An evolutionary theory killer

MicroRNA-mediated denuclearization (6)

by with No Comment AdaptationsbiophotonicsDiseases & DisordersEcology

Summary: The EDAR V370A isoform links one quantized energy-dependent base pair change from changes in ultraviolet light (UV) exposure to fixation of one amino acid substitution. The substitution differentiates the cell types of mice and humans in the context of a mouse-to-human model of nutritional epigenetics and microRNA-mediated denuclearization in North Korea.

Environmental selection during the last ice age on the mother-to-infant transmission of vitamin D and fatty acids through breast milk

…a genetically isolated population living in this environment during the LGM ∼20,000 y ago experienced selection for polymorphisms in the FADS gene cluster and for EDAR V370A because of the advantage these genetic variants likely confer in transmitting nutrients from mother to infant through breast milk under conditions of extremely low UV.

Nina G. Jablonski (a co-author), is known for her research into the evolution of skin color in humans. Her neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense is refuted in this representation of natural selection for food energy-dependent codon optimality.
Codon identity regulates mRNA stability and translation efficiency during the maternal-to-zygotic transition

The amino acid optimality code (Fig 6) provides an alternative perspective on sequence changes between paralogs in evolution and human disease.

The food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled amino acid optimality code has been linked to biophysically constrained viral latency in all living genera via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction.
The EDAR V370A isoform links one quantized energy-dependent base pair change from changes in ultraviolet light (UV) exposure to fixation of one amino acid substitution. The substitution differentiates the cell types of mice and humans in the context of a mouse-to-human model of nutritional epigenetics and microRNA-mediated denuclearization in North Korea.

Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems

The scientific creationists in South Korea know how to protect organized genomes from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA. Atheistic communists believed vaccines would protect their supercoiled DNA in their organized genomes.
The communists and other atheists lost their battle to promote atheism and vaccines because serious scientists in South Korea liked the accurate representations of the creationists. The serious scientists proceeded to support scientific creationism and Americanism with experimental evidence of top-down causation and biophysical constraints.
Pseudoscientists still tout their nonsense about constraint-breaking mutations.  See: Mutation-Driven Evolution
Kalevi Kull: Censorship & Royal Society Evo Event 

Nobody wants to belong to the party of losers. One of the best strategies in such a case is evidently an interpretation of the change as a gradual accumulation of knowledge while their work has always been at the cutting edge. — Kalevi Kull

The links from particle physics to biophysically constrained viral latency will be placed into the context of the game “Subatomic,” which should be available by the end of this year.

A rendering of how changes in an electron's motion (bottom view) alter the scattering of light (top view), as measured in a new experiment that scattered more than 500 photons of light from a single electron. Previous experiments had managed to scatter no more than a few photons at a time. Credit: Extreme Light Laboratory|University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Elsevier fails to support the concept of autophagy

by with No Comment Alternative SplicingsAutophagyDiseases & DisordersEcologyLight EnergymicroRNA editingNutrigenomicsRNA interferenceRNA-mediated gene silencingVariationsWhat's in the News

Summary: Who lets biologically uninformed theorists make presumptions about evolution after all serious scientists have linked light-harvesting from energy-dependent changes in electrons to ecosystems in all living genera via natural selection for food energy-dependent codon optimality. Who lets them pretend not to know that the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction links autophagy to the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of healthy longevity? Who is causing the unnecessary suffering and premature death of your loved ones?
Elsevier publishing supports the pseudoscientific nonsense touted by theorists by who publish articles like this:
Neurotransmitter Funneling Optimizes Glutamate Receptor Kinetics (open access) Published Online: December 14, 2017 (with my emphasis)

These studies suggest that neurotransmitter binding is a directed process for which kinetics have been optimized (presumably by evolution)…

Our experiments reveal a strikingly elaborate management of ligand transport by AMPA receptors, whereby flexible positive charges ensure that glutamate binding reactions are fast. The existence of these pathways is surprising, and the fact that they alter the kinetics of receptor activity indicates that the molecular mechanisms that determine the action of neurotransmitters at receptors are more complex than previously thought. R660 is conserved between AMPA and NMDA receptors; in kainate receptors, R660 and R661 are replaced by lysine residues (Figure S8). It is possible that these helix F interactions also coordinate ligand binding in kainate and NMDA receptors. Given that electrostatic interactions are also important for coordination in other neurotransmitter binding sites (McCammon, 2009), these principles of ligand funneling may be general.

They linked the lysine residues (i.e., amino acid substitutions)  from electrostatic interactions to RNA-mediated cell type differentiation in all living genera. Their studies do not link any experimental evidence from electrostatic interactions or optimized kinetics to evolution. Evolution cannot optimize any aspect of energy-dependent kinetics. Evolution cannot optimize any aspect of energy-dependent RNA-mediated cell type differentiation, which is biophysically constrained by the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction.
The nonsense about evolution was reported as: Scientists chart how brain signals connect to neurons (with my emphasis)

Scientists at Johns Hopkins have used supercomputers to create an atomic scale map that tracks how the signaling chemical glutamate binds to a neuron in the brain. The findings, say the scientists, shed light on the dynamic physics of the chemical’s pathway, as well as the speed of nerve cell communications.

See: Life is physics and chemistry and communication
All experimental evidence of top-down causation links quantized energy from the speed of light on contact with water to energy as information-dependent changes in electrons and all ecosystems via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction, which biophysically constrains viral latency. The use of supercomputers led the researchers to report findings that eliminate everything known to serious scientists about energy-dependent RNA-mediated cell type differentiation. It is common for theorists to eliminate energy as information-dependent changes and replace facts with mathematical models.
See for comparison: Codon identity regulates mRNA stability and translation efficiency during the maternal-to-zygotic transition (open access)

The bias between codons or amino acids, and mRNA expression levels has been previously recognized across species and is thought to result from selection for efficient, accurate translation, and folding of highly expressed genes (Ikemura, 1982; Akashi, 1994; Akashi & Gojobori, 2002; Drummond & Wilke, 2008; Kudla et al, 2009; Novoa & Ribas de Pouplana, 2012). The amino acid optimality code (Fig 6) provides an alternative perspective on sequence changes between paralogs in evolution and human disease.

This is not just an alternative perspective. It is a refutation of neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense that was reported as: Codon optimality at genome transition

Nucleotide triplets, or codons, designate specific amino acids for protein synthesis. However, that is not their only job. In yeast and bacteria, codons contribute to RNA stability, with “optimal” codons stabilizing RNAs and “suboptimal” codons destabilizing RNAs. This is possible because multiple codons can encode the same amino acid.

See also: Human GW182 Paralogs Are the Central Organizers for RNA-Mediated Control of Transcription Elsevier — Cell Reports (August 15, 2017)

Nuclear RNAi, regardless of whether it is controlling splicing, transcription, or some other nuclear process, would have distinct advantages as a mechanism for evolution, because it would expand sequence-specific control of gene expression by miRNAs.

No experimental evidence of biologically-based cause and effect suggests that microRNAs evolved to control sequence-specific gene expression. The authors linked TNRC6, MED14, NAT10, and WDR5 to RNA-mediated gene activation. They inadvertently linked the energy-dependent de novo creation of microRNAs to Trinucleotide Repeat Containing (TNRC) 6A expression.  See: miR-26a-5p Regulates TNRC6A Expression and Facilitates Theca Cell Proliferation in Chicken Ovarian Follicles
The anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight links the creation of microRNAs and multiple codons to the creation of differences and similarities in the same amino acid. That fact has been ignored.
See also: MicroRNAs recruit eIF4E2 to repress translation of target mRNAs

There is increasing evidence indicating that translation initiation is a major target of miRNA repression…

…we provide evidence indicating that TNRC6A, the core component of RISC, can directly recruit eIF4E2 to target mRNA to repress translation.

They provided evidence that the energy-dependent de novo creation of microRNAs represses the expression of the mutations that cause all pathology.
See for example: Stem cell divisions, somatic mutations, cancer etiology, and cancer prevention
Reported as: New Study Finds That Most Cancer Mutations are Due to Random DNA Copying ‘Mistakes’

John Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center scientists report data from a new study providing evidence that random DNA copying “mistakes” account for nearly two-thirds of the mutations that cause cancer. Their research is grounded on a novel mathematical model based on DNA sequencing and epidemiologic data from around the world.

This was reported in the context of the “bad luck” theory of cancer (video).
For comparison see:  Why Is This Bacterium Hiding in Human Tumors?

 “The whole idea of bacteria in tumors is fascinating and unexpected,” said Dr. Bert Vogelstein, a colon cancer researcher at Johns Hopkins.

See for comparison: QuEBS: Workshop on Quantum Effects in Biological Systems  has established itself as an outstanding stage to present the research in the intersection of physics, chemistry and biology. This field has… established excitons in biology as the “must-talk-language” when describing the quantum effects in biological light-harvesting systems.
All serious scientists have linked the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight from physics and chemistry to biophysically constrained viral latency via the de novo creation of microRNAs and the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction, which links autophagy to fixation of amino acid substitutions that stabilize the organized genome of all living genera in the context of autophagy.
Only biologically uniformed researchers, like Bert Vogelstein are surprised to find bacteria in tumors, because all serious scientists have link the viruses in bacteria from the degradation of messenger RNA in bacteria to the degradation of messenger RNA that causes all pathology in all living genera.
 
 
 

Lethal virus kills 5 billion people?

Entertaining yourself to death

by with No Comment AdaptationsAlternative SplicingsDiseases & DisordersEcologyNeuronal PlasticityRNA DirectedRNA-directed DNA methylationRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expressionRNA–Mediated Epigenetic HeredityVariationsWhat's in the News

Summary: Food energy is required for the creation of enzymes that metabolize the food, which links the metabolism to the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans via alternative splicings of pre-mRNAs, which are now called microRNAs in more than 65,000 published works. The horrid tradjedy of of yet another preventable death by suicide extends those works to preventing the cause of death of those killed by Stephen Paddock.
Vegas gunman transferred $100K, set up cameras at hotel room
Excerpts with my emphasis:

Lombardo said he is “absolutely” confident authorities will find out what set off Paddock, a 64-year-old high-stakes gambler and retired accountant who killed himself….

…speculated that there was “some sort of major trigger in his life — a great loss, a breakup, or maybe he just found out he has a terminal disease.”

…a “psychological autopsy” may be necessary to try to establish the motive. If the suicide didn’t destroy Paddock’s brain, experts may even find a neurological disorder or malformation…

He said there could be a genetic component to the slaughter…

“The genetics load the gun, personality and psychology aim it, and experiences pull the trigger, typically,” Clemente said.

He later worked for a defense contractor.

“No affiliation, no religion, no politics. He never cared about any of that…

Two former facebook friends are among those who claim that “nobody cares” that I have detailed the facts about the virus-driven cause of death for Stephen Paddock and his victims. When will others learn why there was no obvious motive to his madness?
The excerpts above clearly indicate that virus-driven epigenetic drift led to the deadly constraint-breaking mutations via everything known to serious scientists about epitranscriptomics and biophysically constrained viral latency.
Simply put, like most people, Stephen Paddock failed to protect himself from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA that serious scientists have linked to all pathology in all living genera. Psychiatrist/antagonist Jay R. Feierman put that fact into the context of this post to the “Evolutionary Psychology” Yahoo Group.

168958 Origin and Evolution of RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase OPEN ACCESS

I find this article interesting because of the “object of study.” We are used to thinking about evolution at hierarchical levels above that of protein enzymes. Yet, protein enzymes are “structural design features” and follow the same principles of evolution by natural selection as structural design features at higher hierarchical levels, such as certain kinds of behaviors and even species. Compared to other kinds of evolution, protein enzyme evolution is very conservative in that it does not change much through phylogeny. We essentially have the same enzymes for metabolizing glucose as do bacteria and other single cell animals.

The death of Stephen Paddock and his victims can now be attributed to medical professionals, like Jay R. Feierman, and anyone else who claims: “We are used to thinking about evolution at hierarchical levels above that of protein enzymes.”
The creation of protein enzymes requires an energy source. That fact refutes every aspect of the pseudoscientific nonsense touted by biologically uninformed science idiots. [An idiot is someone with no professional expertise: A biologically uninformed science idiot is someone like Feierman, who has professional expertise but no common sense.] Feierman linked to this article: Origin and Evolution of RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (with my emphasis)

With the emergence of a variant with properties of reverse transcriptase, and subsequently a DNA polymerase, a fundamental step occurred to originate the first genomes based in DNA, being the bridge to move from a RNA/Protein World to a DNA/RNA/Protein World (Gilbert, 1986; Müller, 2006). When DNA molecules emerged, by variation, other classes of polymerases appeared. With the complexification of the biological system, functions such as replication, repair, and recombination emerged, very high error rates were selected against, and the new variants arose to work in specific processes.

My summary: The authors eliminate the energy-dependent creation of enzymes (1) reverse transcriptase and (2) a DNA polymerase. In the second act of their tragic comedy routine, they eliminate the biophysical constraints that link the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction from natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality to the creation of enzymes and food energy-dependent RNA-mediated DNA repair via feedback loops.
See: Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction
The feedback loops link the sense of smell in bacteria from the physiology of their pheromone-controlled reproduction to our visual perception of energy and mass in the context of the space-time continuum.
See: Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception

The behavioral gain produced by a congruent relative to an incongruent odor is accompanied by elevated neural oscillatory power around the object’s flicker frequency in the right temporal region ~150-300 ms after object onset, and is not mediated by visual awareness. In parallel, odors bias the subjective duration of visual objects without affecting one’s temporal sensitivity. These findings point to a neuronal network in the right temporal cortex that executes flexible temporal filtering of upstream visual inputs based on olfactory information. Moreover, they collectively indicate that the very process of sensory integration at the stage of object processing twists time perception, hence casting new insights into the neural timing of multisensory events.

Virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA links alterations in the timing of multisensory events to the suicide of Stephen Paddock and to the unnecessary suffering and premature death of his victims. That fact was placed into the context of Feierman’s thinly veiled attack on the practice of Precision Medicine.
See: Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference, which was presented during the Labroots: Precision Medicine Virtual Conference February 22-23. 2017
Description:

Feedback loops link quantized energy as information to biophysically constrained RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry. Light induced energy-dependent changes link angstroms to ecosystems from classical physics to chemistry/chirality and to molecular epigenetics/autophagy. The National Microbiome Initiative links microbial quorum sensing to the physiology of reproduction via endogenous RNA interference and chromosomal rearrangements. The rearrangements link energy-dependent fixed amino acid substitutions to the Precision Medicine Initiative via genome wide inferences of natural selection. This detailed representation of energy-dependent natural selection for codon optimality links biologically- based cause and effect from G protein-coupled receptors to RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions and the functional structure of supercoiled DNA. Energy-dependent polycombic ecological adaptations are manifested in supercoiled DNA. Chromosomal inheritance links the adaptations from morphological phenotypes to healthy longevity via behavioral phenotypes. For contrast, virus-driven energy theft is the link from messenger RNA degradation to negative supercoiling, constraint breaking mutations, and hecatombic evolution. The viral hecatomb links transgenerational epigenetic inheritance from archaea to Zika virus-damaged DNA, which typically is repaired by endogenous RNA interference and fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in organized genomes

Stephen Paddock killed 59 people and more than 500 people were injured. On 10/4/17, there were only 637 views of my 7 minute-long presentation. With release of the cell biology game “Cytosis,” which is scheduled to be available later this month, everyone who is not dead yet will be able to learn how to protect themselves from the cause of death by suicide: viruses. The virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA will also be the cause of death for people who have not learned the difference between energy-dependent healthy longevity and the virus-driven energy theft that will kill them either directly or indirectly.

A board game taking place inside a human cell! Players compete to build enzymes, hormones and receptors and fend off attacking Viruses!

See also this comment to the human-ethology Yahoo group (reproduced below)

See for comparison: Transcription factor clusters regulate genes in eukaryotic cells

Attempts continue to link epigenetic drift and epitranscriptomics to RNA-mediated cell type differentiation outside the context of natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality and the biophysically constrained pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction. All past attempts have failed.

The reason for those attempts and the reason all past attempts have failed may require more clarification from people like Jay R. Feierman. Others realize that the enzymes linked from metabolism to survival of all species did not create themselves and did not evolve, which means that no species evolved via natural selection for beneficial mutations. Pseudoscientists have been left behind with their hypothetical scenarios.’

See for example: Origin and Evolution of RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase

“Based in the present results, we suggest a hypothetical scenario where initially a ribozyme with polymerase activity could have enhanced its activity by the binding of a simple cofactor, as magnesium (Shechner et al., 2009; Horning and Joyce, 2017), thus, exerting the functions of replication of some information stored on RNA molecules (Kim and Higgs, 2016; Tagami et al., 2017).”

See for comparison: Lipid Encapsulation of Self Replicating Ribozymes

“Despite their challenges, ribozymes have made an interesting niche for themselves in the field of abiogenesis. The evolution of a successful RNA polymerase ribozyme is a lofty goal. While its discovery would not be the be-all and end-all of abiogenesis research, it would represent an important stepping stone between prebiotic chemistry and life. The encapsulation of such a ribozyme is also an important step, as it would enable a system of heredity and evolution through natural selection. Based on progress in current research, it is only a matter of time before that ribozyme is discovered.”

I have discussed the claims about abiogenesis and ribozymes in the context of “…a system of heredity and evolution through natural selection…” with scientists who have repeatedly assured me that the claims are nothing more than examples of what Richard Feynman placed into the context of “human idiocy.” Food energy is required for the creation of enzymes that metabolize the food, which links the metabolism to the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans via alternative splicings of pre-mRNAs, which are now called microRNAs in more than 65,000 published works.

See for example: miRNA as viral transcription tuners in HPV-mediated cervical carcinogenesis

Discovery of microRNAs (miRs) in recent years and differential expression of a set of specific miRs in HPV infection and cervical lesions indicate that among various regulatory mechanisms, role of these differentially expressed miRs in the post-transcriptional control is pivotal.

When will people like Feierman and Jones begin to examine the extant literature that links energy-dependent biophysically constrained biologically-based cause and effect as detailed in the molecular epigenetics section of our 1996 review:
From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior
How many more people will needlessly suffer and/or die prematurely due to the ignorance and arrogance of biologically uninformed science idiots?

Cytosis

God vs host-derived creation of virus-driven pathology (2)

by with No Comment AdaptationsAlternative SplicingsAutophagybiophotonicsCytosisDiseases & DisordersEcologyHuman PheromonesModel OrganismsRNA DirectedRNA-directed DNA methylationRNA-mediated gene silencing
See first: God vs host-derived creation of virus-driven pathology

When you next see someone claim that “…there is very little knowledge about the gut microbiome” you may associate that claim with the ignorance touted by neo-Darwinian theorists and compare it to what anyone 10 years-old or older will learn when they play the cell biology game “Cystosis.” A board game taking place inside a human cell! Players compete to build enzymes, hormones and receptors and fend off attacking Viruses!
Moving forward: Food energy is required to build enzymes, hormones and receptors and fend off attacking viruses. The metabolism of food to species-specific pheromones that control the physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans is represented in this presentation from 2009 by Eshel Ben-Jacob.
 

At 39:10, he declares that the link from food energy to pheromones and behavior is “epigenetic.”‘
See also: Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference (video)

Published on 15 Feb 2017

Feedback loops link quantized energy as information to biophysically constrained RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry. Light induced energy-dependent changes link angstroms to ecosystems from classical physics to chemistry/chirality and to molecular epigenetics/autophagy.
The National Microbiome Initiative links microbial quorum sensing to the physiology of reproduction via endogenous RNA interference and chromosomal rearrangements. The rearrangements link energy-dependent fixed amino acid substitutions to the Precision Medicine Initiative via genome wide inferences of natural selection.
This detailed representation of energy-dependent natural selection for codon optimality links biologically- based cause and effect from G protein-coupled receptors to RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions and the functional structure of supercoiled DNA. Energy-dependent polycombic ecological adaptations are manifested in supercoiled DNA. Chromosomal inheritance links the adaptations from morphological phenotypes to healthy longevity via behavioral phenotypes.
For contrast, virus-driven energy theft is the link from messenger RNA degradation to negative supercoiling, constraint breaking mutations, and hecatombic evolution. The viral hecatomb links transgenerational epigenetic inheritance from archaea to Zika virus-damaged DNA, which typically is repaired by endogenous RNA interference and fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in organized genomes.

See for comparison: Preprocessing of emotional visual information in the human piriform cortex

To conclude, our findings support the specific role of the piriform cortex beyond a mere sensory relay up to a higher-order associative brain area. We are the first to demonstrate that the human piriform cortex processes emotional visual information before odor perception. Moreover, we found a common activation pattern in regions of the olfactory network such as piriform cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus for the subsequent integration of the emotional visual information while processing the actual odor. Matching behavioral results reveal that the emotion of a facial expression influences the valence rating of an odor. Thus, the behavioral observation as well as brain activation data jointly point towards a preprocessed integration of emotional visual information that modulates olfactory processing.

Their ridiculous conclusion, which is based on brain imaging linked to behavior, makes it appear that humans are primarily visual creatures.For comparison, see: Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception

Our perception of the world builds upon dynamic inputs from multiple senses with different temporal resolutions, and is threaded with the passing of subjective time. How time is extracted from multisensory inputs is scantly known. Utilizing psychophysical testing and electroencephalography, we show in healthy human adults that odors modulate object visibility around critical flicker-fusion frequency (CFF)-the limit at which chromatic flickers become perceived as a stable color-and effectively alter CFF in a congruency-based manner, despite that they afford no clear environmental temporal information. The behavioral gain produced by a congruent relative to an incongruent odor is accompanied by elevated neural oscillatory power around the object’s flicker frequency in the right temporal region ~150-300 ms after object onset, and is not mediated by visual awareness. In parallel, odors bias the subjective duration of visual objects without affecting one’s temporal sensitivity. These findings point to a neuronal network in the right temporal cortex that executes flexible temporal filtering of upstream visual inputs based on olfactory information. Moreover, they collectively indicate that the very process of sensory integration at the stage of object processing twists time perception, hence casting new insights into the neural timing of multisensory events.
They linked what is known about natural information processing in bacteria: Learning from Bacteria about Natural Information Processing to what is known about how Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction in all living genera.
The feedback loops typically prevent virus-driven energy theft from causing the mutations that have been linked to all pathology by all serious scientists.For comparison, see: Finding what fuels the ‘runaway train’ of autoimmune disease

It has been a long-standing observation in the clinic that autoimmune diseases evolve over time, attacking an ever-expanding array of organs and tissues – a phenomenon known as ‘epitope spreading…

The observation fails to link the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA to all pathology via energy-dependent changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance. See for comparison: microRNA  Items: 1 to 20 of 63935

 
“It’s truly natural selection on a microcosm,” says van der Poel. “Once activated, there are ten different possible colors to represent different B cell clones. Over a week or two, the color diversity begins to shift—eventually one color dominates, representing a single clone winning out.”
 
It’s energy-dependent RNA-mediated autophagy. Activation is energy-dependent and RNA-mediated. Natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality must be linked from ecological variation to ecological adaptation via the physiology of reproduction in all living genera. These researchers are making unsubstantiated claims about the “evolution” of pathology at a time when all serious scientists know that all pathology is caused by virus-driven energy theft.
A rendering of how changes in an electron's motion (bottom view) alter the scattering of light (top view), as measured in a new experiment that scattered more than 500 photons of light from a single electron. Previous experiments had managed to scatter no more than a few photons at a time. Credit: Extreme Light Laboratory|University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Energy-dependent physical and biophysical constraints (5)

by with One Comment AdaptationsCytosisDiseases & DisordersEcologyHuman PheromonesModel OrganismsNeuronal PlasticityNutrigenomicsPhysicsRNA DirectedRNA interferenceRNA-directed DNA methylationRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expressionVariations

Summary: Emmy Noethe’s theorems were developed in the early 1900’s. Richard Feynman inadvertently or purposefully alluded to them as examples of human idiocy.
Discover Magazine resurrected the examples of human idiocy in a 2017 article. For comparison, Choi et al., (2017) support the claims that intercellular and interkingdom communication is energy-dependent and controlled by the metabolism of food energy to pheromones.
It is obvious that pheromones biophysically constrain the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA. That fact links everything currently known about RNA-mediated cell type differentiation to human love in the context of established links from quantum physics to quantum souls. It may surprise some people to know that the virus-driven evolution of love is the antithetical to the food energy-dependent physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in all living genera. Indeed, some people may realize that the virus-driven evolution of anything is based upon ridiculous theories that were invented by Emmy Noethe.
See: Energy-dependent physical and biophysical constraints (4)
Natural selection links odors and the food energy from what organisms eat to the de novo creation of microRNAs. The creation of microRNAs is linked to biophysically constrained energy-dependent codon optimality.
Odor and food energy-dependent changes in microRNAs link hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution from the creation of amino acids to the ability to sense energy and mass in the context of the space-time continuum. The sense of smell in bacteria has been linked to our food energy-dependent visual perception of the space-time continuum.
Publication of Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception precedes the September 2017 release of the cell biology game Cytosis. The cell biology game links virus-driven energy theft to all pathology.

A board game taking place inside a human cell! Players compete to build enzymes, hormones and receptors and fend off attacking Viruses!

Taken together, the facts about olfaction link the sense of smell in bacteria from quorum sensing to our visual perception of mass and energy in the context of the space-time continuum. It is no trouble for a serious scientist to consistently link quantum physics from food energy to the creation of quantum souls via changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance and the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction.
Richard Feynman inadvertently did that when he claimed that the different measures for units of energy used by other theoretical physicists were examples of human idiocy.

See for comparison: The Universe According to Emmy Noethe (Discover Magazine, 2017)

…energy may not be conserved “locally” — that is, in an arbitrarily small patch of space — but everything works out when the space is sufficiently large. That was one of two theorems she proved that year in Göttingen, Germany. The other theorem, which would ultimately have a far greater impact, uncovered an intimate link between conservation laws (such as the conservation of energy) and the symmetries of nature, a connection that physicists have exploited ever since. Today, our current grasp of the physical world, from subatomic particles to black holes, draws heavily upon this theorem, now known simply as Noether’s theorem.

Emmy Noethe’s so-called theorems, which she developed in the early 1900’s, attempted to explain how the concept of entropy might not appear to defy everything known to serious scientists about the biophysically constrained energy-dependent physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction, which links feedback loops from odors and pheromones to the creation of all energy-dependent biodiversity on Earth.
Simply put, more than 100 years ago Emmy Noethe’s theorems suggested that all representations of energy-dependent biologically-based cause and effect are wrong. For a current representation of what is known, see: Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction.
The physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction links what organisms eat to all energy-dependent biodiversity via the de novo creation of genes and gene activation that is biophysically constrained by the metabolism of food to pheromones which control the physiology of reproduction in all living genera.
See also: AMP-enabled FLT3-ITD detection

Independent and bidirectional probes are specifically optimized to detect internal tandem duplications (ITDs) of all sizes. The reads originating from these probes are bioinformatically assembled by Archer Analysis using a de novo assembler to form longer consensus sequences that span the ITD. These longer sequences are then aligned to the reference genome to identify the presence of even very large ITDs (> 250bp).a
a Only available on Illumina® instruments

Use of a so-called “de novo assembler” eliminates any consideration of energy as information that must be used in the context of bioinformatics and the identify of reference genomes that are used to identify pathological gene variants that arise in the context of energy-dependent de novo gene creation.  The link from Emmy Noethe’s theorems to the pseudoscientific nonsense about the  “de novo assembler” may not be clear without examination of facts about the physiology of reproduction.
For example, see: Physiology is rocking the foundations of evolutionary biology

Perhaps the elegant mathematics and the extraordinary reputation of the scientists involved blinded us to what now seems obvious: the organism should never have been relegated to the role of mere carrier of its genes.

For information on Emmy Noethe’s reputation and her elegant mathematics, see:

The Mighty Mathematician You’ve Never Heard Of (2012)

She invented a theorem that united with magisterial concision two conceptual pillars of physics: symmetry in nature and the universal laws of conservation.

Noether’s brilliance was obvious to all who worked with her, and her male mentors repeatedly took up her cause…

A Fight for the Soul of Science (2015)

Silk accused these theorists of “moving the goalposts” of science and blurring the line between physics and pseudoscience. “The imprimatur of science should be awarded only to a theory that is testable,” Ellis and Silk wrote, thereby disqualifying most of the leading theories of the past 40 years. “Only then can we defend science from attack.”

See for comparison:

Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems April by James V Kohl

This atoms to ecosystems model of ecological adaptations links nutrient-dependent epigenetic effects on base pairs and amino acid substitutions to pheromone-controlled changes in the microRNA / messenger RNA balance and chromosomal rearrangements. The nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled changes are required for the thermodynamic regulation of intracellular signaling, which enables biophysically constrained nutrient-dependent protein folding; experience-dependent receptor-mediated behaviors, and organism-level thermoregulation in ever-changing ecological niches and social niches. Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological, social, neurogenic and socio-cognitive niche construction are manifested in increasing organismal complexity in species from microbes to man. Species diversity is a biologically-based nutrient-dependent morphological fact and species-specific pheromones control the physiology of reproduction. The reciprocal relationships of species-typical nutrient-dependent morphological and behavioral diversity are enabled by pheromone-controlled reproduction. Ecological variations and biophysically constrained natural selection of nutrients cause the behaviors that enable ecological adaptations. Species diversity is ecologically validated proof-of-concept. Ideas from population genetics, which exclude ecological factors, are integrated with an experimental evidence-based approach that establishes what is currently known. This is known: Olfactory/pheromonal input links food odors and social odors from the epigenetic landscape to the physical landscape of DNA in the organized genomes of species from microbes to man during their development.

From my publications alert: What’s new for ‘microRNA’ in PubMed on July 26, 2017
Tiny RNAs and their voyage via extracellular vesicles: Secretion of bacterial small RNA and eukaryotic microRNA

MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that bind to the 3′-untranslated region of target mRNAs and have transcriptional or translational inhibitory function in eukaryotes. Before microRNAs were widely known, bacterial non-coding small RNAs around 50-200 nt in length were discovered whose mechanism of action resembled that of microRNAs. Recently, RNAs that are of similar size to or smaller than microRNAs have been discovered in bacteria and indeed, this class of small RNAs have been found throughout all domains of life. Moreover, recent findings suggest that these tiny RNAs can be released via extracellular vesicles (such as exosomes in eukaryotes and outer membrane vesicles in bacteria), which in turn heralds a new field of research, interkingdom communication. This review discusses two similar classes of small RNAs in evolutionarily distinct eukaryotes and bacteria. In addition to their biogenesis and regulation, we discuss small RNA vehicles and their secretion. Impact statement The possible endogenous functions of small RNAs such as regulatory small RNAs in bacteria and microRNAs in eukaryotes have been extensively studied since they were first discovered. However, their powerful functions should not be seen as limited to their cells of origin. Recently, several papers have demonstrated that small RNAs function as signaling molecules between cells. This is possible because small RNAs can be shuttled around after being incorporated into environmentally protective extracellular vesicles. It is now clearly plausible that secreted small RNAs can regulate other types of cells through biofluids. Given their “common molecule” status, the role of small RNAs in mediating bacteria-human crosstalk is an emerging and competitive area of genetic research. This review provides insight into the function of small RNAs in intercellular and even interkingdom communication.

See also:Impact statement

The possible endogenous functions of small RNAs such as regulatory small RNAs in bacteria and microRNAs in eukaryotes have been extensively studied since they were first discovered. However, their powerful functions should not be seen as limited to their cells of origin. Recently, several papers have demonstrated that small RNAs function as signaling molecules between cells. This is possible because small RNAs can be shuttled around after being incorporated into environmentally protective extracellular vesicles. It is now clearly plausible that secreted small RNAs can regulate other types of cells through biofluids. Given their “common molecule” status, the role of small RNAs in mediating bacteria-human crosstalk is an emerging and competitive area of genetic research. This review provides insight into the function of small RNAs in intercellular and even interkingdom communication.

As indicated in my 2014 invited review of nutritional epigenetics, which was returned without review, endogenous functions of regulatory RNAs such as small RNAs in bacteria and microRNAs in eukaryotes have been extensively detailed in the context of biophysically constrained biologically-based cause and effect. These authors attest to the fact that the structure and function of bacterial small RNAs and eukaryotic microRNAs are not limited to their food energy-dependent de novo creation in their cells of origin.
The fact that small RNA and micro-RNA-mediated cell type differentiation occurs in the context of hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution links the information in this review to claims that small RNAs in seawater solutions and microRNAs in blood link “common molecule” status to “… the function of small RNAs in intercellular and even interkingdom communication.”  The fact that intercellular and interkingdom communication is energy-dependent and controlled by the metabolism of food energy to pheromones that biophysically constrain the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA, links everything currently known about cell type differentiation from quantum physics to quantum souls via the food energy-dependent physiology of reproduction in all living genera.
See also: Choi JW[Author] microRNA
For example: MicroRNA profiling in the mouse hypothalamus reveals oxytocin-regulating microRNA
For comparison: @36:18 Larry Young explains the virus-driven evolution of love as if serious scientists had learned nothing about receptor-mediated behaviors.

Hard Science vs the neo-Darwinian "magic box"

by with No Comment AdaptationsbiophotonicsDiseases & DisordersEcologyHuman BrainHuman PheromonesLight EnergyModel OrganismsPhysicsRNA DirectedRNA-directed DNA methylationRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expressionRNA–Mediated Epigenetic HeredityVariations

Summary: Identical nucleotide sequences link energy-dependent changes in binding sites to different amino acids in different proteins. The binding sites are conserved in the orthologous mammalian genes.

  1. The in vivo structure of biological membranes and evidence for lipid domains
  2. Scientists investigate how the sense of smell works in bacteria
  3. Biogenic non-crystalline U(IV) revealed as major component in uranium ore deposits

As presciently predicted in the works of Richard Feynman and Bruce McEwen, bacteria feed on something that allows them to produce uranium isotopes in the context of their food energy-dependent biophysically constrained pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction. The link from a light-activated endogenous substrate in all cell types must be viewed in the context of energy-dependent feedback loops that link sunlight to the anti-entropic constraint of atomic energy in uranium isotopes. Chromosomal inheritance prevents the evolution of one species into another.

Hard Science at futurism.com

See:  Scientists Have an Experiment to See If the Human Mind Is Bound to the Physical World

What it could mean is this: that the human mind (consciousness) isn’t made up of the same matter governed by physics. Furthermore, it could suggest that the mind is capable of overcoming physics with free will. This could potentially be the first time scientists gain a firm grasp on the problem of consciousness. “It wouldn’t settle the question, but it would certainly have a strong bearing on the issue of free will,” said Hardy.

The idea that the mind isn’t made up of matter, which is governed by the Laws of Physics is ridiculous. You cannot take such a ridiculous idea and make it meaningful via experiments. The experiment would be meaningless. All experiments must start with a rational hypothesis or something that is known. Then you must attempt to add scientific support for extending what is known to something that becomes known via your experiment. Otherwise, you start with a theory and add nothing more than another theory. You don’t get answers to any questions.
See for example: Did humans evolve in Europe rather than Africa? We don’t have the answer just yet

Charles Darwin believed that humans evolved in Africa, because that’s where our closest ape relatives the chimpanzees and gorillas live. And during the twentieth century he was vindicated through a combination of fossil and genetic discoveries.

Darwin placed his energy-dependent “conditions of life” first. .

While our place in the tree of life is now well established – chimpanzees being our closest relatives – the beginning of the human line millions of years ago continues to be shrouded in mystery.

Charles Darwin had a theory about how his “conditions of life” might be linked to biodiversity via natural selection. Others thought that his theory could be linked from natural selection to the evolution of humans from ape relatives. They claimed that Darwin thought humans evolved during millions of years of natural selection for small changes. De Vries (1902) defined the small changes as mutations. Biologically uninformed neo-Darwinian theorists still claim that mutation-driven evolution is supported by the fossil record and genetic discoveries.
See for comparison: Natural Selection on the Olfactory Receptor Gene Family in Humans and Chimpanzees
Svante Paabo is one of the paleoanthropologists who has a grasp of cell biology, which links energy to RNA-mediated biodiversity via the sense of smell. When someone with his level of expertise refutes all neo-Darwinian nonsense with experimental evidence of biologically-based cause and effect, how can others justify their lack of acceptance for the facts? Paabo’s facts link natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality to all biodiversity via the claims in Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction.

See also: Engineering RGB color vision into Escherichia coli reported as: Bacterial Photography Goes Technicolor

Genetically engineered “disco bacteria” sense and respond to different colors of light, creating both stunning art in the culture dish and new possibilities for synthetic biology.

See for comparison:Loss of Olfactory Receptor Genes Coincides with the Acquisition of Full Trichromatic Vision in Primates
Who engineered the energy-dependent acquisition of RGB color vision in E. coli and full trichromatic RGB color vision in primates? What prevents the biophysically constrained loss of the engineered receptors for RGB color vision in E. coli that are linked from the de novo creation of olfactory receptor genes to the loss of the genes that coincides with the advent of RGB (Trichromatic) color vision in primates?
Pseudoscientists might claim that evolution engineers the acquisition of all morphological and behavioral traits, but they won’t make verifiable claims about biophysical constraints or loss of the genes after the genes are created. Instead, see: Mutation-Driven Evolution.
Theorists start with genes that were somehow created and then claim:

…genomic conservation and constraint-breaking mutation is the ultimate source of all biological innovations…

After the energy-dependent de novo creation of genes, genomic conservation continues to be nutrient energy-dependent and biophysically constrained by the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in all living genera. Chromosomal inheritance prevents the evolution of one species into another — unless it occurs via magic traits. In the context of mutation-driven evolution species must have magic traits.
See for example: Evolution on the fast lane—One flounder species became two

“The answer may lay in so called magic traits, meaning traits that are under selection which at the same time cause reproductive isolation as a byproduct. In theory, selection on such traits could play a central role in rapid speciation events. The mating strategies and reproductive traits of the two flounder species could act as magic traits,” clarifies Momigliano.

See for comparison: Molecular regionalization of the developing amphioxus neural tube challenges major partitions of the vertebrate brain

Reported as: Living fossil challenges thinking on brain evolution

Despite its appearance, amphioxus is not a fish. It has a primitive spinal cord which runs down its back, but no clearly defined face, no bones or jaws and a small brain with a single light-sensing “frontal eye”. It has changed so little for hundreds of millions of years that it has been described as a “living fossil”.

See for comparison to the report of a hundreds of million years-old “living fossil:” Bacteria evolve over a weekend  (video)
Serious scientists know that the bacteria that reportedly “evolved” adapted to ecological variation in their food supply. Adaptation is nutrient energy-dependent and pheromone controlled via the physiology of reproduction in all living genera. It occurs over-the-weekend in P. fluorescens, but it is still reported to be mutation-driven evolution by biologically uninformed theorists.
Biologically uniformed theorists also make claims like those found here: The Physics of Everything

For comparison: This is the Physics of Everything, outside the context of the magic of evolution in the context of magic traits.

See: The in vivo structure of biological membranes and evidence for lipid domains

This approach relies on tuning the isotopic content of hydrogen within the membrane, and other parts of the bacterium, to generate neutron scattering spectra exclusively from the membrane. Using this approach, we confirmed that the structure of the B. subtilis membrane is lamellar and has an average hydrophobic thickness of 23.9 ± 0.9 Ångstroms (Å).

Average hydrophobic thickness cannot be linked from energy-dependent changes in the cell membrane to biophysically constrained cause and effect via the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in any organism.
See for comparison: Scientists investigate how the sense of smell works in bacteria

…the signaling and inactive states differ only very slightly at the nitrate-binding site – by 0.5-1 angstroms, which is approximately one fifth of the size of the ion itself (1 angstrom is 10-10 meters). However, when this ion binds to the sensor, it causes huge changes in the protein: The helices of different monomers begin to move in different directions, like pistons. These “pistons” transmit the small change of 0.5-1 angstroms through the membrane, and their outer ends shift by approximately 2.5 angstroms in different directions. Inside the cell, in the HAMP domain, these shifts are converted into the rotation of two parts of NarQ relative to each other. Ultimately, the positions of the output helices change by as much as 7 angstroms, thus completing the signal transmission.

Serious scientists do not link average hydrophobic thickness from the sense of smell in bacteria to all biophysically constrained energy-dependent biodiversity via the physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans. Serious scientists link the energy-dependent changes from angstroms to ecosystems in the context of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in supercoiled DNA.
See: Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA

Our data provide relative comparisons of supercoiling-dependent twisted, writhed, curved, and kinked conformations and associated base exposure. Each of these structural features may be differentially recognized by the proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules that modulate DNA metabolic processes.

The metabolic processes are energy-dependent and biophysically constrained.

For another example of biogenic metabolic processes, see: Biogenic non-crystalline U(IV) revealed as major component in uranium ore deposits

This was reported as: A new twist on uranium’s origin story, by CSU scientists

In recent years, scientists had uncovered new evidence that bacteria – living microorganisms – could generate a different kind of reduced uranium that is non-crystalline and has very different physical and chemical properties.

…using new techniques including synchrotron radiation-based spectroscopy and isotope fingerprinting. They found that up to 89 percent of the uranium from their 650-foot-deep samples wasn’t crystalline uraninite at all, but rather, a non-crystalline uranium that was bound to organic matter or inorganic carbonate. Most of the uranium they found in that unmined site is estimated to be 3 million years old, and formed via reduction by microorganisms – microbes that respire not on oxygen, but on uranium.

They linked the nutrient energy-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in bacteria and all other living genera to the creation of differences in the 238U to 235U isotope ratio. The differences in the 238U to 235U isotope ratio discriminate between the abiotic and biotic transformation of uranium. But, they placed their findings on abiogenesis into the context of ridiculous theories of evolution and ignored everything  known to serious scientists about the energy-dependent biotic transformation of uranium and all energy-dependent biogenesis.

For any example of how placing their results into the context of abiogenesis supports ridiculous theories about emergence and evolution, see: Uranium–lead dating

The method relies on two separate decay chains, the uranium series from 238U to 206Pb, with a half-life of 4.47 billion years and the actinium series from 235U to 207Pb, with a half-life of 710 million years.

For comparison, see: Evolutionary resurrection of flagellar motility via rewiring of the nitrogen regulation system

This was reported as: Evolutionary Rewiring: Strong selective pressure can lead to rapid and reproducible evolution in bacteria

NtrC shares 30 percent amino acid identity with FleQ… the re-evolved flagella enabled the bacteria to access food supplies…

Natural selection for food energy-dependent codon optimality links ultraviolet light (UV) to the nutrient energy-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in P. fluorescens, which links UV light to the weekend resurrection of the flagellum because P. fluorescens fluoresces with exposure to UV light.

Differences in the nutrient energy-dependent RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions link differences in supercoiled DNA to the protection of all organized genomes from viruses. Virus-driven energy theft causes the degradation of messenger RNA, which links mutations to all pathology.

See Feynman’s comments about food energy:

Could any other physicist but Feynman have guessed that bacteria feed on something that allows them to produce uranium isotopes in the context of their food energy-dependent biophysically constrained pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction?

Could any other molecular biologist but Bruce McEwen have linked an endogenous substrate from the energy-dependent biophysically constrained pheromone controlled physiology of reproduction to all biodiversity in all living genera?

See also: The Binding Sites of miR-619-5p in the mRNAs of Human and Orthologous Genes

Binding sites of miR-619-5p in the 3’UTRs of all human target genes are also present in the 3’UTRs of orthologous genes of mammals. The completely complementary binding sites for miR-619-5p are conservative in the orthologous mammalian genes.

CONCLUSIONS:(with my emphasis)

The majority of miR-619-5p binding sites are located in the 3’UTRs but some genes have miRNA binding sites in the 5’UTRs of mRNAs. Several genes have binding sites for miRNAs in the CDSs that are read in different open reading frames. Identical nucleotide sequences of binding sites encode different amino acids in different proteins. The binding sites of miR-619-5p in 3’UTRs, 5’UTRs and CDSs are conservative in the orthologous mammalian genes.

To help differentiate between evolution and adaptation in the context of natural selection for food energy-dependent codon optimality in the context of the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduciton, see: Metrics of assay accuracy

Neo-Darwinian evolution occurs only in the context of this “Magic Box” example. Each time you look at the “+” sign on the box, you are taught to believe in evolution.

For comparison, see: The Emerging View of Aging as a Reversible Epigenetic Process

This evidence supports the idea that progressive epigenetic dysregulation may be the key driver of organismal aging and challenges the conventional view of aging as an irreversible process. The model of aging as an epigenetic process provides an elegant explanation of a number of age-related processes difficult to explain by conventional theories of aging.

Conventional theories of aging have failed to link the nutrient energy-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry to all biodiversity via biophysically constrained chromosomal inheritance. That’s how conventional theories left all of humanity waiting for cures that will never become available. Biologically uninformed theorists still do not know how protein folding chemistry is linked from changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance to healthy longevity via cell type differentiation or from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA to mutations and all pathology.
See: Genome editing: That’s the way the CRISPR crumbles
Review of A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution This title will be released on June 13, 2017.

Not since the atomic bomb has a technology so alarmed its inventors that they warned the world about its use.

June 14, 2013 Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model

…the model represented here is consistent with what is known about the epigenetic effects of ecologically important nutrients and pheromones on the adaptively evolved behavior of species from microbes to man. Minimally, this model can be compared to any other factual representations of epigenesis and epistasis for determination of the best scientific ‘fit’.

 June 14, 2013 Mutation-Driven Evolution

(1) Mutation is the source of all genetic variation on which any form of evolution is dependent. Mutation is the change of genomic structure and includes nucleotide substitution, insertion/deletion, segmental gene duplication, genomic duplication, changes in gene regulatory systems, transposition of genes, horizontal gene transfer, etc. (2) Natural selection is for saving advantageous mutations and eliminating harmful mutations. Selective advantage of the mutation is determined by the type of DNA change, and therefore natural selection is an evolutionary process initiated by mutation. It does not have any creative power in contrast to the statements made by some authors.

 

fruit-dove

Food energy-dependent epigenetic adaptation (3)

by with No Comment AdaptationsEcologyLight EnergyModel OrganismsPhysicsRNA DirectedVariations

Food energy-dependent epigenetic adaptation (2)

On 5/24/17 I attempted to post this to the ISHE’s human ethology group in response to the post on How concepts of God have developed: God’s shrinking role. God’s survival. Conclusions.

For comparison, see the expanding role of anti-entropic virucidal energy that theorists claim automagically emerged to sustain all evolved biodiversity.

I included a link to:


I also included a link to:

The moderator of the group responded quickly: Jay R. Feierman wrote:

What you are posting has nothing to do with the thread article.

See also: 7/25/13
Jay R. Feierman:

Variation is not nutrient availability and the something that is doing the selecting is not the individual organism. A feature of an educated person is to realize what they do not know. Sadly, you don’t know that you have an incorrect understanding [of] Darwinian biological evolution. 

My summary of past interactions with Jay R. Feierman:

He refuses to accept the fact that conditions of life are energy-dependent. He refuses to accept the fact that other biologically uninformed science idiots and many anonymous fools have consistently removed Darwin’s ‘conditions of life’ and replaced them with ridiculous theories about mutations and evolution.

At a conference we both attended in 1995, Jay R. Feierman was the first to challenge the entirety of the model I presented with the question “What about birds?”

He has continued to prevent dissemination of accurate representations of energy-dependent biologically-based cause and effect since then. He exemplifies the impact that one biologically uninformed science idiot can have across an entire generation of unsuspecting anonymous fools who are likely to believe that the creation of energy has nothing to do with the claims in: How concepts of God have developed: God’s shrinking role. God’s survival. Conclusions.

See also: The general form of Hamilton’s rule makes no predictions and cannot be tested empirically

Hamilton’s rule asserts that a trait is favored by natural selection if the benefit to others, B, multiplied by relatedness, R, exceeds the cost to self, C. Specifically, Hamilton’s rule states that the change in average trait value in a population is proportional to BR−C. This rule is commonly believed to be a natural law making important predictions in biology, and its influence has spread from evolutionary biology to other fields including the social sciences. Whereas many feel that Hamilton’s rule provides valuable intuition, there is disagreement even among experts as to how the quantities B, R, and C should be defined for a given system. Here, we investigate a widely endorsed formulation of Hamilton’s rule, which is said to be as general as natural selection itself. We show that, in this formulation, Hamilton’s rule does not make predictions and cannot be tested empirically. It turns out that the parameters B and C depend on the change in average trait value and therefore cannot predict that change. In this formulation, which has been called “exact and general” by its proponents, Hamilton’s rule can “predict” only the data that have already been given.

Simply put, the authors attest to the fact that every aspect that has ever been included in mathematical models of natural selection cannot link natural selection to anything that could not be predicted by what is known about how food energy must be linked from ecological variation to ecological adaptation by the sense of smell in all living genera. The sense of smell predictably links what is known about natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality to biophysically constrained viral latency via publication in 2005 of Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction.

There has never been any experimental evidence of biologically based cause and effect that link anything but olfaction, food odor, and pheromones directly to the survival of all species. Yet Feierman’s claim continues to be echoed in the claims of all others who are biologically uninformed:

Variation is not nutrient availability and the something that is doing the selecting is not the individual organism. — Jay R. Feierman

See for comparison: Scientists investigate how the sense of smell works in bacteria

…the signaling and inactive states differ only very slightly at the nitrate-binding site – by 0.5-1 angstroms, which is approximately one fifth of the size of the ion itself (1 angstrom is 10-10 meters). However, when this ion binds to the sensor, it causes huge changes in the protein: The helices of different monomers begin to move in different directions, like pistons. These “pistons” transmit the small change of 0.5-1 angstroms through the membrane, and their outer ends shift by approximately 2.5 angstroms in different directions. Inside the cell, in the HAMP domain, these shifts are converted into the rotation of two parts of NarQ relative to each other. Ultimately, the positions of the output helices change by as much as 7 angstroms, thus completing the signal transmission.

 

Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA

Food energy-dependent epigenetic adaptation (2)

by with One Comment AdaptationsAlternative SplicingsCytosisDiseases & DisordersEcologyHuman PheromonesLight EnergyModel OrganismsPhysicsRNA-directed DNA methylationRNA–Mediated Epigenetic HeredityVariations

Due to the overwhelming support for my model of top-down causation and all energy-dependent biophysically constrained biodiversity on Earth, I will replace
Food energy-dependent epigenetic adaptation (2)
with the more appropriately titled
God’s shrinking role in your salvation
See: Food energy-dependent epigenetic adaptation
and God’s shrinking role in your salvation (in prep)
before proceeding to the rest of this series on epigenetic adaptation.
 

rp_tumblr_ngykp0yfND1r5gzz6o1_500.jpg

Energy-dependent epigenetic translation to mRNA stability

by with One Comment AdaptationsbiophotonicsCytosisDiseases & DisordersEcologyHuman PheromonesLight EnergyModel OrganismsNutrigenomicsPhysicsRNA DirectedRNA-directed DNA methylationVariations

Negative selection in humans and fruit flies involves synergistic epistasis

Negative selection against deleterious alleles produced by mutation influences within-population variation as the most pervasive form of natural selection.

Naturally occurring positive selection for energy-dependent codon optimality replaced every aspect of neo-Darwinian theories that linked natural selection from mutations to evolution of increasing organismal complexity. Positive selection for epigenetically-effected beneficial alleles links the epigenetic landscape to the physical landscape of supercoiled DNA via nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled metabolic networks and genetic networks.
Everything from atoms to ecosystems was included in this invited review of nutritional epigenetics because all serious scientists know that organisms survive on food energy and that species exemplify the pheromone-controlled reproduction and chromosomal inheritance that ensures survival of all living genera.
See: Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems

This atoms to ecosystems model of ecological adaptations links nutrient-dependent epigenetic effects on base pairs and amino acid substitutions to pheromone-controlled changes in the microRNA / messenger RNA balance and chromosomal rearrangements. The nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled changes are required for the thermodynamic regulation of intracellular signaling, which enables biophysically constrained nutrient-dependent protein folding; experience-dependent receptor-mediated behaviors, and organism-level thermoregulation in ever-changing ecological niches and social niches. Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological, social, neurogenic and socio-cognitive niche construction are manifested in increasing organismal complexity in species from microbes to man. Species diversity is a biologically-based nutrient-dependent morphological fact and species-specific pheromones control the physiology of reproduction.

See also: Transcriptome-wide Discovery of microRNA Binding Sites in Human Brain

This interactome points to functional miRNA:target pairs across >3,000 genes and represents a valuable resource for accelerating our understanding of miRNA functions in brain. We demonstrate the utility of this map for exploring clinically relevant miRNA binding sites that may facilitate the translation of genetic studies of complex neuropsychiatric diseases into therapeutics.

See also: Connections Underlying Translation and mRNA Stability

…intimate connections between mRNA and the ribosome can drive biological regulation. In closing, we consider the likelihood that these connections between protein synthesis and mRNA stability are widespread or whether other modes of regulation dominate the mRNA stability landscape in higher organisms.

No experimental evidence of evolution includes biophysically constrained biologically-based cause and effect, which integrates the required link from ecological variation to the physics, chemistry, and molecular epigenetics of what Darwin presciently linked from his “conditions of life” to ecological adaption via energy-dependent changes in messenger RNA (mRNA).
See also: Codon identity regulates mRNA stability and translation efficiency during the maternal-to-zygotic transition (with my emphasis)

…the ribosome interprets two codes within the mRNA: the genetic code which specifies the amino acid sequence and a conserved “codon optimality code” that shapes mRNA stability and translation efficiency across vertebrates.

Natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality conserves the amino acid substitutions in the context of the stability of supercoiled DNA. That stability protects all organized genomes from virus-driven energy theft and genomic entropy. Protection from viruses occurs via the pheromone-controlled biophysically constrained physiology of reproduction in all living genera. Experimental evidence of that fact was included in our section on molecular epigenetics from this 1996 Hormones and Behavior review.
From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior

Parenthetically it is interesting to note even the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a gene-based equivalent of sexual orientation (i.e., a-factor and alpha-factor physiologies). These differences arise from different epigenetic modifications of an otherwise identical MAT locus (Runge and Zakian, 1996; Wu and Haber, 1995).

See for comparison: Tracing the Enterococci from Paleozoic Origins to the Hospital

Host energy-dependent speciation

Graphical abstract from “Tracing the Enterococci from Paleozoic Origins to the Hospital”

Reported as: Enterococci may have evolved antimicrobial resistance millions of years ago

…researchers have traced evidence of the bacteria’s evolutionary history back 425 million years and theorize that the same traits that allow the bacteria to thrive in hospitals likely emerged when they were carried onto land in the guts of the world’s first terrestrial animals. The study was funded in part by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health.

The physiology of reproduction in bacteria and all other living genera is nutrient-dependent and pheromone-controlled. Researchers who think they have traced evidence back to the bacteria’s evolutionary history across 425 million years have not considered the weekend resurrection of the bacterial flagellum to be proof of their pseudoscientific nonsense. Instead, they report “Speciation: Host energy source driven” in their graphical abstract.
Where did the energy come from?
See: Evolutionary Rewiring
The nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in P. fliuorescens was linked to the weekend evolution of the bacterial flagellum.
See also for an invertebrate example of nutrient energy-dependent pheromone-controlled top-down causation: Inhibition of miR-274-3p increases BmCPV replication by regulating the expression of BmCPV NS5 gene in Bombyx mori  From: Virus Genes. 2017 May 10. doi: 10.1007/s11262-017-1466-7
See also: Two fatty acyl reductases involved in moth pheromone biosynthesis

Studies over the last two decades have pinpointed that the epigenetic effect of pheromone-driven adaptive evolution is one of the major factors driving the successful diversification of Lepidopteran insects10. In moths, a few substitutions in critical amino acids in the key pheromone biosynthetic enzymes are sufficient to create a novel pheromone component11,12.

Facts about pheromones in species from microbes to humans have now been placed into their proper context.
Poor human olfaction is a 19th-century myth, which was reported as: “The human sense of smell: It’s stronger than we think” May 11, 2017
See for comparison: Human pheromones: integrating neuroendocrinology and ethology

The ‘affective primacy hypothesis’ [5] asserts that positive and negative affective reactions can be evoked with minimal stimulus input and virtually no cognitive processing. Olfactory signals seem to induce emotional reactions whether or not a chemical stimulus is consciously perceived. We theorize that the importance of human non-verbal signals is based upon information processing, which occurs in the limbic system, and without any cognitive (cortical) assessment. Affect thus does not require conscious interpretation of signal content. Underlying this fact is that affect dominates social interaction and it is the major currency in social interactions [6]. Affective reactions can occur without extensive perceptual and cognitive encoding. They are made with greater confidence than cognitive judgments, and can be made sooner [5, 7]. Olfactory input from the social environment is well adapted to fit such assertions. For example, chemical cues allow humans to select for, and to mate for, traits of reproductive fitness that cannot be assessed simply from visual cues.

See also: The RNA Age: A Primer
What is currently known about energy-dependent biophysically constrained RNA-mediated cell type differentiation refutes every aspect of neo-Darwinian evolution by placing natural selection for codon optimality and the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction first.
All published works and reviews of RNA-mediated events must be placed into the context of the paradigm shift that led to the development of this game.
Cytosis: A Cell Biology Game

A board game taking place inside a human cell! Players compete to build enzymes, hormones and receptors and fend off attacking Viruses!

Some researches may continue to ignore details about energy-dependent RNA-mediated protection from virus-driven energy theft; the degradation of messenger RNA; and the pathology that is linked from mutations to the loss of enzymes, hormones and receptors in all living genera.
Others will obfuscate what is known to serious scientists.
See for comparison: Ontological Systems In Cognition

There is investigated the possibility of cognition of everything that somehow and other is able to influence to the cognizer – its Existing, which exists for him and may be cognized by him. It is proved that all parts of the Existing are interconnected, it is closed and is the only one for all cognizers in it, and everything differed from the Existing is indistinguishable for the cognizer from non-Existing and cannot be cognized by him. It is shown that the surrounding world of the cognizer, understood as a collection of objects and interconnections identified by him, corresponds to the cognizer’s `nature’ – its ontology and are only a part of the Existing. Objects and interconnections of different ontology differ from each other on level of notions, so are uncertain, inconsistent and paradoxical in relation to each other, and corresponding systems of representations with definite ontology cannot be unified in frames of one system, so are irredundant with each other. There are found the correlations of physical objects of quantum theories, also as cosmological dark matter and dark energy with objects with different ontology. There are analyzed the methods of mathematical description of objects with different ontology, the so-called `correlation principle’ of physical theories in irredundant systems of representations, the `principle of freedom’ for formation of the universe understood as the surrounding world of the cognizer. There are considered the philosophical aspects of the existence of irredundant representations, the physical picture of the world, which this concept leads to. The surrounding worlds corresponding to irredundant representation systems, being parts of the one Existing, are closely interconnected, mutually complemented and form each other, without mixing and being different `by nature’, and contradictions between them stand as moving forces of their evolution.

All aspects of anything that has ever been linked to the “moving forces” of evolution have clearly been linked from food energy and movement to biodiversity and from stress-related virus-driven energy theft to mutations that link the lack of movement at the molecular level to all pathology.
See for instance: Valerie Horsley Gets Under Skin

The Yale University cell and molecular biologist is probing the deep mysteries of epidermal cells.

My comment:
See also: Brain on stress: How the social environment gets under the skin

The authors note that on page 17184, right column, first paragraph, line 4, “effect” should instead appear as “affect.”

The failure to provide a neurobiological framework for understanding natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality, which is the basis for the biological embedding of epigenetically-effected positive health, positive affect, self-efficacy and self-esteem via effects on reactive alleles in the genome, continues to link all pathology from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA to the negative supercoiling of DNA.
No one asked me to establish that framework for healthy longevity or pathology, but I did it anyway after I was told to start with gene activation in GnRH neuroscrectory neurons by Bruce McEwen.
See also: Genome Digest

What researchers are learning as they sequence, map, and decode species’ genomes

The researchers found that genes involved in key survival functions, such as the removal of cellular toxins, the stabilization of proteins, and the activity of the innate immune system, were expanded in deep-sea mussels.

Anna Di Cosmo’s group presciently placed these finding into the context of General and Comparative Endocrinology in Role of olfaction in Octopus vulgaris reproduction
From the concluding paragraph:

Future work on O. vulgaris olfaction must also consider how animals acquire the odours detected by the olfactory organ and what kind of odour the olfactory organ perceives. The OL acting as control centre may be target organ for metabolic hormones such as leptin like and insulin like peptides, and olfactory organ could exert regulatory action on the OL via epigenetic effects of nutrients and pheromones on gene expression (Kohl, 2013; Elekonich and Robinson, 2000). — p. 61

The fact that the energy-dependent stability of RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry links physics from autophagy to biophysically constrained viral latency went missing during the past 4 years, but is not likely to continue to be ignored.
See why: Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model
Conclusion:

…the model represented here is consistent with what is known about the epigenetic effects of ecologically important nutrients and pheromones on the adaptively evolved behavior of species from microbes to man. Minimally, this model can be compared to any other factual representations of epigenesis and epistasis for determination of the best scientific ‘fit’.

There is still no other model for comparison, despite the publication of Mutation-Driven Evolution on the same day my 2013 review was published.

(1) Mutation is the source of all genetic variation on which any form of evolution is dependent. Mutation is the change of genomic structure and includes nucleotide substitution, insertion/deletion, segmental gene duplication, genomic duplication, changes in gene regulatory systems, transposition of genes, horizontal gene transfer, etc. (2) Natural selection is for saving advantageous mutations and eliminating harmful mutations. Selective advantage of the mutation is determined by the type of DNA change, and therefore natural selection is an evolutionary process initiated by mutation.

That claim differentiates ridiculous theories from my model of biophysically constrained biologically-based cause and effect. The differences were noted in 1991 when Roger Penrose wrote:

How often do we still hear that quantum effects can have little relevance in the study of biology, or even that we eat food in order to gain energy? – From What is Life? (reprint edition)

See also: The Latest Discovery In Quantum Physics Shows Reality Is Not What It Seems

New experiments and studies conducted in laboratories such as CERN seem to suggest that everything is actually composed of energy rather than material particles, including human beings.

Functionally interdependent editing and methylation

by with No Comment AdaptationsAutophagybase editingbiophotonicsDiseases & DisordersEcologyLight EnergyModel OrganismsNeuronal PlasticityNutrigenomicsPhysicsRNA DirectedRNA editingRNA interferenceRNA methylationRNA-directed DNA methylationRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expressionRNA-mediated gene silencingRNA-mediated toxicityRNA–Mediated Epigenetic HeredityVariations

Editing and methylation at a single site by functionally interdependent activities

…cytosine 32 in the anticodon loop of Trypanosoma brucei tRNAThr is methylated to 3-methylcytosine (m3C) as a pre-requisite for C-to-U deamination. Formation of m3C in vitro requires the presence of both the T. brucei m3C methyltransferase TRM140 and the deaminase ADAT2/3. Once formed, m3C is deaminated to 3-methyluridine (m3U) by the same set of enzymes. ADAT2/3 is a highly mutagenic enzyme4, but we also show that when co-expressed with the methyltransferase its mutagenicity is kept in check.

They showed how natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality is linked from autophagy to RNA-directed DNA methylation and supercoiled DNA, which protects all organized genomes from virus-driven energy theft.
Reported as: Electric DNA, Circular RNA, and Other Epigenetic Wonders

…some non-coding RNAs are now known to be ‘guardian RNAs’ according to the modifications on their bases or sugars with methyl groups that act as tags.

The energy-dependent de novo creation of nucleic acids links microRNAs in flanking sequences to hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution. Virus-driven energy theft causes the failure of hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution, which links mutations to all pathology.
For additional claims about all pathology see: The Most Transformational Biologist of Our Era?
Dr Zhang: I worked with John to figure out how the HIV virus put different components together. We used the retrovirus as a model, and that formed the basis for the project.
Dr Zhang: …I realized that psychiatric disease is very much a physical illness, just like cancer or diabetes.
Dr Zhang: Optogenetics allows us to use light to stimulate specific groups of cells to be able to systematically map out how the brain is wired and how things work.
Dr Zhang: I did not know what CRISPR was. I went to look it up. Around that time, a paper from Sylvain Moineau in Canada was published describing how it was RNA-guided endonuclease.
Dr Zhang: Editas Medicine is a gene-editing company that I cofounded with George Church, Jennifer Doudna, Keith Joung, and David Liu. The mission of Editas is to develop the CRISPR genome-editing system for clinical applications. More than 5000 genetic diseases are caused by specific mutations in our cells. We thought it would be great if we could build a platform that systematically developed this to treat the many diseases for which we know the cause but have no way of treating.
Dr Topol:

We applaud you for what you have done to transform this field, along with so many others around the world. You really have been a pioneer. We look forward to seeing your work translated into something that will be therapeutic for people; especially the people who are often neglected—those with rare, Mendelian diseases. Congratulations on what you have already achieved. Just think what is in store.

For an example of what is for sale in Harvard’s store, see:
RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering

…use of gRNAs [guide RNAs] provide the ability to multiplex than mRNAs in part due to the smaller size—100 vs. 2000 nucleotide lengths respectively. This is particularly valuable when nucleic acid delivery is size limited, as in viral packaging. This enables multiple instances of cleavage, nicking, activation, or repression—or combinations thereof. The ability to easily target multiple regulatory targets allows the coarse-or-fine-tuning or regulatory networks without being constrained to the natural regulatory circuits downstream of specific regulatory factors (e.g. the 4 mRNAs used in reprogramming fibroblasts into IPSCs).

5. Repetitive elements or endogenous viral elements can be targeted with engineered Cas+gRNA systems in microbes, plants, animals, or human cells to reduce deleterious transposition or to aid in sequencing or other analytic genomic/transcriptomic/proteomic/diagnostic tools (in which nearly identical copies can be problematic).

FIG. 3A-1 and FIG. 3A-2 depict a human codon-optimized version of the Cas9 protein and full sequence of the cas9 gene insert.

Natural selection for energy-dependent codon-optimality links feedback loops from food odors and pheromones to the physiology of reproduction in all living genera.
Codon identity regulates mRNA stability and translation efficiency during the maternal-to-zygotic transition

The bias between codons or amino acids, and mRNA expression levels has been previously recognized across species and is thought to result from selection for efficient, accurate translation, and folding of highly expressed genes (Ikemura,
1982; Akashi, 1994; Akashi & Gojobori, 2002; Drummond & Wilke, 2008; Kudla et al, 2009; Novoa & Ribas de Pouplana, 2012). The amino acid optimality code (Fig 6) provides an alternative perspective on sequence changes between paralogs in evolution and human disease.

Get Well in the RNAi Way-RNAi, A Billion Dollar Baby in Therapy

Disease therapy based on genetic materials is now a reality. The technique of gene silencing also called as RNA interference (RNAi) keeps our hopes alive. RNAi based drugs have now advanced steps closer towards clinical trials. The powerful in-vivo RNAi machinery and its delicate factors apprehend that RNAi-dependent therapies might create a billion dollar business against the pathogenic organisms and disease for which treatment options are currently restricted conventionally. Recent years have highlighted both the promises and challenges in delivery of different RNAi therapeutics. Apart from the delivery, the design, stability and degradation of RNAi based effective molecules appears to be the major lime light to challenge the conventional drug safety concerns and ensures to be the most powerful gene recovery in future which execute billion dollar business hope.

The billion dollar business hype exemplifies the failure of all pseudoscientists to recognize the fact that energy-dependent changes in microRNAs link hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution to all biodiversity via the physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans.
See for comparison: Pheromones and the luteinizing hormone for inducing proliferation of neural stem cells and neurogenesis
Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction (2005)
Dynamic control of chirality and self-assembly of double-stranded helicates with light
Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation” (1964)

The synthesis of RNA in isolated thymus nuclei is ATP dependent.

A protein conjugation system essential for autophagy (1998)

This conjugation can be reconstituted in vitro and depends on ATP. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a protein unrelated to ubiquitin that uses a ubiquitination-like conjugation system. Furthermore, Apg5 and Apg12 have mammalian homologues, suggesting that this new modification system is conserved from yeast to mammalian cells.

The Intrinsically Disordered Protein Atg13 Mediates Supramolecular Assembly of Autophagy Initiation Complexes 

One hallmark of autophagy is sequestration of a portion of cytoplasm by de novo formation of a double-membrane structure, the autophagosome, which fuses with lytic compartments (vacuoles in yeast and plants; lysosomes in mammals), leading to degradation of its contents.

The senior author is the 2016 Nobel Laureate, Yoshinori Ohsumi. He placed these findings into the context of the de novo formation of a double-membrane structure and supramolecular assembly of intrinsically disordered proteins. The authors make no mention of the facts about how the energy-dependent biosynthesis of RNA must be linked to supercoiled DNA, which protects all organized genomes from virus-driven energy theft in the context of autophagy and the physiology of reproduction.