Excerpt: Researchers in South Korea, for example, have reminded the God-less Communist dictator of North Korea that one microRNA-mediated amino acid substitution in the influenza B virus could decimate the human populations that he thinks he rules. Conclusion: Conserved energy biophysically constrains viral latency.
Environmental selection during the last ice age on the mother-to-infant transmission of vitamin D and fatty acids through breast milk 1) They linked environmental selection to the frequency of the EDAR V370A variant in the mouse model via positive selection for modulation of thermoregulatory sweating. 2) They linked environmental selection to similarities in human populations in North Asia, East Asia, and the New World. But they virtually ignored the mouse model of food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled biophysically constrained ecological adaptation. I linked the same food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled base pair change and microRNA-mediated fixation of the same amino acid substitution to all biodiversity in all living genera via feedback loops. See: Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction
Others see what passes peer-review published in journals that support the expense of efforts made by pseudoscientists and other theorists, but they claim that the OMICS journals are predatory. I claim that pseudoscientists and other theorists do not know the difference between predation and sympatric speciation because they place predation into the context of evolved biodiversity.
Large baleen whales in the Balaenopteridae family (commonly known as rorqual whales) have undergone sympatric speciation — speciation without clear geographic barriers between them — despite ongoing hybridization, according to new research from investigators in Sweden and Germany.
“The patterns of synaptic connections perfectly mirror the fundamental differences in the feeding behaviours of P. pacificus and C. elegans”, Ralf Sommer concludes. A clear-cut result like that was not what he had necessarily expected.
Neo-Darwinian theorists and other biologically uniformed pseudoscientists have failed to use any common sense in attempts to link what organisms eat from the physiology of reproduction to biophysically constrained biodiversity. For comparison, serious scientists have forced the denuclearization of North Korea by reminding others to start with what is known about how food energy-dependent autophagy protects all life on Earth from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA.
…as a reviewer, it is tiresome to raise the same objections repeatedly, wondering why researchers have not fulfilled some of the basic requirements for establishing the occurrence of an autophagic process.
…appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used.
Researchers in South Korea, for example, have reminded the God-less Communist dictator of North Korea that one microRNA-mediated amino acid substitution in the influenza B virus could decimate the human populations that he thinks he rules.
Carl Zimmer refutes theistic evolution (1)
Carl Zimmer recognizes the need for a new definition of what heredity is. But he refuses to tell others what he knows about the role that viruses play in the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of all pathology.
Examples of inherited pathology typically include his misrepresentations among others who fail to link ecological variation to ecological adaptation in the context of energy-dependent biophysically constrained viral latency.
See: Ancient Viruses Are Buried in Your DNA by Carl Zimmer
His conclusion:
In other words, early embryos may have come to depend on the tricks viruses use to manipulate them. “We’re exploiting a property that has evolved for the virus’s benefit,” Dr. Katzourakis said.
We show here for the first time the crucial role of viruses in controlling archaeal dynamics and therefore the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems, and suggest that virus-archaea interactions play a central role in global biogeochemical cycles.
We estimated that viral infections were responsible for the abatement of 1.0 to 2.2% day−1 (on average 1.6% day−1) of the bacterial abundance and 2.3 to 4.3% day−1 (on average 3.2% day−1) of the archaeal abundance in deep-sea sediments (Fig. 6).
The amount of virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA in archaea is clearly biophysically constrained via the energy-dependent physiology of the pheromone-controlled reproduction in bacteria. Neo-Darwinian theorists and so-called science journalists misrepresent the facts about how the virus-driven theft of quantized energy as information is biophysically constrained.
They trick people into believing that viruses and organisms evolve by failing to to mention that viral replication is not possible outside the context of energy theft from the host. Zimmer, for example, has consistently led others to believe in anything except how viral latency is biophysically constrained by what organisms eat and how metabolism is linked to reproduction.
Others like Zimmer are directly to blame for the level of ignorance reported in the context of this project. The Global Virome Project
Our ability to mitigate disease emergence is undermined by our poor understanding of the diversity and ecology of viral threats, and of the drivers of their emergence.
The diversity and ecology of viral threats has always been linked to stress-induced changes in endogenous substrates. Light activation of endogenous substrates has been linked from the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction to biophysically constrained viral latency and healthy longevity in species from bacteria to humans.
Nutrient-stress and social stress have been linked from the degradation of messenger RNA in bacteria to the creation of archaea and L-forms, in which the membrane required for biophysically constrained viral latency is missing.
Zimmer and many other biologically uninformed journalists ignore this threat: Beware ‘Disease X’: the mystery killer keeping scientists awake at night
The threat would not exist if de Vries 1902 definition of mutation had not been accepted by people with not enough common sense to know that food energy must be linked to heredity via biophysical constrained viral latency.
See: Polymaths and paradigm shifts: from Asimov to Bear (in prep)
…these data suggest that a subset of the identified novel miRNAs may contribute to the pathophysiology of numerous diseases, laying the groundwork for future studies to elucidate the functional connections of miRNAs to the numerous diseases associated with sequence variants within non-coding regions of the MHC.
Dysregulation of miRNAs is commonly observed in cancers and it largely cancer dependent.
The virus-driven theft of quantized energy as information has been linked from changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance to all pathology. That fact replaces the circular logic that links cancer-dependent dysregulation of miRNAs to cancer. Simply put, the proliferation of viruses cause cancer. The proliferation of viruses is energy-dependent in the context of established links from atoms to ecosystems in all living genera.
See: Subatomic: An Atom Building Board Game
A deck-building game where particle physics & chemistry collide! Use quarks to build subatomic particles & particles to build Atoms!
This atoms to ecosystems model of ecological adaptations links nutrient-dependent epigenetic effects on base pairs and amino acid substitutions to pheromone-controlled changes in the microRNA / messenger RNA balance and chromosomal rearrangements.
…these data suggest that a subset of the identified novel miRNAs may contribute to the pathophysiology of numerous diseases, laying the groundwork for future studies to elucidate the functional connections of miRNAs to the numerous diseases associated with sequence variants within non-coding regions of the MHC.
…birds that eat at feeders are more likely to be infected with the disease, which causes red, swollen eyes and often blindness that results in death.
…lower virulence strains could be their own worst enemies, creating a population of hosts that are resistant to them but not the higher virulence strains that remain.
By removing my Disqus comments, the moderators limit discussion of the facts about virus-driven energy theft, which links mutations to all pathology. That allows the biased reporting on preprints that continue to try to support the ridiculous concept of neo-Darwinian evolution.
It also prevents the realization of goals by serious scientists who have linked the biogenic creation of uranium ores to the prevention of radiation sickness via microRNA therapy. See, for examples: miRNA-mediated therapies A miRNA-145/TGF-beta1 Negative Feedback Loop Regulates the Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Phenotype
…miR-145 is a key regulator of the CAF phenotype, acting in a negative feedback loop to dampen acquisition of myofibroblastic traits, a key feature of CAF associated with poor disease outcome.
Gene-edited induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide relevant isogenic human disease models in patient-specific or healthy genetic backgrounds. Towards this end, gene targeting using antibiotic selection along with engineered point mutations remains a reliable method to enrich edited cells. Nevertheless, integrated selection markers obstruct scarless transgene-free gene editing. Here, we present a method for scarless selection marker excision using engineered microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). By overlapping the homology arms of standard donor vectors, short tandem microhomologies are generated flanking the selection marker. Unique CRISPR-Cas9 protospacer sequences nested between the selection marker and engineered microhomologies are cleaved after gene targeting, engaging MMEJ and scarless excision. Moreover, when point mutations are positioned unilaterally within engineered microhomologies, both mutant and normal isogenic clones are derived simultaneously. The utility and fidelity of our method is demonstrated in human iPSCs by editing the X-linked HPRT1 locus and biallelic modification of the autosomal APRT locus, eliciting disease-relevant metabolic phenotypes.
To make these very precise edits, an SNP modification is first inserted alongside a fluorescent reporter gene that helps researchers to identify modified cells. The researchers engineered a duplicate DNA sequence known as a microhomology (hence the technique’s name) on each side of the fluorescent gene, targeting sites for CRISPR to go in and cut DNA. The researchers were then able to use a DNA repair system known as microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) to remove the fluorescent gene. That left only the single-base edit, in the form of an SNP, behind.
See also: Inhibition of the Host Translation Shutoff Response by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Triggers Nuclear Envelope-Derived Autophagy
Nuclear envelope-derived autophagy (NEDA) appears to be a cellular stress response, which is triggered late during HSV-1 infection. An energy-dependent single nucleotide repeat (SNR) might compensate for the viral alteration of the macroautophagic response. At this level of hydrogen-atom energy transfer in DNA base pairs in solution, the link to supercoiled DNA and viral latency becomes increasingly important.
Theorists are angry because they have been left behind. They know very little about what is important. That was expected by all serious scientists, especially those who have accumulated decades of testing experience while working in medical laboratories.
See for example: Applications of ligation-mediated PCR
Using a molecular energy source (which differs depending on the enzyme source organism), DNA ligase reforms the missing covalent bond and the strand is whole again. Two aspects of this are critical:
The nick to be repaired occurs on a single strand but in the context of a double-stranded molecule.
The bases of the nicked strand, and particularly those directly flanking the nick site, must be properly base-paired to the opposite (un-nicked) strand.
It’s not hard to imagine why this is: the base pairing is required to hold the two parts (sugar 3′ -OH and the next phosphate) in place for the ligase enzyme active site to catalyze joining them. If either one of these isn’t base-paired down and is flopping about with thermal motion, the reaction geometry doesn’t occur, and no new bond can be made.
Biologically uninformed theorists cannot even speak the same language. They do not start with a molecular energy source for base pairing and microRNA-mediated amino acid substitutions that differentiate all cell types. Instead, mutations are linked to increasing organismal complexity via the magic of evolution.
Excerpt: ” …long-standing presumptions led to the claims made by biologically uninformed theorists who failed to link biophysically constrained viral latency to the recent origin of most protein-coding variants via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in species from microbes to humans…” She Has Her Mother’s Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity May 29, 2018 | 672 Pages
From the description of the book:
1) We need a new definition of what heredity is…
2) …Zimmer ultimately unpacks urgent bioethical quandaries arising from new biomedical technologies, but also long-standing presumptions about who we really are and what we can pass on to future generations.
Of 1.15 million single-nucleotide variants found among more than 15,000 protein-encoding genes, 73% in arose the past 5,000 years, the researchers report. 164,688 of the variants — roughly 14% — were potentially harmful, and of those, 86% arose in the past 5,000 years. More broadly, the results suggest that humans are carrying around larger numbers of deleterious mutations than they did a few thousand years ago. But this doesn’t mean that humans now are more susceptible to disease, says Akey. Rather, it suggests that most diseases are caused by more than one variant, and that diseases could operate through different genetic pathways and mechanisms in different people.
Akey dismissed everything known about the epigenetic effects of food energy and the metabolism of food to pheromones, which biophysically constrains viral latency in the context of the physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans.
See for comparison: A third of Americans don’t believe in evolution January 1, 2014 My comment:
Ecological adaptation occurs via the epigenetic effects of nutrients on alternative splicings of pre-mRNA which result in amino acid substitutions that differentiate all cell types of all individuals of all species. The control of the differences in cell types occurs via the metabolism of the nutrients to chemical signals that control the physiology of reproduction.
These facts do not refute evolution; they simply refute the ridiculous theory of mutation-initiated natural selection that most people here were taught to believe is the theory of evolution.
That theory is far too ridiculous to be anything but a joke in the context of biological-based increasing organismal complexity. But here, we have lots of jokers, don’t we? The proof of ecological variation that appears to refute the theory of evolution, which actually refutes itself, is that ecological adaptations occur too fast for mutations to compete with them as a source of anything but diseases and disorders.
Establishing the age of each mutation segregating in contemporary human populations is important to fully understand our evolutionary history1, 2 and will help to facilitate the development of new approaches for disease-gene discovery3.
… epigenetic variation may be genetically selected [41], which is in contradiction with the opposite model in which epigenetic variation is a cause of genetic variation. While both models can cooperate, more experimental evidence, other than computationally-based, should be provided to address the mutagenicity of regions subjected to environmentally-induced epigenetic variation and the evolutionary implications.
Conclusion:
Future research efforts may be able to identify a unified epigenetic remodeling response to lifestyle stress across species. Understanding the role of environmentally-driven epigenetic changes in gametes on the phenotype of the offspring constitutes not only a fascinating biological question on its own but also represents a moral obligation for the health of future generations.
MicroRNA present in mature sperm… may actually serve important regulatory roles in fertilization and early developmental processes.
To see how much experimental evidence of biophysically constrained food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled biologically-based cause and effect has been ignored during the past two decades, see: From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior December 1996
…we focus directly on molecular events themselves. Here the “environment” involved can be that within a DNA segment. We also expand the notion of “biologically based sex differences.” Although many, and perhaps most, important sex differences arise from gonadal and hormonal development, also important are sex differences which are neither gonadal nor hormonal. All these factors affect the internal workings of the individual and intervene in structuring how the social environment might or might not modify sexual behavior. This discourse calls attention to features that are central to the so-called nature-nurture discussion.
Over the past decade or so, the enigma of quantum mechanics has come into sharper focus. We now realise that quantum mechanics is less about particles and waves, uncertainty and fuzziness, than a theory about information: about what can be known and how.
…they will share their data and experience on the psychological influences on eating and behavior, the chemosensory properties of food and how we experience them, the role of food as medicine, and the history and evolution of flavor and flavor perception.
Methylation of three CpGs (DROSHA: cg23230564, TNRC6B: cg06751583, and TNRC6B: cg21034183) was prospectively associated with time to cancer development (positively for cg06751583, inversely for cg23230564 and cg21034183) whereas methylation of one CpG site (DROSHA: cg16131300) was positively associated with cancer prevalence.
microRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression, assisting or antagonizing oncogenic signalling. The differential expression of microRNAs in cancer is well-documented and is considered a fundamental aspect of tumourigenesis.
This study showed a preliminary support to suggest that the herbal medicine RDN combined with LRD can reduce both susceptibility and the severity of DENV.
Our study demonstrates that the intestinal epithelium of the blood fed mosquito is able to respond and defend against different challenges, including virus infection. In addition, we provide unprecedented evidence that the activation of a cellular regenerative program in the midgut is important for the determination of the mosquito vectorial competence.
Amino Acid Residues Contributing to Function of the Heteromeric Insect Olfactory Receptor Complex
Our work suggests that the Or-Orco complex has two important characteristics. First, the biophysical properties of the channel vary according to subunit composition, even with highly similar proteins such as BmOr-1-Orco and BmOr-3-Orco. Second, because ligand-selective Or sequences within and between insect species are extremely divergent, the primary amino acid sequence of the ion-conducting pore is likely to differ according to the subunit composition of the Or-Orco complex.
a, Snake plot of Ae. aegypti Orco with amino acids colour-coded to indicate conservation with Drosophila melanogaster.
It should have been perfectly clear to Leslie Vosshall and others like her that the energy-dependent creation of microRNAs was the key to ecological adaptation via RNA-mediated biophysically constrained viral latency in all living genera. Instead, she attempted to make scientific progress by genetically engineering changes to the fertility of mosquitoes.
She appears to think that genetic engineering of the mosquitoes is the way forward. Genetic engineering alters mosquitoes’ sense of smell 5/29/13
…the mosquitoes with orco mutations showed reduced preference for the smell of humans over guinea pigs, even in the presence of carbon dioxide, which is thought to help mosquitoes respond to human scent. “By disrupting a single gene, we can fundamentally confuse the mosquito from its task of seeking humans”…
An evolutionary logic pervades all major areas of cancer sciences including causation, cancer clone development and resistance to therapies [10] (Fig. 1).
What some people call evolutionary logic failed to link mutations to beneficial changes in behavior.
“…there’s a hidden adaptive intelligence that has been shaped over eons. Martie Haselton places that ecological adaptation into the context of the claim that “…our bodies are designed to fight off invaders, whether they take the form of a cold virus… (p 73.) and she mentions the link from the designer to one theory about menstruation: “female bleeding serves to flush out “bad” sperm that may carry bacteria, viruses and other pathogens.” (p. 84)
…is a deck building game where players are competing to build a number of available atoms. Each player starts with the same small deck of cards that consist of Proton Cards, Neutron Cards, Electron Cards and Energy Cards and a beginning hand limit of 5 cards. They use these cards to build upon their current Atom, in an attempt to construct one of the available Atom Cards, and/or use their hand of cards to purchase more powerful atom building cards for later use, or increase their hand limit. The deck building cards are simple and clean, but offer a number of interesting combinations. Players also have an energy track that allows them to store energy, which introduces a “push-their-luck” type of mechanic…
Players start out with a number of workers and on their turn, they will place one of their workers on any available location within that cell. Some of the locations provide players with resources (e.g., mRNA, ATP); some with actions (e.g., convert resources, collect cards). Resources are used to build enzymes, hormones, and/or receptors, which score Health Points.
“…there’s a hidden adaptive intelligence that has been shaped over eons. Martie Haselton places that ecological adaptation into the context of the claim that “…our bodies are designed to fight off invaders, whether they take the form of a cold virus… (p 73.) and she mentions the link from the designer to one theory about menstruation: “female bleeding serves to flush out “bad” sperm that may carry bacteria, viruses and other pathogens.” (p. 84)
See for comparison: Conditional expression of women’s desires and men’s mate guarding across the ovulatory cycle (2006)In 2006, it became clear to most serious scientists that Martie Haselton knew nothing about biophysically constrained RNA-mediated viral latency. Now, she places everything known back into the context of neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense and eons of evolution. Fortunately, you can read and discuss her book in the context of what other pseudoscientists have been doing for the past two decades. Simply copy and paste from Wikipedia in attempts to promote ridiculous theories.
Chantal Abergel >
Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique & Structurale, Marseille, France Gustavo Caetano Anolles >
Department of Crop Sciences, Evolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, USA.
Marlene Belfort >
Department of Biological Sciences and RNA Institute, University at Albany, New York, USA Felix Broecker > Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Julian Chen >
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA Jean-Michel Claverie >
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique & Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France Bryan Cullen >
Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
Valerian Dolja >
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA Cedric Feschotte >
Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA Matthias Fischer >
Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Heidelberg, Germany
David Gilmer >
Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, Integrative virology, Strasbourg, France
Reynald Gillet > Université de Rennes 1, Translation and Folding Team, Rennes cedex, France Institut Universitaire de France Jordi Gomez >
Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina ‘López-Neyra’ (CSIC), Granada, Spain
Matti Jalasvuori >
Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Finland I.King Jordan > School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Eugene Koonin >
National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, USA. Dusan Kordis >
Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Josef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Mart Krupovic >
Unit BMGE, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Erez Levanon >
Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel German Martinez >
Dept. of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden John Mattick >
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia Jeff Miller >
California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Karin Moelling >
Max Planck Institute for molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany Sabine Müller >
Universität Greifswald, Institut für Biochemie , Greifswald , Germany Ulrich Müller >
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, USA Mariusz Nowacki >
Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland David Prangishvili >
Department of Microbiology, BMGE, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Lennart Randau >
Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany Forest Rohwer >
Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA Corrado Spadafora >
Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Rome, Italy James Shapiro >
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Chicago , IL , USA Jason Shepherd >
Biochemistry and Ophthalmology & Visual SciencesUniversity of Utah, School of Medicine Salt Lake City, USA Ravindra Singh >
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, USA Keizo Tomonaga >
Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan Peter Unrau >
Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada Luis P. Villarreal >
Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Andreas Werner >
RNA biology group, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, UK Eric Westhof >
Architecture and Reactivity of RNA, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the CNRS, University of Strasbourg, France Bojan Zagrovic >
Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna, Austria
Steven Zimmerly >
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
For comparison to Martie Haselton’s February 13, 2018 publication of her pseudoscientific nonsense about hormonal women, see: Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference from my February 15, 2017 virtual conference presentation on Precision Medicine.
Feedback loops link quantized energy as information to biophysically constrained RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry. Light induced energy-dependent changes link angstroms to ecosystems from classical physics to chemistry/chirality and to molecular epigenetics/autophagy. The National Microbiome Initiative links microbial quorum sensing to the physiology of reproduction via endogenous RNA interference and chromosomal rearrangements. The rearrangements link energy-dependent fixed amino acid substitutions to the Precision Medicine Initiative via genome wide inferences of natural selection. This detailed representation of energy-dependent natural selection for codon optimality links biologically- based cause and effect from G protein-coupled receptors to RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions and the functional structure of supercoiled DNA. Energy-dependent polycombic ecological adaptations are manifested in supercoiled DNA. Chromosomal inheritance links the adaptations from morphological phenotypes to healthy longevity via behavioral phenotypes. For contrast, virus-driven energy theft is the link from messenger RNA degradation to negative supercoiling, constraint breaking mutations, and hecatombic evolution. The viral hecatomb links transgenerational epigenetic inheritance from archaea to Zika virus-damaged DNA, which typically is repaired by endogenous RNA interference and fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in organized genomes
On Darwin Day (2018) Carl Zimmer suggested use of the twitter hashtag #Istudyevolution to report whatever aspect of biology people were studying. For example, Richard Lenski reported that he studied adaptation in E. coli. When I told others that ecological adaptation is nutrient-dependent and pheromone-controlled in species from microbes to humans, he blocked me from seeing his comments. Evidently he did not want people to know that he had been studying ecological adaptation for more than 2 decades but reporting the adaptations in the context of neo-Darwinian theories about mutations and evolution. For further clarification of that fact see: Cryo-electron tomography reveals that dynactin recruits a team of dyneins for processive motility
…the mechanisms responsible for increased transport activity are not well understood, largely owing to limited structural information. We used cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) to visualize the 3D structure of the MT-bound dynein–dynactin complex from Mus musculus and show that the dynactin–cargo adaptor complex binds two dimeric dyneins. This configuration imposes spatial and conformational constraints on both dynein dimers.
This discovery was totally unexpected, and will change how this motor complex is represented in cell biology and biochemistry text books,” says Saikat Chowdhury, PhD, a TSRI research associate and co-first author of the study.
“There had been years of biophysical experiments and biochemical experiments, and it was always assumed that there was just one dynein molecule,” Lander adds.
In conclusion, we have shown for the first time that very low doses of far-UVC light efficiently inactivate airborne viruses carried by aerosols. For example, a very low dose of 2 mJ/cm2 of 222-nm light inactivates >95% of airborne H1N1 virus. Our results indicate that far-UVC light is a powerful and inexpensive approach for prevention and reduction of airborne viral infections without the human health hazards inherent with conventional germicidal UVC lamps. If these results are confirmed in other scenarios, it follows that the use of overhead very low level far-UVC light in public locations may represent a safe and efficient methodology for limiting the transmission and spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases. Public locations such as hospitals, doctors’ offices, schools, airports and airplanes might be considered here. This approach may help limit seasonal influenza epidemics, transmission of tuberculosis, as well as major pandemics.
In the study, aerosolized H1N1 virus—a common strain of flu virus—was released into a test chamber and exposed to very low doses of 222 nm far-UVC light. A control group of aerosolized virus was not exposed to the UVC light. The far-UVC light efficiently inactivated the flu viruses, with about the same efficiency as conventional germicidal UV light.
Quantum logic gates are fundamental building blocks of quantum computers. Their integration into quantum networks requires strong qubit coupling to network channels, as can be realized with neutral atoms and optical photons in cavity quantum electrodynamics. Here we demonstrate that the long-range interaction mediated by a flying photon performs a gate between two stationary atoms inside an optical cavity from which the photon is reflected. This single step executes the gate in 2μs. We show an entangling operation between the two atoms by generating a Bell state with 76(2)% fidelity. The gate also operates as a cnot. We demonstrate 74.1(1.6)% overlap between the observed and the ideal gate output, limited by the state preparation fidelity of 80.2(0.8)%. As the atoms are efficiently connected to a photonic channel, our gate paves the way towards quantum networking with multiqubit nodes and the distribution of entanglement in repeater-based long-distance quantum networks.
This interaction is the basis for performing characteristic gate operations between the atoms, for example the operation as a CNOT gate or the generation of entanglement. The new method offers a variety of advantages: for example, the gate operations take place within microseconds which is an asset for quantum information processing.
Quantized energy is the information that must be biophysically constrained and transferred from hydrogen-atoms in DNA base pairs in solution. That fact seems to have escaped the attention of biologically uninformed pseudoscientists and most so-called science journalists. The pseudoscientists and other theorists linked the emergence of the energy to the evolution of all biodiversity outside the context of the physiology of reproduction and autophagy, which biophysically constrains viral latency.
See for comparison to what serious scientist have done:Experimental Evidence of Radiation Reaction in the Collision of a High-Intensity Laser Pulse with a Laser-Wakefield Accelerated Electron Beam
The dynamics of energetic particles in strong electromagnetic fields can be heavily influenced by the energy loss arising from the emission of radiation during acceleration, known as radiation reaction. When interacting with a high-energy electron beam, today’s lasers are sufficiently intense to explore the transition between the classical and quantum radiation reaction regimes. We present evidence of radiation reaction in the collision of an ultrarelativistic electron beam generated by laser-wakefield acceleration (ϵ>500MeV) with an intense laser pulse (a0>10). We measure an energy loss in the postcollision electron spectrum that is correlated with the detected signal of hard photons (γ rays), consistent with a quantum description of radiation reaction. The generated γ rays have the highest energies yet reported from an all-optical inverse Compton scattering scheme, with critical energy ϵcrit>30MeV.
“One thing I always find so fascinating about this is that the electrons are stopped as effectively by this sheet of light, a fraction of a hair’s breadth thick, as by something like a millimetre of lead. That is extraordinary.”
The data from the experiment also agrees better with a theoretical model based on the principles of quantum electrodynamics, rather than Maxwell’s equations, potentially providing some of the first evidence of previously untested quantum models.
Effects of quantized energy as information cannot be defined in the context of equations, which is why physicists have traditionally been ridiculed for any attempt to explain energy-dependent top-down causation in the context of biophysically constrained healthy longevity.
All species on Earth exhibit an undefined, incalculable, innate ability to biophysically constrain energy-dependent viral latency. That ability is food energy-dependent and controlled by the physiology of reproduction. Food energy comes from sunlight, either directly or indirectly via plant grown and the creation of microRNAs in plants. Serious scientists know how to light the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy to DNA repair.
See: Watson–Crick Base Pairing Controls Excited-State Decay in Natural DNA (2014)
Reported as: Base-pairing protects DNA from UV damage
…the Watson-Crick base-pairing mechanism itself controls the dissipation of the absorbed UV energy. This contradicts the conventional wisdom, which holds that the base sequence within the same strand is responsible for the deactivation of excited states,” says Wolfgang Zinth.
Ultrafast deactivation pathways bestow photostability on nucleobases and hence preserve the structural integrity of DNA following absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. One controversial recovery mechanism proposed to account for this photostability involves electron-driven proton transfer (EDPT) in Watson–Crick base pairs. The first direct observation is reported of the EDPT process after UV excitation of individual guanine–cytosine (G⋅C) Watson–Crick base pairs by ultrafast time-resolved UV/visible and mid-infrared spectroscopy. The formation of an intermediate biradical species (G[−H]⋅C[+H]) with a lifetime of 2.9 ps was tracked. The majority of these biradicals return to the original G⋅C Watson–Crick pairs, but up to 10 % of the initially excited molecules instead form a stable photoproduct G*⋅C* that has undergone double hydrogen-atom transfer. The observation of these sequential EDPT mechanisms across intermolecular hydrogen bonds confirms an important and long debated pathway for the deactivation of photoexcited base pairs, with possible implications for the UV photochemistry of DNA.
There is clear evidence that femtosecond blasts of UV light repair DNA in the context of energy-dependent changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance and autophagy, which protects all organized genomes from virus-driven energy theft and the degradation of messenger RNA.
The failure to integrate the Nobel Prize winning works of Ben Feringa (Chemisty 2016) and Yoshinori Ohsumi (Physiology or Medicine 2016) prevents theorists from linking what organisms eat to their pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in the context of Schrodinger’s claims in “What is Life?”(1944) and this claim by Roger Penrose in the reprint edition:
“How often do we still hear that quantum effects can have little relevance in the study of biology, or even that we eat food in order to gain energy?” (Roger Penrose 8 August 1991)
See also: From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior In our section on molecular epigenetics, we wrote:
Small intranuclear proteins also participate in generating alternative splicing techniques of pre-mRNA and, by this mechanism, contribute to sexual differentiation in at least two species, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans…
The food energy that is linked from alternative splicing techniques of pre-mRNA to the chemistry of protein folding and the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in all living genera seems to be largely ignored by those who are not Nobel Laureates.
It links the virus-driven theft of quantized energy from the degradation of messenger RNA to mutations and all pathology, and physicists cannot explain that fact with math and definitions. They tried with de Vries 1902 definition of mutations, and they have failed miserably ever since.
To assess whether there are universal rules that govern amino acid–base recognition, we investigate hydrogen bonds, van der Waals contacts and water-mediated bonds in 129 protein–DNA complex structures. DNA–backbone interactions are the most numerous, providing stability rather than specificity. For base interactions, there are significant base–amino acid type correlations, which can be rationalised by considering the stereochemistry of protein side chains and the base edges exposed in the DNA structure.
See also: Systematic prediction of DNA shape changes due to CpG methylation explains [quantized energy-dependent] epigenetic effects… (2018)
The effects of sunlight and quantum chemistry link energy-dependent fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions to the differentiation of all cell types in all living genera via the physiology of reproduction, which is controlled by pheromones in species from microbes to humans. Pheromones biophysically constrain viral latency in all animals that need to eat for their species to survive.
Cryo-EM technology predicts RNA-mediated DNA shape, which means the technology can be used to link the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA from mutations to all pathology in the context of the games “Cytosis” and “Subatomic.”
When “Subatomic” is available, players will link what is known to all serious scientists who present during “Schrodinger at 75” to the overwhemling amount of pseudoscientific nonsense touted by theorists during the past 75 years.
Schrodinger linked the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight to all biophysically constrained biodiversity via the physiology of reproduction in all plants and animals. Pseudoscientists decided to use mutations and natural selection instead of Darwin’s “conditions of life.” That is why pseudoscientists can — and soon may be — blamed for all extant pathology.
Theorists failed to link subatomic particles to biophysically constrained viral latency via the “Virus Expansion” from “Cytosis.” That fact led to this admission of ignorance:
Microscopic chariots deliver molecules within our cells https://phys.org/news/2018-02-microscopic-chariots-molecules-cells.html
Excerpt: This discovery was totally unexpected, and will change how this motor complex is represented in cell biology and biochemistry text books,” says Saikat Chowdhury, PhD, a TSRI research associate and co-first author of the study.
“There had been years of biophysical experiments and biochemical experiments, and it was always assumed that there was just one dynein molecule,” Lander adds.
My comment: All the discoveries that have since linked energy-dependent changes from electrons to ecosystems were anticipated by Richard P. Feynman in his claims about “Plenty of Room at the Bottom.” Everything known to serious scientists links cryo-EM technology from ecological niche construction to socio-cognitive niche construction via food energy-dependent amino acid substitutions in the microtubules that link differences in animal behavior to human consciousness.
It will good to see “Subatomic” placed into the context of the admission that there are two dynein molecules. Others may begin to see the levels of complexity that must be represented in game play to prevent further assumptions based on ignorance of particle physics and energy transfer that biophysically constrains viral latency.
The fact that many people can readily learn more than most theoretical physicists have learned about subatomic particles and cell biology by playing games for fun is an exciting development for scientists and laypersons.
Magnus S. Magnusson wrote: James Kohl it [the Neil deGrasse Tyson meme] was not aimed at you, of course, understand that it is about the genera educational situation. BTW Einstein mostly missed biology and Hawking says the 21. century will be that of biology, which I also believe.” The Icelandic atheist and hate monger, blocked me before I could comment further on Neil deGrasse Tyson’s overwhelming display of ignorance. George FR Ellis, who co-authored with Stephen Hawking in the 60’s has already validated my model. See: Understanding and accounting for relational context is critical for social neuroscience
George F R EllisThis is absolutely correct and forms part of the larger concept that top-down causation is a key factor not just in the way the brain works but in broader contexts in biology and even physics.
The Genius Games series from John Coveyou is the way forward. The games successfully link the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy from top-down causation to all biophysically constrained biodiversity via a model that links electrons to ecosystems.
A calf may inherit those milk-boosting variants from its mother. But just because the calf carries them doesn’t mean they directly make the calves bigger.
Compared to other mammals, Dr. Bijma observed, human children are especially dependent on their parents — not just for food and other essentials, but for social development. So it stands to reason that they’d experience similar effects.
“Humans provide substantial care to their offspring, and so the nurture they create is very likely to have a genetic component,” said Dr. Bijma.
Dr. Harden said that taking account of genetic nurture could improve research on the effects of poverty on how children do in school, as well as studies of methods to improve educational attainment.
“It’s so obvious in retrospect, and so elegant,” she said. “A lot of people are going to say, ‘I can see my data in a new light with this.’”
…evolutionary science has now “moved on to such an extent” that she and Peter Saunders don’t really care anymore about trying to convince the neo-Darwinists.
The reporting on genetic nurture by Carl Zimmer appears to be a ploy to soften the impact of his past misrepresentations and the misrepresentations of all theorists and most so-called science journalists. He now reports on biophysically constrained energy-dependent events that link ecological variation to ecological adaptation in all living genera. See for example the The Bull Sperm MicroRNAome and the Effect of Fescue Toxicosis on Sperm MicroRNA Expression.
Included in the New York Times online article is a picture of a cow and a calf that tells less than half of what we detailed in From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior (1996). The remaining details include how molecular mechanisms of RNA-mediated cell type differentiation are conserved in the bull.
Without food energy-dependent changes in the bull’s microRNAome, no one, including Carl Zimmer can get from the energy-dependent zinc spark at fertilization to the microRNAs in cow’s milk. And now, Carl Zimmer knows it!
See: The zinc spark is an inorganic signature of human egg activation (2016)
See also: MicroRNAs: Milk’s epigenetic regulators (2017)
See also: Maternal BRG1 regulates zygotic genome activation in the mouse (2006)
Genes involved in transcription, RNA processing, and cell cycle regulation were particularly affected. The early embryonic arrest is not a consequence of a defective oocyte because depleting maternal BRG1 after oocyte development is complete by RNA interference (RNAi) also resulted in two-cell arrest. To our knowledge, Brg1 is the first gene required for ZGA in mammals.
But wait, there’s more than just RNA interference involved. The energy-dependent zinc spark is linked from the energy-dependent creation of microRNAs to the creation of monoallelic olfactory receptor genes via the biparental contribution to chromosomal rearrangements. If not, Carl Zimmer and other science journalists cannot get from the epigenetic effects of food odors and pheromones to the feedback loops that link chromosomal rearrangements to the protection of all organized genomes from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA and all pathology.
If Carl Zimmer appears to have had a sudden epiphany that led him to see the light of evolution is actually sunlight in the context of ecological adaptation, his ability to see the how the facts extend to humans cannot be attributed only to a recent publication.
See also: Fine-scale recombination rate differences between sexes, populations and individuals (2010)
Comparisons of our maps with two LD-based maps inferred from data of HapMap populations of Utah residents with ancestry from northern and western Europe (CEU) and Yoruba in Ibadan, Nigeria (YRI) reveal population differences previously masked by noise and map differences at regions previously described as targets of natural selection.
Human population differences were linked to natural selection and the energy-dependent spark at fertilization. What, besides natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality, could have been linked to the spark at fertilization? Why would there be any questions about whether the findings in other animals extend to the findings on the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of all morphological and behavioral phenotypes in species from yeasts to mammals that we reported in 1996? See our section on molecular epigenetics in From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior.
I wonder if Carl Zimmer was one of the people who may have seen my tweets during the past 28 days (80,000 impressions). There is no way to be certain that the timing of his epiphany is anything more than coincidental. But that doesn’t matter.
He is now well on his way to reporting the facts about biophysically constrained viral latency and biodiversity after decades of reporting on the pseudoscientific nonsense touted by neo-Darwinian theorists.
it seems just as likely that he has been following my blog posts here and is scared to death not to report the facts before the forthcoming conference: Mechanisms of Recombination After that, everyone in the world of intelligent science journalism will know that energy-dependent epigenetic effects link food odors and pheromones from feedback loops to biophysically constrained cell type differentiation and viral latency in all living genera.
See also: Epigenetic modifications poster
Anyone who continues to report findings in the context of neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense about mutations and/or evolution is unlikely to be employed as a science journalist.
The problem with -omics has repeatedly been detailed in articles from social scientists and other theorists who fail to link what is known to serious scientists about the microRNAome to their theories. Pseudoscientists continue to create bricks that clutter the metaphorical physical landscape and prevent the epigenetic landscape from being linked from the physiology of nutrient energy-dependent pheromone-controlled reproduction to all cell type differentiation via energy-dependent changes in atoms to ecosystems in all living genera.
On 1/22/18, I discussed this with a plumber and his assistant, who is –like me– a veteran of the US Military. The plumber, prefaced the discussion with a comment about adaptations for comparison to evolution. The veteran provided supportive comments from his expertise in history, which he hopes will not repeat itself in the context of the 1918 Spanish flu, smallpox, or the bubonic plague.
I learned the value of social science because he believes that vultures put an end to the bubonic plague in the context of their unique ability to thermoregulate their organized genome by spreading their wings to create what most people would refer to as a virus-killing fever. I may not be so critical of other social scientists after meeting one that was not biologically uninformed.
There may be others, but I doubt it.
See: Evidence for convergent evolution of SINE-directed Staufen-mediated mRNA decay
We identified and confirmed orthologous gene pairs with 3′-UTR SINEs that independently function in SMD control of myoblast metabolism. Expanding to other species, we demonstrated that SINE-directed SMD likely emerged in both primate and rodent lineages >20-25 million years ago. Our work reveals a mechanism for the convergent evolution of posttranscriptional gene regulatory networks in mammals by species-specific SINE transposition and SMD.
…one SNP in the promoter, three SNPs in the coding region, and one in 3′-UTR were novel and reported for the first time in this study.
[…]The expression of Hsp90AA1 in cow bearing mutant allele C was higher (4.18 +/- 0.928) than cows bearing wild-type allele G (1.008 +/- 0.0.129) in stress season. In summary, there was an association between genetic variations in the Hsp90AA1 and thermoresistance. This association could be used as a marker in genetic selection for heat tolerance in Chinese Holstein cattle breeds.
There is no such thing as genetic selection for heat tolerance. The limits of food energy-dependent thermotolerance are biophysically constrained in the context of food energy that biophysically constrains viral latency,which typically limits or prevents activation of the death gene.
Preventing activation of the death gene was reported as: Study finds convergent evolution of gene regulation in humans and mice January 18, 2018
Organisms that aren’t closely related may evolve similar traits as they adapt to similar challenges. It’s called convergent evolution, and familiar examples include the wings of birds, bats, and insects, and echolocation in bats and dolphins. Now, molecular biologists have found evidence of convergent evolution in an important mechanism of gene regulation in humans and mice.
Serious scientists do not call ecological adaptation convergent evolution, and serious scientists do not claim to discover important mechanisms of gene regulation. All the mechanisms are biophysically constrained by ecological variation in the availability of food and the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in species from mice to humans (and from microbes to humans).
But see for comparison: A simple explanation of Born’s rule
…the agreement between quantum theory and experiments follows from a one-to-one correspondence between the logical possibilities and the physical possibilities and, in particular, implies that the outcomes of quantum measurements are not constrained by any physical reason.
Thanks to so-called science journalist Philip C. Ball for calling this to my attention. In my first blog post about Nonomura’s Sokalian hoax, I mentioned Frohlich (1968). Long-range coherence and energy storage in biological systems. I do not expect pseudoscientists or so-called science journalists to accept the facts about constrained energy storage. The facts are neo-Darwinian theory killers. Once again, the theorists have a problem understanding how the creation of energy must be linked from energy storage to biophysically constrained viral latency and all biodiversity. Nonomura’s hoax links the energy-dependent epigenetic silencing of transposable elements to the central events of germline transmission via the creation of sunlight, the creation of ATP, and the creation of microRNAs. The light energy-dependent creation of microRNAS must be linked to RNA-mediated DNA repair and to the relatively error-free genome of the next generation via the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction that biophysically constrains viral latency.
Unanswered questions about viral latency and transcriptional quiescence (aka gene silencing), which is a hallmark of the biophysically constrained germ cell lineage in many organisms, are the clear link to my claim that Nonomura has published a Sokalian hoax as Small RNA pathways responsible for non-cell-autonomous regulation of plant reproduction — as a peer-reviewed monograph.
The unanswered questions allow biologically uninformed peers to accept the claims of non-cell-autonomous regulation as if they could be part of an evolutionary approach to energy-dependent reproduction. For comparison, the first question a serious scientist would ask is about how non-cell-autonomous pathways compensate for ecological variation, which must be linked to energy-dependent ecological adaptation via the availability of some nutrients, materials and signals. Most serious scientists will realize that non-cell-autonomous pathways link sunlight to the activation of endogenous substrates (e.g., enzymes) that are created in the context of what happens when the speed of light hits water.
See: Common origins of RNA, protein and lipid precursors in a cyanosulfidic protometabolism
Reported as: … the conditions that produce nucleic acid precursors also create the starting materials needed to make natural amino acids and lipids. That suggests a single set of [light activated] reactions could have given rise to most of life’s building blocks simultaneously.
I noticed that this pinned post now appears first @rnomics:
This was a report on Non‐enzymatic glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway‐like reactions in a plausible Archean ocean
Fabrice Leclerc @rnomics seems to be ignoring the retractions of Jack Szostak’s works. See: Retraction Watch
Researchers who study the origins of life on Earth have hypothesized that RNA evolved before DNA or proteins. Szostak’s works seemed to suggest that RNA replicated itself without enzymes. Supposedly, a certain type of peptide — which may have existed in our early history — made it possible for RNA to copy itself. But where did the peptide come from?
Who cares? In subsequent experiments, no one reproduced the 2016 findings. Indeed, the peptide did not appear to provide an environment that fostered RNA replication. With two retraction of his groups works, claims about the microRNAome should have been placed into the context the energy-dependent creation microRNAs and enzymes.
The problem that serious scientists expect to be addressed is the one that links the nutrient-energy dependent source of the materials for developing germ cells to the development of differentiated cell typed in the context of metabolism and signaling. Again, we see how Nonomura helps to eliminate the magic of evolution without admitting to the hoax. Light energy is required, and he did not mention that fact.
For comparison, science journalist Philip Ball took the the magic several steps further. He placed the availability of the quantized energy as information, which is required for the creation of nutrients, into this context:
Nonomura claims that little is known about the mechanism that promotes the energy-dependent intercellular movement of small RNAs in plant reproductive organs. But, he also claims that the mechanism in humans is part of an energy-dependent exosome-mediated system, which was recently reported in the context of small RNA transfer in organ cross-talk. Philip C. Ball’s claims are based on the automagical creation of an environment full of stuff.
The link from the availability of nutrient-energy in pollen (i.e., Ball’s environment full of stuff) to energy-dependent foraging behavior and the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in the honeybee model organism is missing. Nonomura’s conclusion is another example of Sokal-like wit. The cell membrane must automagically create itself before direct evidence for energy-dependent microRNA-mediated cell type differentiation can be linked to healthy longevity in all living genera via the physiology of reproduction in grasses like fescue.
The energy source for the transfer of materials or information between SCs [somatic cells] and the vegetative cell (VC) nucleus in not mentioned in Nonomura’s attack on the intelligence of theorists and science journalists who have failed to link the virus-driven theft of quantized energy from mutations to the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of all pathology.
For comparison: My top tweet from this month was posted on January 5, 2018. So far it has accumulated 1484 impressions. In case you missed it:
A cartoon representation of “Long-range coherence and energy storage in biological systems” (1968) might help others establish facts about how the construction of the cell membrane protects against virus-driven genomic entropy. A comic about the problems with the -omics, illustrated by Matteo Farinella
The problem with -omics, and especially with the ridiculous representation from 2014 as a pinned post @rnomics, has repeatedly been detailed in articles from social scientists and other theorists who fail to link what is known to serious scientists about the microRNAome to their theories. Pseudoscientists and biologically uninformed science journalists continue to create bricks that clutter the metaphorical physical landscape (an environment full of stuff) and human idiocy prevents the epigenetic landscape from being linked to all cell type differentiation via the nutrient energy-dependent pheromone-controlled links from atoms to ecosystems in all living genera.
The MicroRNAome Strikes Back: A Sokalian hoax (3)
See also: The Postmodernism Generator web page (generates a random postmodernist article each time loaded)
See also: Social science is pseudoscience
On 12/10/17, a long-term business partner called to tell me he was ending his efforts to sell human pheromone-enhanced fragrance products to those who understand how the products help to biophysically constrain viral latency in all mammals. QuEBS workshop has established itself as an outstanding stage to present the research in the intersection of physics, chemistry and biology. […] discussion of notable scientists and pioneers of Quantum Biology… established excitons in biology as the “must-talk-language” when describing the quantum effects in biological light-harvesting systems. Decades later, researchers reported on: Signatures of exciton condensation in a transition metal dichalcogenide. The mass media news representation is: Physicists excited by discovery of new form of matter, excitonium.
…when an electron, seated at the edge of a crowded-with-electrons valence band in a semiconductor, gets excited and jumps over the energy gap to the otherwise empty conduction band, it leaves behind a “hole” in the valence band. That hole behaves as though it were a particle with positive charge, and it attracts the escaped electron. When the escaped electron with its negative charge, pairs up with the hole, the two remarkably form a composite particle, a boson—an exciton.
“An exciton is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole which are attracted to each other by the electrostatic Coulomb force. It is an electrically neutral quasiparticle that exists in insulators, semiconductors and in some liquids.”
If excitons are found in water, the speed of light on contact with water could be linked to the quantized energy-dependent de novo creation of all biodiversity on Earth via the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in all living genera. That fact led me to find information that links thermodynamic cycles of energy-dependent RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry to hydrophobicity in supercoiled DNA.
The book is organized into 4 sections on water, food, energy, and the future of sustainability, highlighting the interplay among these topics. The first section emphasizes water desalination, water management, and wastewater treatment. The second section discusses cereal processing, sustainable food security, bioenergy in food production, water and energy consumption in food processing, and mathematical modeling for food undergoing phase changes. The third section discusses fossil fuels, biofuels, synthetic fuels, renewable energy, and carbon capture. Finally, the book concludes with a discussion of the future of sustainability, including coverage of the role of molecular thermodynamics…
See for comparison. There is no coverage of the role of molecular thermodynamics in the symbols used to represent different religions. It’s as if the differences exist outside the context of what is known about the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy.
Energy-dependent changes in base pairs have since been linked from changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance and RNA editing to fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions that differentiate the cell types of all living genera. However, there appears to be no mention of how the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA has been linked from mutations to all pathology in Guidelines for Genome-Scale Analysis of Biological Rhythms (2017).
Genome biology approaches have made enormous contributions to our understanding of biological rhythms, particularly in identifying outputs of the clock, including RNAs, proteins, and metabolites, whose abundance oscillates throughout the day. These methods hold significant promise for future discovery, particularly when combined with computational modeling. However, genome-scale experiments are costly and laborious, yielding “big data” that are conceptually and statistically difficult to analyze. There is no obvious consensus regarding design or analysis. Here we discuss the relevant technical considerations to generate reproducible, statistically sound, and broadly useful genome-scale data. Rather than suggest a set of rigid rules, we aim to codify principles by which investigators, reviewers, and readers of the primary literature can evaluate the suitability of different experimental designs for measuring different aspects of biological rhythms.
We show here for the first time the crucial role of viruses in controlling archaeal dynamics and therefore the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems, and suggest that virus-archaea interactions play a central role in global biogeochemical cycles.
If the guidelines for linking the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight to all biodiversity on earth via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in species from microbes to humans were applied, the guidelines could be extended to claims about the Molecular and cellular reorganization of neural circuits in the human lineage
…the dopaminergic interneurons found in the human neocortex were absent from the neocortex of nonhuman African apes. Such differences in neuronal transcriptional programs may underlie a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Researchers found one gene, ZP2, was active in only human cerebellum — a surprise, said the researchers, because the same gene had been linked to sperm selection by human ova.
That claim can be placed into the context of what we detailed about energy-dependent RNA-mediated cell type differentiation in the molecular epigenetics section of our 1996 Hormones and Behavior review.
See: From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior (1996)
Small intranuclear proteins also participate in generating alternative splicing techniques of pre-mRNA and, by this mechanism, contribute to sexual differentiation in at least two species, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans…
In the cytoplasm, small RNAs can control mammalian translation by regulating the stability of mRNA. In the nucleus, small RNAs can also control transcription and splicing. The mechanisms for RNA-mediated nuclear regulation are not understood and remain controversial, hindering the effective application of nuclear RNAi and investigation of its natural regulatory roles.
The tractable changes in organized genomes can be viewed in the context of The Bull Sperm MicroRNAome and the Effect of Fescue Toxicosis on Sperm MicroRNA Expression (2014)
The link to sperm selection by human ova establishes the role of quantized energy as information in the context of the physiology of reproduction, which protects all species from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA.
The link from the dopaminergic neuronal system to feedback loops that biophysically constrain behavior have been placed into the context of the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Oppositional COMT Val158Met effects on resting state functional connectivity in adolescents and adults
The authors fail to mention that Val158Met function is known to be affected by a functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in COMT (G-to-A base-pair substitution) leading to a methionine (Met) valine (Val) substitution at codons 108/158 (COMT Val158Met). Carriers of the Met allele have been found to display a fourfold decrease in enzymatic activity compared to Val allele carriers going along with an increase of prefrontal DA activity (Lachman et al. 1996; Lotta et al. 1995).
The degrading enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), determines dopamine availability in the prefrontal cortex. Thermostablility and exploratory behavior link the difference in the valine allele and the methionine allele to difference in primate brain development and behavior. That fact links the Second Law of Thermodynamics to one energy-dependent base pair change and the creation of one enzyme to changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance that link natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality to one amino acid substitution that differentiates the cell types of the brain in different species of primates. Dobzhansky (1973) presciently placed that fact into this context:
…the so-called alpha chains of hemoglobin have identical sequences of amino acids in man and the chimpanzee, but they differ in a single amino acid (out of 141) in the gorilla.
The direction and speed of the evolution of any group of organisms at any given time is the resultant of the interaction of a series of reasonably well known factors and processes, both hereditary and environmental. The task of the evolutionist, therefore, is to seek out and evaluate all these factors and processes in respect to as many different organisms as possible, and from the specific information thus acquired construct such generalizations and hypotheses as he can. This requires the broadest possible knowledge of biology, which, if it cannot be acquired through direct contact with original research, must be built up vicariously through communication with biologists in different fields. — G. Ledyard Stebbins, Jr., ‘Preface’, Variation and Evolution in Plants, 1950.
…if you don’t have this enzyme, then this error-free repair is stopped. You can’t do it. If you can’t do the error-free repair, among other things that happen is that you expect these cells to be cancer prone.
In retrospect, we were totally blinded by our belief [in our findings]…we were not as careful or rigorous as we should have been (and as Tivoli was) in interpreting these experiments.
They touted their belief in the emergence and the evolution of all biodiversity on Earth.
As I was preparing this post, a long-term business partner called to tell me he was ending his efforts to sell human pheromone-enhanced fragrance products to those who understand how the products help to biophysically constrain viral latency in all mammals. Not enough people understand biologically-based cause and effect, which limits the market for anything that protects the organized genomes of people from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA.
A study of the influence of pheromone stressor(s) on proliferating germ and somatic cells was performed on laboratory lines of house mouse in the context of the physiological hypothesis of mutation process, proposed by M.E. Lobashev in 1947. Data from experiments are presented, and results obtained during last 10-15 years are discussed. The adaptive role of cytogenetic and other observed pheromonal effects is considered. The possible existence of interorganism systems of genetic regulation is discussed, the search for and study of which may help in more complete understanding of the regularities of functioning of genetic material.
My business partner and I discussed the obvious fact that most people do not want to learn anything about preventative medicine or effective treatments for all pathology, and that most are willing to accept what they are told by “pill-pushing” medical practitioners. The medical practitioners will not tell them that feedback loops link food odors and pheromones to the biophysically constrained pathways of healthy longevity. The medical practitioners will not tell people that vaccines and drug therapies alter the feedback loops. The vaccines and drug therapies act on the energy-dependent creation of the same enzymes linked from the creation of sunlight to all biodiversity on Earth.
In mammals, this is manifested in links from what offspring ingest to their food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled survival. See for example: MicroRNAs: Milk’s epigenetic regulators
The deficiency of exosomal miRNAs in infant formula and the persistent uptake of milk miRNAs after the nursing period via consumption of cow’s milk are two epigenetic aberrations that may induce adverse long-term effects on human health.
It has been more that two decades since publication of The Scent of Eros: Mysteries of Odor in Human Sexuality. We linked the pheromones from mother’s milk to the mother-infant bond and to adult behaviors. I am disappointed to admit that all experimental evidence of biologically-based cause and effect has been ignored by theorists who tout emergence and mutation-driven evolution.
Apparently, Nothing can stop them! They do not seem to realize that Dobzhansky’s “light of evolution” was sunlight and it linked ecological variation to ecological adaptation in all living genera via the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction.
For example, the so-called alpha chains of hemoglobin have identical sequences of amino acids in man and the chimpanzee, but they differ in a single amino acid (out of 141) in the gorilla (p. 127).
This is the four page booklet that explains the science in Cytosis. It was written and edited collaboratively by 20 PhD’s and Doctors through the world.
Please take some time to learn what happens to biologically uninformed theorists when serious scientists collaborate.
The collaborators achieved their common goal. The link from the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy to ATP and the creation of RNA is clear to players 10y/o +. The link from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA to all pathology in species from microbes to humans is equally clear..
Simply put 1) What organisms eat links the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction to biophysically constrained viral latency.
Simply put 2) Food odors and species-specific pheromones biophysically constrain viral latency.
Simply put 3) Feedback loops typically prevent the hecatombic evolution of pathology that starts with viruses in seawater or the viruses in bacteria that eat electrons and produce uranium isotopes.
You may not believe that the sun was created and may not think that electrons were created to be eaten. Winners of this game will not care what losers believe. Losers can compare what they believe about the evolution of hydrogen and all biodiversity to the facts known to serious scientists who helped to create this game.
See also:
A rendering of how changes in an electron’s motion (bottom view) alter the scattering of light (top view), as measured in a new experiment that scattered more than 500 photons of light from a single electron. Previous experiments had managed to scatter no more than a few photons at a time. Credit: Extreme Light Laboratory|University of Nebraska-Lincoln
