’s, Bruce McEwen inspired my life’s works, which link the epigenetic effects of nutrient-stress and/or social stress to the fact that RNA biosynthesis is ATP-dependent. That fact helped all serious scientists link the virus-driven energy theft of quantized energy to the degradation of messenger RNA, which links mutations to all pathology.

Pseudoscientists refuse to accept that fact.

New research uncovers the secrets of photosynthesis that could help develop computer technology

Energy and charge transfer is what drives photosynthesis and any solar-to-chemical or electrical-to-chemical energy conversion.

That fact links the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight from the de novo creation of microRNAs to all biodiversity. Bruce McEwen published on the role that microRNAs play in: Characterization of the vulnerability to repeated stress in Fischer 344 rats: possible involvement of microRNA-mediated down-regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor (2008)

We also identified that microRNA (miR)-18a inhibited translation of GR mRNA in cultured neuronal cells and that increased expression of miR-18a in the PVN was observed in F344 rats compared with SD rats. These strain differences in GR protein levels were not found in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and the expression of miR-18a was much lower in these brain regions than in the PVN. Our results suggest that F344 rats could be a useful animal model for studying vulnerability to repeated stress, and that miR-18a-mediated down-regulation of GR translation may be an important factor to be considered in susceptibility to stress-related disorders.

See also: Early Life Stress Enhances Behavioral Vulnerability to Stress through the Activation of REST4-Mediated Gene Transcription in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Rodents (2010)

Figure 3.

Expression analyses of mRNAs of RE-1-containing genes and brain-enriched pre-microRNAs in the mPFC of the maternally separated rats. A, B, The expression of mRNAs (A) and pre-microRNAs (B) of a variety of RE-1-containing genes in the mPFC of AFR, HMS15, and HMS180 rats at P14 were quantified by Q-PCR (n = 6 for all groups). C, D, The expression of mature microRNAs in the mPFC of AFR, HMS15, and HMS180 rats at P14 were quantified by Northern blotting analysis (n = 5–6 for each group). E, The mRNA and pre-microRNA expression of RE-1-containing genes in the mPFC of adult AFR, HMS15, and HMS180 rats were quantified by Q-PCR (n = 6 for all groups). *p < 0.05.

Bruce McEwen subsequently linked what is known about energy-dependent changes in single nucleotide polymorphisms to effects of hormones on behavior in mice and humans via a food energy-dependent biophysically constrained amino acid substitution.

See: Stress dynamically regulates behavior and glutamatergic gene expression in hippocampus by opening a window of epigenetic plasticity (2015)

Excitatory amino acids play a key role in both adaptive and deleterious effects of stressors on the brain, and dysregulated glutamate homeostasis has been associated with psychiatric and neurological disorders. Here, we elucidate mechanisms of epigenetic plasticity…  In WT mice after CRS and in unstressed mice with a BDNF loss-of-function allele (BDNF Val66Met), we show that the epigenetic activator of histone acetylation, P300, plays a pivotal role in the dynamic up- and down-regulation of mGlu2 in hippocampus via histone-3-lysine-27-acetylation (H3K27Ac) when acute stressors are applied. These hippocampal responses reveal a window of epigenetic plasticity that may be useful for treatment of disorders in which glutamatergic transmission is dysregulated.

See also: Multiplexed gene control reveals rapid mRNA turnover (open access)

The rapid mRNA turnover starts with the energy-dependent de novo creation of microRNAs and ends with the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA, which links mutations to all pathology.
 
This was reported in the following context: “RNA molecules live short lives” July 12, 2017
“Sometimes it is hard to believe that scientists could have unknowingly worked with methods that produce inconsistent results for almost 30 years”, says Becskei.
 
Becskei adds insult to the injury, unnecessary suffering, and the premature death caused by misrepresentations of biologically-based cause and effect. An accurate representation was reported in 1964 as: Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation” 
 

The synthesis of RNA in isolated thymus nuclei is ATP dependent.

The fact that some researchers still do not know that the synthesis of RNA is energy-dependent makes it impossible for them to link virus-driven energy theft from the degradation of messenger RNA to mutations and all pathology in all living genera.

It will soon become “child’s play” for anyone over 10 years old. See: Cytosis: A Cell Biology Board Game

A board game taking place inside a human cell! Players compete to build enzymes, hormones and receptors and fend off attacking Viruses!

amino acid homeostasis

The essence of precision medicine: drug targets or healthy longevity?

by with No Comment AdaptationsAlternative SplicingsbiophotonicsDiseases & DisordersEcologyLight EnergyModel OrganismsNutrigenomicsPhysicsRNA DirectedRNA interferenceRNA methylationRNA-directed DNA methylationRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expressionRNA-mediated gene silencingRNA-mediated toxicityRNA–Mediated Epigenetic HeredityVariations
The molecular epigenetics of healthy longevity
Trichome, a Functional Diversity Phenotype in Plant
Abstract:

Trichomes play a very important role in the process of evolution for plant which are epidermal appendages covering the surface of plants. In this paper, some progress concerning the genes responsible for trichome formation is presented for monocots and dicotyledons plants. Meanwhile, the special structures and physiological functions of trichome are briefly introduced, such as reflectance, energy balance, ultraviolet protection, drought resistance, gas exchange, insect resistance and disease resistance. The review provides a theoretical basis for the further study of other trichome related traits in plants.

The review links the process of evolution from the energy balance to ultraviolet protection without mention of where the energy came from or how the energy balance is biophysically constrained by the chemistry of RNA-mediated protein folding in the context of fixed amino acid substitutions in supercoiled DNA. They should simply claim that evolution is an automagical process that they cannot explain in terms that might be used by serious scientists to link physics and chemistry to molecular epigenetics and all biologically-based cause and effect.
Article excerpts

Trichomes, as a plant protective barrier against natural hazards such as herbivores, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, pathogen attacks and excessive transpiration, play a key role in development of plants and occur widely in various plants.

Trichomes are a model system for cell differentiation, cell cycle regulation, cell polarity and cell expansion…

Trichomes cannot be a model system because cell differentiation it is energy-dependent and biophysically constrained by the physiology of reproduction in all living genera.

Light reflectors and energy balance

Studies have shown that trichomes can be reflectors of broadspectrum radiation, and play a physiologically significant role in modulating the plant energy balance [57,65,66]. When leaves are exposed in environments, this can regulate heat balance via transpiration cooling, which requires an adequate water supply or through reduced leaf absorption [66].

All physiologically significant roles played in the context of thermodynamic cycles of protein biosynthesis and degradation in all living genera must link energy-dependent changes from angstroms to ecosystems. Now that those links have been established, they can be used to virus-driven energy theft to all pathology.
Clearly, nothing evolves without an anti-entropic virucidal energy source, which means that no species has ever evolved into another species via natural selection for anything except energy-dependent codon optimality.
Natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality is the essence of precision medicine. See:
See for comparison: The histone demethylase KDM3A regulates the transcriptional program of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells

Methylation of histone lysine residues is a significant component of epigenetics and is associated with control of gene expression [1]. Specifically, methylation of lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9) has been recognized as hallmark of transcriptionally suppressed genes [2].

“The essence of precision medicine is to understand, which drug targets are effective given each person’s unique genetic and epigenetic makeup,” Filipp said.

Methylation is energy-dependent and RNA-mediated. Nutrient energy-dependent viral latency links lysine residues (amino acid substitutions) to all healthy longevity in all living genera via natural selection for differences in the energy of photons, which has been linked from hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution to all biodiversity via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in species from microbes to humans.
Each person’s unique genetic makeup arises only in the context of epigenetic effects on supercoiled DNA, which protects all organized genomes from virus-driven energy theft and genomic entropy. Different levels of energy link energy as information in photons from changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance and hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution to the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in all living genera.

Virus-driven energy theft links mutations to all pathology.
For more pseudoscientific nonsense about cancers and metastases, see: Cancer Cells Conversations About Metastasis
My comment: Different levels of energy link energy as information in photons from changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance and hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution to the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in all living genera.
Virus-driven energy theft links mutations to all pathology.
See also:
Mitochondria as a Favourite Organelle for Invading Viruses

ER-alpha 36, A Novel Biomarker for ER-Negative Breast Cancer
DNA Repair Mechanisms in ESCs and iPSCs
If pseudoscientists consistently fail to link the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy to all biophysically constrained RNA-mediated cell type differentiation via fixation of amino acid substitutions, do not expect them do discover that the energy for DNA repair is essence of precision medicine.
See also my comments on: Ben Carson and the Power of the Hippocampus
For example:
Do you realize that Ben Carson and others like him have linked energy to the experience-dependent near-infinite capacity of the brain, and linked virus-driven energy theft to all pathology via Schrodinger’s claims in “What is Life?” (1944)
All of Carson’s claims about the hippocampus link what is known to all serious scientists about energy-dependent RNA methylation and experience-dependent cell type differentiation, which is biophysically constrained by the physiology of reproduction in all living genera.
See: “Experience-Dependent Accumulation of N6-Methyladenosine in the Prefrontal Cortex Is Associated with Memory Processes in Mice” June 22, 2016
The repository of non serious scientists is found among neo-Darwinian theorists. Also, Dobzhansky (1964) made claims about the difference between serious scientists and “serious intellectuals,” who he would probably also refer to as biologically uninformed.
For example, Neuroskeptic concludes that “It’s not a totally crazy approach, but it makes a lot of assumptions.”
Ben Carson did not make any assumptions about the claims that link ATP from the energy-dependent de novo creation of RNA to all biodiversity via links from RNA methylation to learning and memory in all living genera. See: Dobzhansky’s claims (1973) about RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions and cell type differentiation in all living genera. The energy clearly must be linked from what organisms eat to the physiology of reproduction. See for comparison:
Biology, molecular and organismic (1964) Excerpt: “The notion has gained some currency that the only worthwhile biology is molecular biology. All else is “bird watching” or “butterfly collecting.” Bird watching and butterfly collecting are occupations manifestly unworthy of serious scientists! I have heard a man whose official title happens to be Professor of Zoology declare to an assembly of his colleagues that “a good man cannot teach zoology. A good man can teach, of course, only molecular biology. ”
For an example of some intelligent men, see: DEPENDENCE OF RNA SYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED THYMUS NUCLEI ON GLYCOLYSIS, OXIDATIVE CARBOHYDRATE CATABOLISM AND A TYPE OF “OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION” (1964)

The essence of precision medicine: drug targets or healthy longevity?

Amino acid modification FA_Epigenetics_Table1

Francis S. Collins refutes theistic evolution

by with 2 Comments AdaptationsAlternative SplicingsAutophagybiophotonicsDiseases & DisordersEcologyHuman BrainHuman PheromonesLight EnergyModel OrganismsNeuronal PlasticityNutrigenomicsPhysicsRNA DirectedRNA interferenceRNA methylationRNA-directed DNA methylationRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expressionRNA-mediated gene silencingRNA-mediated toxicityRNA–Mediated Epigenetic HeredityVariationsWhat's in the News

Criticisms of the nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled evolutionary model

Based on his writings, both published and unpublished, James Kohl presents an unsupported challenge to modern evolutionary theory and misrepresentations of established scientific terms and others’ research. — Andrew Jones, BA

Editor’s note

The 2013 review article by James Vaughn Kohl published in Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology and criticized in the above Letter to the Editor was subjected to standard peer review and the revised version was accepted by me after it had been accepted by both reviewers.

See for comparison: The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief, by Francis S. Collins. The current director of the NIH also is a co-author of Genetic regulatory signatures underlying islet gene expression and type 2 diabetes

…T2D risk alleles that overlap with RFX footprints uniformly disrupt the RFX motifs at high-information content positions. Together, these results suggest that common regulatory variations have shaped islet TF footprints and the transcriptome and that a confluent RFX regulatory grammar plays a significant role in the genetic component of T2D predisposition.

No experimental evidence of biologically-based cause and effect suggest that any common regulatory variations has ever evolved. Let me make that fact perfectly clear in the words of the co-authors:

“Individuals who are heterozygous for a frameshift mutation in RFX6 have increased 2-h glucose levels (33). Importantly, rare autosomal recessive mutations that alter DNA-contacting amino acids in the DNA binding domain of RFX6 result in Mitchell–Riley syndrome, which is characterized by neonatal diabetes (29).

The frameshift mutation and rare autosomal recessive mutations occur outside the context of energy-dependent endogenous RNA interference (RNAi). For comparison RNA-directed DNA methylation (aka endogenous RNAi) typically links DNA-contacting amino acids to healthy longevity via the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of morphological and behavioral phentoypes in species from microbes to humans. It is difficult to describe all the links, but it is clear that RNAi links RNA-directed DNA methylation from energy-dependent changes in chirallity to base pairs, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and autophagy via the innate immune system.
Without any mention of how virus-driven energy theft links mutations from SNPs to pathology, Francis S. Collins and his co-authors link the rare autosomal recessive mutations to altered DNA-contacting amino acids. Apparently, they do not want to mention anything about the fact that natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality is the link from RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry to all biophysically constrained healthy longevity. Instead, they seem willing to ignore the facts about energy-dependent fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in cell types.
Indeed, they seem to put everything known to serious scientists into the context of the theistic evolution of pathology. Serious scientists know that nutrient energy-dependent pheromone-controlled cell type differentiation is the link from atoms to ecosystems in models of ecological adaptation.
Clearly, anyone who does not want to expose the pseudoscientific nonsense touted by neo-Darwinian theorists and theistic evolutionists should not mention “amino acid” and “mutation” in the same context. Using only the definitions of both terms in the same sentence (above) alerts all serious scientists to the fact that nutrient energy-dependent amino acid substitutions are not the same as mutations, which are caused by virus-driven energy theft.
Reported as: Diabetes in your DNA? Scientists zero in on the genetic signature of risk

…for now, it’s the first demonstration that many Type 2 diabetes-linked DNA changes have to do with the same DNA-reading molecule. Called Regulatory Factor X, or RFX, it’s a master regulator for a number of genes.

The regulation of genes is energy dependent.

“RFX is probably unable to read the misspelled words, and this disruption of regulatory grammar plays a significant role in the genetic risk of Type 2 diabetes.”

The concept of “misspelled words” is appropriate for use only in the context of pseudoscientific nonsense that fails to address facts about natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality. Codon optimality links the speed of light on contact with water to biophysically constrained RNA-medidated cell type differentiation in all living genera.

They characterized differences not just in DNA sequences, but also in the way DNA was packaged and modified by epigenetic factors, and the levels of gene expression products that indicated how often the genes had been read and transcribed.

Epigenetically-effected reading and transcription is energy dependent and biophysically constrained via the speed of light and hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution such as seawater and blood. Serious scientists noticed that pattern and linked virus-driven energy theft from pathology in bacteria to archaea and from the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of Zika-virus damaged DNA in human infants. The craniofacial morphology and brain development of infected human infants clearly links energy-dependent fixation of amino acids to the morphological and behavioral phenotypes of all living genera.
See: Nothing in Biology Makes Any Sense Except in the Light of Evolution

E. Margoliash, W. M. Fitch, and others have compared the amino acid sequences in cytochrome C in different branches of the living world. Most significant similarities as well as differences have been brought to light. The cytochrome C of different orders of mammals and birds differ in 2 to 17 amino acids, classes of vertebrates in 7 to 38, and vertebrates and insects in 23 to 41; and animals differ from yeasts and molds in 56 to 72 amino acids. Fitch and Margoliash prefer to express their findings in what are called “minimal mutational distances.” It has been mentioned above that different amino acids are coded by different triplets of nucleotides in DNA of the genes; this code is now known.

Facts about nutrient energy-dependent codon optimality also are known to be refutations of neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense because codon optimality links Darwin’s “conditions of life” to the physiology of reproduction in all living genera.
See: Codon optimality controls differential mRNA translation during amino acid starvation and Codon identity regulates mRNA stability and translation efficiency during the maternal-to-zygotic transition
See for comparison: Epigenetic Editing of Ascl1 Gene in Neural Stem Cells by Optogenetics

Each DNA change might alter this binding in a different way, leading to a slightly different effect on Type 2 diabetes risk or blood sugar regulation. But the common factor for many of these changes was its effect on the area where RFX is predicted to bind, in the cells of pancreatic islets.

So, says Parker, this shows how the genome – the actual sequence of DNA—can influence the epigenome, or the factors that influence gene expression.

The sequence of DNA cannot influence the epigenome before the energy-dependent sequence has been created via natural selection for codon optimality. That is why epigenetically-effected nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled energy-dependent changes in supercoiled DNA were linked from the weekend resurrection of the bacterial flagellum in Pseudomonas fluorescens to all biodiversity in all living genera via the conserved molecular mechanisms that link light energy-induced changes in microRNAs to all biodiversity.
See also: Optokinetically encoded nanoprobe-based multiplexing strategy for microRNA profiling
Programmable artificial phototactic microswimmer

For active drug delivery, the nanomotor should be able to orient towards specific chemical signals, such as those demonstrated in chemotaxis21–25 and pH taxis26.

See also: pH-Taxis of Biohybrid Microsystems

…assuming that it is possible to tune the preferred pH of bioactuators by genetic engineering, these biohybrid microsystems could potentially be applied to sense the pH gradient induced by cancerous cells in stagnant fluids inside human body and realize targeted drug delivery.

If naturally occurring chemotaxis could not readily be linked from pH-taxis and phototaxis to natural selection for codon optimaility and supercoiled DNA, light energy as information could not be linked to communication between the microscopic and the macroscopic world.
Light Could Propel Nanorobots on a “Fantastic Voyage” Through the Human Body

“Light is a more effective option to communicate between the microscopic world and the macroscopic world,” said Tang.

The fact that the energy-dependent virucidal effects of sunlight have been linked to the weekend resurrection of the bacterial flagellum in an organism that fluoresces on exposure to UV light was placed into the context of claims about two amino acid substitutions that were reported as if they were mutations.
Summary: Francis S. Collins, current NIH director, is a theistic evolutionist. He should not use his position to tout the pseudoscientific nonsense of evolution. He is supposed to link experimental evidence of biologically-based facts to healthy longevity or to pathology.
See also: United states health care reform: Progress to date and next steps

All of the individuals who assisted with the preparation of the manuscript are employed by the Executive Office of the President.

Former President Barrack Obama should not have used his position or his employees to mislead the voters in the United States of America. He correctly stated that “…partisanship and special interest opposition remain…,” which ensured that “…experience with the Affordable Care Act…” would demonstrate “…that positive change is achievable on some of the nation’s most complex challenges.” That claim was placed into the context of misrepresentations made by ~50% of people who are biologically uninformed theorists and/or those who are atheists. Clearly there is overlap among those groups of people. Hopefully, others will see why. They’ve been taught to believe in theistic evolution or nothing.
Experimental evidence of biologically-based cause and effect refutes theistic evolution by linking virus-driven energy theft to all pathology in all living genera. In the context of  Genetic regulatory signatures underlying islet gene expression and type 2 diabetes, Francis S. Collins revealed either his ignorance or his treachery.
The article links the nutrient energy-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction to the weekend resurrection of the bacterial flagellum in P. fluorescens via RNA synthesis, not mutations.
Virus-driven energy theft influences energy-dependent RNA-mediated gene expression, and the energy theft is clearly linked to mutations. See for example: DEPENDENCE OF RNA SYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED THYMUS NUCLEI ON GLYCOLYSIS, OXIDATIVE CARBOHYDRATE CATABOLISM AND A TYPE OF “OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION”

The synthesis of RNA in isolated thymus nuclei is ATP dependent.

See also: microRNA “Regulatory Factor X” 
 

Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA

George Church refutes theistic evolution

by with 3 Comments AdaptationsAlternative SplicingsbiophotonicsDiseases & DisordersEcologyHuman BrainLight EnergyModel OrganismsNeuronal PlasticityNutrigenomicsPhysicsRNA DirectedRNA interferenceRNA methylationRNA-directed DNA methylationRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expressionRNA-mediated gene silencingRNA-mediated toxicityRNA–Mediated Epigenetic HeredityVariations

Wednesday Afternoon Lecture Series (WALS) – The future of genetic codes and BRAIN codes

The NIH Director’s Wednesday Afternoon Lecture Series, colloquially known as WALS, is the highest-profile lecture program at the NIH.

The future of genetic codes and BRAIN codes (video)
My comment on the video: Biophysically constrained genetic codes are brain codes. They link the epigenetic landscape to the physical landscape of supercoiled DNA via metabolic networks, which link energy as information to all cell type differentiation in all individuals of all living genera.
Virus-driven energy theft is linked from “gene vandalism” to epigenetically effected nutrient energy-as-information dependent RNA-mediated DNA repair.
Synthesis of nucleic acids became a “bigger deal” when Sutherland’s group showed that ultraviolet light was linked to the simultaneous de novo creation of nucleic acid precursors, which are the starting materials needed to make natural amino acids and lipids.
See: Common origins of RNA, protein and lipid precursors in a cyanosulfidic protometabolism
They showed that a single set of light-activated reactions gave rise to most of life’s building blocks simultaneously. Simply put, that fact refutes every aspect of neo-Darwinian nonsense. It also eliminates consideration of any theories proposed by “big bang” cosmologists.
The irony of this is that not one of the young earth creationists I know would fail to link the hydrogen-atom energy-dependent de novo creation of nucleic acid precursors to all biodiversity on Earth via the physiology of biophysically constrained cell type differentiation.
For example, see: Multipurpose Plant Sensors Startle Scientists
Even if a young earth creationist knew nothing about energy-dependent cell type differentiation, he or she would not be likely to link minimal mutational differences, called mutations to the mutation-driven evolution of all biodiversity.
As you can see in the video, George Church has been forced to abide by the rules of serious scientists.
Here is an unavoidable rule: Kalevi Kull: Censorship & Royal Society Evo Event

Nobody wants to belong to the party of losers. One of the best strategies in such a case is evidently an interpretation of the change as a gradual accumulation of knowledge while their work has always been at the cutting edge.

George Church has, until yesterday, focused his efforts on exogenous RNA interference rather than what is known about endogenous RNA interference, which links supercoiled DNA to the prevention of all virus-driven pathology in all living genera. Most people will not recognize what President Trump has forced the NIH to do before the theistic evolutionist, Francis Collins is replaced. They may read this, but not understand what it means.
Obama Advisers Urge Action Against CRISPR Bioterror Threat

Scientific advisers to President Obama warn that the U.S. urgently needs a new biodefense strategy and should regularly brief President-elect Donald Trump on the dangers posed by new technologies like CRISPR, gene therapy, and synthetic DNA, which they say could be coöpted by terrorists.

See also: The Bull Sperm MicroRNAome and the Effect of Fescue Toxicosis on Sperm MicroRNA Expression
The likelihood that NIH funding will be used for any studies that do not link prevention from the National Microbiome Initiative to the Precision Medicine Initiative via the microRNAome and energy-dependent microRNA expression can be placed into the context of failed mathematical models, which have not addressed any aspect of energy-dependent biologically-based cause and effect.
Let me help others decipher the content of George Church’s claims in: The future of genetic codes and BRAIN codes
The question (at 54:22) about teratomas is answered with a classic attempt to obfuscate what is known about virus-driven energy theft and all pathology.
How organs assemble in the context of virus-driven energy theft has been placed into the context of energy-dependent viral latency since the time that Sinclair Lewis published “Arrowsmith” in 1925 and Thomas Hunt Morgan won the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his works on chromosomal inheritance.
At 59.00 the question about natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality leads to another attempt to obfuscate what is known about top-down causation.
At 1:00 he begins to talks about adding a built-in sequencer in your phone.  At this point, you may need some comic relief, which Jon Stewart provided with his question about whether the new technology would be integrated with a camera. See: Jon Stewart interviews Greg Bear.
At 1:04, the question and answer about Alzheimer’s vs cognitive enhancement can be placed into the context of Greg Bear’s works, which were published in 1999 and 2003. They were reviewed by Michael A. Goldman in “Nature.”
Evolution rising from the grave
Living with the Neanderthals
See also: Newly found mechanism for protecting neurons could underlie brain disease

The neurons expel large (4- micron diameter) membrane-bound vesicles (dubbed “exophers”) that are filled with clumped protein and damaged cellular organelles including mitochondria.

The only mention of exopher in the extant literature indexed on PubMed is in the article published yesterday, C. elegans neurons jettison protein aggregates and mitochondria under neurotoxic stress.  The authors seem to be trying to make everything known to all serious scientists appear to be new information about the biophysically constrained RNA-mediated transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of morphological and behavioral phenotypes.
This is roughly the equivalent of inventing de Vries 1902 term “mutation,” which was used by theorists to dismiss Darwin’s “conditions of life.”
For comparison, there are now 58,887 indexed articles on PubMed that mention microRNA.  For example, see: MCMDA: Matrix Completion for MiRNA-Disease Association prediction
If you do not object to the level of obfuscation that is required for pseudoscientists to continue touting their ridiculous theories, you may not be allowed to join those who are Combating Evolution to Fight Disease.
What career goals will you pursue after the Trump administration ensures that pseudoscientific nonsense is no longer funded?
Activity-dependent spatially-localized miRNA maturation in neuronal dendrites
Reported as: Bright Spots in Brain Cells

Thanks to Anna Di Cosmo for calling attention to more detailed facts about cell type differentiation that link energy-dependent changes in fluorescence from the weekend resurrection of the bacterial flagellum to endogenous RNA interference and the maturation of brain cells in rats.
Everything known appears to link the conserved molecular mechanisms of nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from archaea to humans.
In any case, no one is challenging the perspective that serious scientists like Anna Di Cosmo have added to what is known about everything that links quantum physics to quantum consciousness via energy-dependent “bright spots in brain cells.”
And there is still no other model for comparison to this model of biologically-based cause and effect. Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model
A good model predicts, and people who understand the need for a good model of biologically-based cause and effect predictably make the most scientific progress.
In 2013 I wrote:

“…the epigenetic ‘tweaking’ of the immense gene networks that occurs via exposure to nutrient chemicals and pheromones can now be modeled in the context of the microRNA/messenger RNA balance, receptor-mediated intracellular signaling, and the stochastic gene expression required for nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution. The role of the microRNA/messenger RNA balance (Breen, Kemena, Vlasov, Notredame, & Kondrashov, 2012; Duvarci, Nader, & LeDoux, 2008; Griggs et al., 2013; Monahan & Lomvardas, 2012) in adaptive evolution will certainly be discussed in published works that will follow.”

In 2015, Role of olfaction in Octopus vulgaris reproduction, Anna Di Cosmo’s group concluded:

The OL acting as control centre may be target organ for metabolic hormones such as leptin like and insulin like peptides, and olfactory organ could exert regulatory action on the OL via epigenetic effects of nutrients and pheromones on gene expression (Kohl, 2013; Elekonich and Robinson, 2000). The knowledge of the nature of the factor released by the optic gland could shed light on the role played by this gland in the reproduction: is it a gonadotropin or a trophic factor? Intriguingly, even though the mechanisms and molecules regulating reproduction are the same in both male and female, O’Dor and Wells (1978) observed mature sperms in young O. vulgaris males independently from optic gland hypertrophy.

 

Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA

Mutations: the "driving force" behind human brain complexity?

by with No Comment AdaptationsAutophagyDiseases & DisordersEcologyModel OrganismsNeuronal PlasticityNutrigenomicsRNA DirectedRNA-directed DNA methylationRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expressionRNA-mediated gene silencingVariations

Evolutionary Psychology Crap in New Scientist

There is a reason why domestic violence is so widespread, says David Buss, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Texas in Austin: it carries a selective advantage, tied with reproductive success.

Larry Moran wrote:

There’s something seriously wrong with evolutionary psychology. And there’s something seriously wrong with respectable science magazines who promote this crap.

Are the science magazines that promote this crap respectable? I lost respect for anyone who still uses de Vries 1902 definition of mutation in attempts to explain how the emergence of life links natural selection from mutations to all extant biodiversity.

Evolutionary psychology Group Description

Evolutionary Psychology is an approach to psychology, in which knowledge and principles from evolutionary biology are put to use in research on the structure and function of the human mind.

Information and vision

Excerpts:

RKS: The retina turn light into visual information which is then processed by specific brain areas dedicated to this task, known as V1 through to V9. 

RKS:
This is established by neuroscience, yet another entire branch of science you dismiss in its entirety in an effort to prove your own feeble points…

RKS:

This involves previous experience, current mood and emotional status, previous behaviour (what you were doing when the visual stimuli occurred) and so on.  In other words there is an entire world of cognitive processing that needs to be consulted before behaviour occurs or is modulated as a result of visual stimuli.

RKS:

Information is also modified in the brain.  Visual information is filtered, in other words the visual information is processed, the colour of scenes is modified to compensate for the changing colour of light through the day (redder in the morning and night, bluer in the middle of the day)…

RKS:
We were discussing information processing with regard to the handling of information gleaned by the senses.  You are discussing in the above the decision making processes which occur in response to sensory stimulation and after that stimulation has been processed.
No supporting argument?  Perhaps you should try reading what I write…
I think it is safe to say that we can group behaviour into three steps:
1) Sensory stimulation;
2) Decision making, Behavioural response;
3) behavioural output.
The information processing being discussed previously concerns the (1) and (3), what happens to sensory stimulation on its way to the decision making process and on its way from the decision making process.  We have not discussed, except for your last statement above, the decision making process per se.

Other discussion groups owned and/or moderated by Robert Karl Stonjek include: Yahoo! Groups
Climate Change Forum
Cognitive NeuroScience
Evolutionary Psychology News Only
Mind and Brain
Physical Sciences
Psychiatry Research

See for comparison: Networks of Cultured iPSC-Derived Neurons Reveal the Human Synaptic Activity-Regulated Adaptive Gene Program

Clarence A. ‘Sonny’ Williams: wrote this to the Neuroscience FB group moderated by Robert Karl Stonjek

Interesting research adding to other evidence revealing that mutations in gene regulatory regions are the “driving force” behind human brain complexity. Please note that this research does not identify uniquely human genes, but rather the comparison is between mice and humans. For all we know, the identified genes are present in all primates.

Here, the regulatory region changes found in humans but not mice are involved in activity-dependent synaptic changes (roughly, plasticity).

I responded:

No experimental evidence of biologically-based cause and effect links mutations to anything except pathology. Activity-regulated gene expression is nutrient energy-dependent and controlled by the physiology of reproduction in all living genera.

I added: The Odyssey of Autophagy

Excerpt: “ask a simple question about an interesting phenomenon, pick the right model organism in which that question can be approached genetically and biochemically, and let the grand unity of biology do the rest.”

The question is: Where did the quantized energy in a hydrogen atom come from and where does it go when it is stolen by viruses?

I added: Theorists sell hidden energy

Conclusion: Neo-Darwinian theorists invented ridiculous theories because they did not know where energy came from or where it goes when it no longer sustains life. They sold their theories to the biologically uninformed masses and will continue to sell theories about hidden energy until serious scientists put a stop to the nonsense touted by the evolution industry and the “big bang” cosmology industry.

See also: Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA

Clarence A. ‘Sonny’ Williams (with my emphasis)

Thanks for your contributions, Mr. Kohl, but I do not reply to creationists or anyone who does not believe that humans evolved via Darwinian natural selection. Others may want to respond to any comments you make on posts from others, even if they often do not relate to the subject at hand, but this is the last time I will respond to any posts or comments you make.

James Kohl

Thanks for your ongoing antagonism and atheistic nonsense. If not for you and others like you, serious scientists would have nothing to offer to those who want to become biologically informed. See also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bdrc.21146/full Excerpt: “Studies conducted in various animal models have revealed the importance of ncRNAs during gonadal determination and differentiation process. However, the functions of these RNAs in the human sex determination are still not known.”

How much longer will anyone pretend not to know that hydrogen-atom energy in DNA base pairs in solution links nutrient energy-dependent changes in microRNA flanking sequences to all biodiversity via what is known to all serious scientists about autophagy and how the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction is linked to supercoiled DNA? When virus-driven energy theft causes malfunctions in receptors, the receptor-mediated events are linked from mutations to pathology, not to the evolution of a new species. I’ve published award-winning review of these facts and other reviews for more than 20 years. And Mr. Williams has come here to plague others with more of his pseudoscientific nonsense.

See for comparison our section on molecular epigenetics from this 1996 Hormones and Behavior review. From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior

The phylogenetic utility and functional constraint of microRNA flanking sequences

Excerpt: “…miRNAs and their flanking sequences provide phylogenetic signals suitable for the inference of phylogeny with high levels of accuracy, when sufficient numbers of this type are concatenated. As detailed here, the clear identity and easy alignment of these sequences makes them good candidates for estimating phylogeny, and they can reliably be found and identified across all members of a clade of interest. Their relatively slow evolution [3] also means that they can easily be identified in de novo assemblies of genomes.”

The de novo assembly of genomes is energy-dependent and biophysically constrained by the physiology of reproduction whether or not you believe in creation. But if you believe that humans evolved via Darwinian natural selection, you should probably learn that Darwin put his energy-dependent “conditions of life” first. He did not seem to believe that anything created itself or any species outside the context of what is now known about autophagy and supercoiled DNA.

Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems

This atoms to ecosystems model of ecological adaptations links nutrient-dependent epigenetic effects on base pairs and amino acid substitutions to pheromone-controlled changes in the microRNA / messenger RNA balance and chromosomal rearrangements. The nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled changes are required for the thermodynamic regulation of intracellular signaling, which enables biophysically constrained nutrient-dependent protein folding; experience-dependent receptor-mediated behaviors, and organism-level thermoregulation in ever-changing ecological niches and social niches. Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological, social, neurogenic and socio-cognitive niche construction are manifested in increasing organismal complexity in species from microbes to man.

I wrote: Robert Karl Stonjek  Attacks on the beliefs of others should not be tolerated, and supposedly, that is why you removed me from your Evolutionary Psychology News FB group.

Please address this attack by Clarence A. ‘Sonny’ Williams, who wrote: “I do not reply to creationists or anyone who does not believe that humans evolved via Darwinian natural selection.”
 

Robert Karl Stonjek Are you trying to get yourself removed from this group as well??
James Kohl  Thanks for asking. No.
I think this group is a great way to inform others who want to learn what is known to those who have linked energy-dependent changes in angstroms to ecosystems via autophagy and supercoiled DNA, as represented in this parody. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwy2lD1reos&feature=youtu.be
James Kohl See also: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iM_I6rtIgn0
The alternative may be to remove anyone from this group who has already linked 2016 Nobel Laureate, Ben Feringa’s works to 2016 Nobel Laureate Yoshinori Ohsumi’s works. See for example: Dynamic control of chirality and self-assembly of double-stranded helicates with light

The Intrinsically Disordered Protein Atg13 Mediates Supramolecular Assembly of Autophagy Initiation Complexes

See also the section on Regulation of autophagy by amino acids in: Autophagy in the liver: functions in health and disease

James Kohl They make it perfectly clear that autophagy is the only obvious link from the fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in the cell types of all living genera to their morphological and to their behavioral diversity. In the same article, they help to show that virus-driven energy theft is the link to all pathology. See also: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=microrna+autophagy (534 published works link energy-dependent changes in microRNAs to autophagy.

See also: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=microrna 56723 published works link nutrient energy-dependent microRNAs to all cell type differentiation in all living genera and they also link virus-driven energy theft to all pathology.

Kalevi Kull: Censorship & Royal Society Evo Event

Excerpt: “Nobody wants to belong to the party of losers. One of the best strategies in such a case is evidently an interpretation of the change as a gradual accumulation of knowledge while their work has always been at the cutting edge.” — Kalevi Kull

Clarence A. ‘Sonny’ Williams is still touting “…evidence revealing that mutations in gene regulatory regions are the “driving force” behind human brain complexity.”

He has ignored all the experimental evidence of biologically-based cause and effect during the past twenty years. I don’t know what else to do besides cite Kull’s comment and point out that Clarence A. ‘Sonny’ Williams is not even trying to move forward with “cutting edge” knowledge about RNA-mediated cell type differentiation. He is stuck trying to sell hidden energy — as if he were even less informed than most theorists.

See for comparison: Cultural differences may leave their mark on DNA

This is a big advancement of our understanding of race and ethnicity,” Burchard said. “There’s this whole debate about whether race is fundamentally genetic or is just a social construct. To our knowledge this is the first time anyone has attempted to quantify the molecular signature of the non-genetic components of race and ethnicity. It demonstrates in a whole new way that race combines both genetics and environment.
Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA

Mutations: the "driving force" behind human brain complexity?

by with No Comment AdaptationsAutophagyDiseases & DisordersEcologyModel OrganismsNeuronal PlasticityNutrigenomicsRNA DirectedRNA-directed DNA methylationRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expressionRNA-mediated gene silencingVariations

Evolutionary Psychology Crap in New Scientist

There is a reason why domestic violence is so widespread, says David Buss, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Texas in Austin: it carries a selective advantage, tied with reproductive success.

Larry Moran wrote:

There’s something seriously wrong with evolutionary psychology. And there’s something seriously wrong with respectable science magazines who promote this crap.

Are the science magazines that promote this crap respectable? I lost respect for anyone who still uses de Vries 1902 definition of mutation in attempts to explain how the emergence of life links natural selection from mutations to all extant biodiversity.

Evolutionary psychology Group Description

Evolutionary Psychology is an approach to psychology, in which knowledge and principles from evolutionary biology are put to use in research on the structure and function of the human mind.

Information and vision

Excerpts:

RKS: The retina turn light into visual information which is then processed by specific brain areas dedicated to this task, known as V1 through to V9. 

RKS:
This is established by neuroscience, yet another entire branch of science you dismiss in its entirety in an effort to prove your own feeble points…

RKS:

This involves previous experience, current mood and emotional status, previous behaviour (what you were doing when the visual stimuli occurred) and so on.  In other words there is an entire world of cognitive processing that needs to be consulted before behaviour occurs or is modulated as a result of visual stimuli.

RKS:

Information is also modified in the brain.  Visual information is filtered, in other words the visual information is processed, the colour of scenes is modified to compensate for the changing colour of light through the day (redder in the morning and night, bluer in the middle of the day)…

RKS:
We were discussing information processing with regard to the handling of information gleaned by the senses.  You are discussing in the above the decision making processes which occur in response to sensory stimulation and after that stimulation has been processed.
No supporting argument?  Perhaps you should try reading what I write…
I think it is safe to say that we can group behaviour into three steps:
1) Sensory stimulation;
2) Decision making, Behavioural response;
3) behavioural output.
The information processing being discussed previously concerns the (1) and (3), what happens to sensory stimulation on its way to the decision making process and on its way from the decision making process.  We have not discussed, except for your last statement above, the decision making process per se.

Other discussion groups owned and/or moderated by Robert Karl Stonjek include: Yahoo! Groups
Climate Change Forum
Cognitive NeuroScience
Evolutionary Psychology News Only
Mind and Brain
Physical Sciences
Psychiatry Research

See for comparison: Networks of Cultured iPSC-Derived Neurons Reveal the Human Synaptic Activity-Regulated Adaptive Gene Program

Clarence A. ‘Sonny’ Williams: wrote this to the Neuroscience FB group moderated by Robert Karl Stonjek

Interesting research adding to other evidence revealing that mutations in gene regulatory regions are the “driving force” behind human brain complexity. Please note that this research does not identify uniquely human genes, but rather the comparison is between mice and humans. For all we know, the identified genes are present in all primates.

Here, the regulatory region changes found in humans but not mice are involved in activity-dependent synaptic changes (roughly, plasticity).

I responded:

No experimental evidence of biologically-based cause and effect links mutations to anything except pathology. Activity-regulated gene expression is nutrient energy-dependent and controlled by the physiology of reproduction in all living genera.

I added: The Odyssey of Autophagy

Excerpt: “ask a simple question about an interesting phenomenon, pick the right model organism in which that question can be approached genetically and biochemically, and let the grand unity of biology do the rest.”

The question is: Where did the quantized energy in a hydrogen atom come from and where does it go when it is stolen by viruses?

I added: Theorists sell hidden energy

Conclusion: Neo-Darwinian theorists invented ridiculous theories because they did not know where energy came from or where it goes when it no longer sustains life. They sold their theories to the biologically uninformed masses and will continue to sell theories about hidden energy until serious scientists put a stop to the nonsense touted by the evolution industry and the “big bang” cosmology industry.

See also: Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA

Clarence A. ‘Sonny’ Williams (with my emphasis)

Thanks for your contributions, Mr. Kohl, but I do not reply to creationists or anyone who does not believe that humans evolved via Darwinian natural selection. Others may want to respond to any comments you make on posts from others, even if they often do not relate to the subject at hand, but this is the last time I will respond to any posts or comments you make.

James Kohl

Thanks for your ongoing antagonism and atheistic nonsense. If not for you and others like you, serious scientists would have nothing to offer to those who want to become biologically informed. See also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bdrc.21146/full Excerpt: “Studies conducted in various animal models have revealed the importance of ncRNAs during gonadal determination and differentiation process. However, the functions of these RNAs in the human sex determination are still not known.”

How much longer will anyone pretend not to know that hydrogen-atom energy in DNA base pairs in solution links nutrient energy-dependent changes in microRNA flanking sequences to all biodiversity via what is known to all serious scientists about autophagy and how the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction is linked to supercoiled DNA? When virus-driven energy theft causes malfunctions in receptors, the receptor-mediated events are linked from mutations to pathology, not to the evolution of a new species. I’ve published award-winning review of these facts and other reviews for more than 20 years. And Mr. Williams has come here to plague others with more of his pseudoscientific nonsense.

See for comparison our section on molecular epigenetics from this 1996 Hormones and Behavior review. From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior

The phylogenetic utility and functional constraint of microRNA flanking sequences

Excerpt: “…miRNAs and their flanking sequences provide phylogenetic signals suitable for the inference of phylogeny with high levels of accuracy, when sufficient numbers of this type are concatenated. As detailed here, the clear identity and easy alignment of these sequences makes them good candidates for estimating phylogeny, and they can reliably be found and identified across all members of a clade of interest. Their relatively slow evolution [3] also means that they can easily be identified in de novo assemblies of genomes.”

The de novo assembly of genomes is energy-dependent and biophysically constrained by the physiology of reproduction whether or not you believe in creation. But if you believe that humans evolved via Darwinian natural selection, you should probably learn that Darwin put his energy-dependent “conditions of life” first. He did not seem to believe that anything created itself or any species outside the context of what is now known about autophagy and supercoiled DNA.

Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems

This atoms to ecosystems model of ecological adaptations links nutrient-dependent epigenetic effects on base pairs and amino acid substitutions to pheromone-controlled changes in the microRNA / messenger RNA balance and chromosomal rearrangements. The nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled changes are required for the thermodynamic regulation of intracellular signaling, which enables biophysically constrained nutrient-dependent protein folding; experience-dependent receptor-mediated behaviors, and organism-level thermoregulation in ever-changing ecological niches and social niches. Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological, social, neurogenic and socio-cognitive niche construction are manifested in increasing organismal complexity in species from microbes to man.

I wrote: Robert Karl Stonjek  Attacks on the beliefs of others should not be tolerated, and supposedly, that is why you removed me from your Evolutionary Psychology News FB group.

Please address this attack by Clarence A. ‘Sonny’ Williams, who wrote: “I do not reply to creationists or anyone who does not believe that humans evolved via Darwinian natural selection.”
 

Robert Karl Stonjek Are you trying to get yourself removed from this group as well??
James Kohl  Thanks for asking. No.
I think this group is a great way to inform others who want to learn what is known to those who have linked energy-dependent changes in angstroms to ecosystems via autophagy and supercoiled DNA, as represented in this parody. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwy2lD1reos&feature=youtu.be
James Kohl See also: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iM_I6rtIgn0
The alternative may be to remove anyone from this group who has already linked 2016 Nobel Laureate, Ben Feringa’s works to 2016 Nobel Laureate Yoshinori Ohsumi’s works. See for example: Dynamic control of chirality and self-assembly of double-stranded helicates with light

The Intrinsically Disordered Protein Atg13 Mediates Supramolecular Assembly of Autophagy Initiation Complexes

See also the section on Regulation of autophagy by amino acids in: Autophagy in the liver: functions in health and disease

James Kohl They make it perfectly clear that autophagy is the only obvious link from the fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in the cell types of all living genera to their morphological and to their behavioral diversity. In the same article, they help to show that virus-driven energy theft is the link to all pathology. See also: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=microrna+autophagy (534 published works link energy-dependent changes in microRNAs to autophagy.

See also: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=microrna 56723 published works link nutrient energy-dependent microRNAs to all cell type differentiation in all living genera and they also link virus-driven energy theft to all pathology.

Kalevi Kull: Censorship & Royal Society Evo Event

Excerpt: “Nobody wants to belong to the party of losers. One of the best strategies in such a case is evidently an interpretation of the change as a gradual accumulation of knowledge while their work has always been at the cutting edge.” — Kalevi Kull

Clarence A. ‘Sonny’ Williams is still touting “…evidence revealing that mutations in gene regulatory regions are the “driving force” behind human brain complexity.”

He has ignored all the experimental evidence of biologically-based cause and effect during the past twenty years. I don’t know what else to do besides cite Kull’s comment and point out that Clarence A. ‘Sonny’ Williams is not even trying to move forward with “cutting edge” knowledge about RNA-mediated cell type differentiation. He is stuck trying to sell hidden energy — as if he were even less informed than most theorists.

See for comparison: Cultural differences may leave their mark on DNA

This is a big advancement of our understanding of race and ethnicity,” Burchard said. “There’s this whole debate about whether race is fundamentally genetic or is just a social construct. To our knowledge this is the first time anyone has attempted to quantify the molecular signature of the non-genetic components of race and ethnicity. It demonstrates in a whole new way that race combines both genetics and environment.