Greg Bear Archives - Scent of Eros

Part 2: Light-controlled cell biology (revisited)

March 23, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology RNA Directed

Greg Bear took the lead with this approach in his novel Quantico (2006). A genetically engineered virus was used to erase the memory of a specifically targeted human population to reduce inter-ethnic conflict.

[Greg Bear] …served as a consultant for NASA, the U.S. Army, the State Department, the International Food Protection Association, and Homeland Security on matters ranging from privatizing space to food safety, the frontiers of microbiology and genetics, and biological security.

Greg Bear is a likely candidate for work with Robert Redfield, who is currently the director of the CDC. Predictably, Timothy J. Cunningham will reappear as second in command at the CDC — when the Trump administration is ready to finish draining the academic swamp.

Until then, see: Three dimensional two-photon imaging of neuronal activity in freely moving mice using a miniature fiber coupled microscope with active axial-scanning

The ability to link two-photon imaging from the proton motive force to social behavior in the mouse model can be linked from food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled feedback loops to all vertebrate behavior via changes in the potential of hydrogen (pH) and RNA-mediated cell type differentiation.

This was reported in this video — with the mention of this published work. High performance plasma amyloid-β biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease

There is no mention of microRNAs in the published work. See for comparison: MicroRNA+ Alzheimer’s+amyloid-β biomarkers

The role of the microRNA/messenger RNA balance (Breen, Kemena, Vlasov, Notredame, & Kondrashov, 2012; Duvarci, Nader, & LeDoux, 2008; Griggs et al., 2013; Monahan & Lomvardas, 2012) in adaptive evolution will certainly be discussed in published works that will follow.

Biologically uninformed theorists have realized that there is no such thing as Mutation-Driven Evolution (2013). That fact forces them to attempt to drown accurate information about top-down energy-dependent causation in the raw sewage they have continued to dump into their swamp — in their efforts to protect their ridiculous theories from scrutiny.
See also: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)
Measurement of changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance are used to monitor autophagy, which protects all organized genomes from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA in the context of what is known to all serious scientists about supercoiled DNA and food energy-dependent biophysically constrained RNA-mediated healthy longevity.

Light-controlled cell biology (revisited)

March 21, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Autophagy biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations What's in the News

See Sci-Bay Scholar for citations and downloads of more than 3300 published works that link viruses to microRNAs
Summary: …either the organized genomes of all cell types use the energy source, or viruses use the biophysically constrained energy of the cell types. No extant species can be used as an example of how the virus-driven theft of quantized energy can be linked from natural selection to the evolution of a new species.
See also, with my emphasis:

Light Offers New Way to Control Cell Biology (3/16/17)

…the power of light-sensitive proteins is that they can be used to study the inner workings of any living cell.

Archaea:

Salt-tolerant archaea (the Haloarchaea) use sunlight as an energy source, and other species of archaea fix carbon; however, unlike plants and cyanobacteria, no known species of archaea does both.

See: A Conversation With George Church At 15:10

…the cyanobacteria turn out that they fix light ah as well or better than land plants…

From the transcript:

The cyanobacteria fix [carbon via] light as well or better than land plants. Under ideal circumstances, they can be maybe seven to ten times more productive per photon.

The difference between the fixation of light and the fixation of carbon is that (see above) no known species of archaea does both. That fact supports the claim that the ability to fix light is an ecological adaptation that links the quantized energy of sunlight to all biophysically constrained biodiversity in the context of energy-dependent viral latency.

Archaea that do not use sunlight as their energy source probably become L-forms in the context of the virus-driven degradation of their messenger RNA, which has been linked from mutations to all pathology in the context of one-carbon metabolism. Quantized energy is the obvious link from the fixation of light to the fixation of carbon in all carbon-based life forms on Earth.

Simply put, either the organized genomes of all cell types use the energy source that fixes carbon, or the viruses use the biophysically constrained energy of the cell types. For comparison, no extant species can be used as an example of how the virus-driven theft of quantized energy can be used in the context of natural selection and evolution.

Polymaths and paradigm shifts: from Asimov to Bear (1)

March 14, 2018

by James Kohl with One Comment Adaptations biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy Model Organisms Physics RNA Directed RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic Variations

Summary: In the context of what is known about how top-down causation must be linked to all biodiversity on Earth, the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight links differences in the energy of two photons from the proton motive force to the creation of microRNAs. The link from the proton motive force to the creation of microRNAs is endogenous RNA interference (RNAi). Endogenous RNAi is manifested as energy-dependent differences in biophysically constrained viral latency.
Biophysically constrained viral latency has been linked to healthy longevity in all living genera from what appears to be the “dawn of creation.”
See: Conceptual Insights, Energy Transformations in Oxidative Phosphorylation (2002)

View this media module for an animated, interactive summary of how electron transfer potential is converted into proton-motive force and, finally, phosphoryl transfer potential in oxidative phosphorylation.

See: Section 18.4A Proton Gradient Powers the Synthesis of ATP
Place what is known to all serious scientists about the proton motive force into the context of energy-dependent electron transfer potential.
See also: Chemiosmosis

…the term proton-motive force (PMF)… can be described as the measure of the potential energy stored as a combination of proton and voltage (electrical potential) gradients across a membrane. The electrical gradient is a consequence of the charge separation across the membrane (when the protons H⁺ move without a counterion, such as chloride Cl⁻).

See: Search results for proton motive force
On February 2, 2018 and on February 26, 2018 I linked the claim that Permeability transition in human mitochondria persists in the absence of peripheral stalk subunits of ATP synthase (2017) to findings on RNA-RNA interactions in The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14 (1993) This link opens the to free pdf

Two small lin-4 transcripts of approximately 22 and 61 nt were identified in C. elegans and found to contain sequences complementary to a repeated sequence element in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of lin-14 mRNA, suggesting that lin-4 regulates lin-14 translation via an antisense RNA-RNA interaction.

The small lin-4 transcripts of approximately 22 and 61 nt were subsequently referred to as pre-mRNAs before the term pre-mRNA became microRNA as the number of nucleotides (nt) was reduced to 22 in the context of more than 70,000 published works on microRNAs. See: microRNA
In the context of what is known about how top-down causation must be linked to all biodiversity on Earth, the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight links differences in the energy of two photons from the proton motive force to the creation of microRNAs. The link from the proton motive force to the creation of microRNAs is endogenous RNA interference (RNAi). Endogenous RNAi is manifested as energy-dependent differences in biophysically constrained viral latency. Biophysically constrained viral latency has been linked to healthy longevity in all living genera from what appears to be the “dawn of creation.”
For instance see: Recent Explosive Human Population Growth Has Resulted in an Excess of Rare Genetic Variants (2012) and Evolution and Functional Impact of Rare Coding Variation from Deep Sequencing of Human Exomes (2012)
Reported May 17, 2012 as: Humans riddled with rare genetic variants
See also: Analysis of 6,515 exomes reveals the recent origin of most human protein-coding variants (2013)
Reported November 28, 2012 Past 5,000 years prolific for changes to human genome
See also: The splicing code (Feb 2018)

…except for very few and marginal variations, it is the same from bacteria to man, the RNA stretch: 5′ GUGUUC 3′ reads as the dipeptide: Val-Phe in bacteria, in yeast, in Arabidopsis, in zebra fish, in mouse and in human. A degree of ambiguity is possible if mutations are introduced in the tRNAs in a way that the anticodon reads one amino acid but the aminoacyl-transferase attaches a different one onto the tRNA.

See also: Creatures’ Adaptability Begins with Their Sensors
Sensory input must be linked to energy-dependent RNA-mediated biophysically constrained viral latency.
See: OLYMPUS experiment sheds light on structure of protons

…most of the time, only one of the photons has high energy, while the other must carry very little energy indeed…

In 2013 Isaac Asimov Memorial Debate:The Existence of Nothing, Neil deGrasse Tyson made this spurious claim:

Isaac Asimov, “…perhaps, the last polymath of our civilization.”

A polymath should be required to link quantum physics from quantum chemistry to biophysically constrained viral latency and all biodiversity. Wide-ranging knowledge should include what is known about the conserved molecular mechanisms that link the food energy-dependent physiology of reproduction to ecological adaptations in species from microbes to humans.
Eshel Ben-Jacob and Greg Bear are polymaths. Isaac Asimov was not.
Eshel Ben-Jacob presciently linked Learning from Bacteria about Natural Information Processing (2009) to the biophysically constrained viral latency Greg Bear placed into the context of the creation of a new human species in two books reviewed in Nature:
Evolution rising from the grave (2000)
Living with the Neanderthals (2003)
See also: Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation” (1964)
Polymaths should be able to recognize patterns that link photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation from the creation of enzymes to biophysically constrained RNA-mediated DNA repair, which links ecological variation from phytoremediation to ecological adaptations in all living genera. Anyone who fails to do that in the context of the weekend resurrection of the bacterial flagellum in P. fluorescens should be called a biologically uninformed theorist or a science journalist who has no excuse for reporting pseudoscientific nonsense.
The only way to resurrect the bacterial flagellum over-the-weekend involves what is known as the proton motive force. Fro example: A twitter search for “proton motive force” led me to this claim, thanks to Nigel Ten Fleming

Enzyme-bound ATP forms readily in the absence of a proton-motive force.

In the context of Energy Transformations in Oxidative Phosphorylation (2002), that claim was followed by this claim:

…the role of the proton gradient is not to form ATP but to release it from the synthase.

Reporting new scientific truths is not allowed in the USA

November 29, 2017

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Pheromones Model Organisms RNA Directed RNA editing RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation Variations

Summary: If we keep training serious scientists in the United States but force them to return to their homeland to report new scientific truths, our Homeland Security will suffer from the ignorance of pseudoscientists who are still touting ridiculous claims about mutations and evolution.

A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it.

Every great scientific truth goes through three stages. First, people say it conflicts with the Bible. Next they say it has been discovered before. Lastly they say they always believed it.

Sugar industry withheld evidence of sucrose’s health effects nearly 50 years ago

The results suggest that the current debate on the relative effects of sugar vs. starch may be rooted in more than 60 years of industry manipulation of science. Last year, the Sugar Association criticized a mouse study suggesting a link between sugar and increased tumor growth and metastasis, saying that “no credible link between ingested sugars and cancer has been established.”

First question: Why would they lie about a thing like that?

Second question: Who taught you to believe in them?

See also: Psychiatric Fallout From Toxic Exposure October 21, 2016 Posted to the Psychiatry Research Yahoo Group on November 25, 2017

Face-saving attempts will continue to be made by everyone who taught anyone else to believe in the pseudoscientific nonsense about random mutations and evolution. Clearly, psychiatrists decided it was good for business to ensure a decline in mental health that should have been attributed to the effects of sugar.

I recognized the obvious link from glucose levels to triglycerides before the nonsense about cholesterol and heart disease became a means to support the medical practices of pill prescribing physicians. Only diabetics had levels of triglycerides that left a chalky-white to pink color in their plasma or serum. Ultracentrifugation was sometimes required or chemical “clearing” with mathematical corrections in order to report accurate results.

Study: Autism Linked with Different Reactions to Chemical Signals (senior author Noam Sobel, Israel).

Responses to compounds in human sweat may help explain why people with autism spectrum disorder tend to struggle with social cues.

See also: Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception (senior author Wen Zhou, China)
If we keep training serious scientists in the United States but force them to return to their homeland to report new scientific truths, our Homeland Security will suffer from the ignorance of pseudoscientists who are still touting ridiculous claims about mutations and evolution.
http://www.cc.com/video-clips/sz2odd/the-daily-show-with-jon-stewart-greg-bear
Sci-fi author Greg Bear tells Jon about the not-so-distant future of technology and helping Homeland Security.
This is not funny anymore:
See also: The vibrational theory of olfaction for the win
Compare the facts to this ridiculous representation of the virus-driven evolution of human heterosexual love: VIRUS EVOLUTION ( AMAZING DOCUMENTARY)
In his science fiction novels from 1999 and 2003, Greg Bear linked what was known about biophysically constrained food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations to the creation of a new more intelligent human subspecies that communicated with pheromones. They adapted to the virus-driven degradation of their messenger RNA, which has been linked from mutations to all pathology in species from archaea to non-human primates. Everything known to all serious scientists about biophysically constrained viral latency has since been placed into the context of refutations of neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense.
For a historical approach to the overwhelming ignorance of biologically uninformed theorists, see:

“The Darwin Code: Intelligent Design without God”

Perhaps the most intriguing method of gene swapping in bacteria is the bacteriophage, or bacterial virus. Bacteriophages–phages for short–can either kill large numbers of host bacteria, reproducing rapidly, or lie dormant in the bacterial chromosome until the time is right for expression and release. Lytic phages almost invariably kill their hosts. But these latter types–known as lysogenic phages–can actually transport useful genes between hosts, and not just randomly, but in a targeted fashion.

But remember that the quality of RNA begins with its energy-dependent creation and researchers recently made the claim that they had …revealed a surprising relationship between dementia and decreased quality of RNA—a key player in gene expression—in the more aged brain.
The decreased quality of the RNA has also been linked to the creation of the death gene via what is known about glioblastoma. A Harvard and MIT trained physicist reported that fact to me, and I could hardly believe how easy it was to confirm it that Abcam researchers knew about it ~20 years ago.
See: Reduced expression of brain-enriched microRNAs in glioblastomas permits targeted regulation of a cell death gene
See also: A Concise Review of MicroRNA Exploring the Insights of MicroRNA Regulations in Bacterial, Viral and Metabolic Diseases

I look forward to the day when serious scientists in the United States can report their refutations of neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense without being ostracized by claims that serious scientists exist on the fringes of what is known to all other serious scientists in the world. The virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA links mutations to all pathology, not to the evolution of one species from another.

Energy-dependent structure and function: Until death (5)

October 12, 2017

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Model Organisms RNA Directed RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression

Summary: If a player starts with evolution instead of the creation of energy that links ATP to the creation of RNA, the player is a loser.
Nobody wants to belong to the party of losers. One of the best strategies in such a case is evidently an interpretation of the change as a gradual accumulation of knowledge while their work has always been at the cutting edge. — Kalevi Kull
Secular: Ancient Viruses Are Buried in Your DNA (2017) by Carl Zimmer

…early embryos may have come to depend on the tricks viruses use to manipulate them. “We’re exploiting a property that has evolved for the virus’s benefit,” Dr. Katzourakis said.

Science fiction novelist: The Darwin Code by Greg Bear

In 1996, I proposed to my publishers a novel about the coming changes in biology and evolutionary theory. The novel would describe an evolutionary event happening in real-time–the formation of a new sub-species of human being. What I needed, I thought, was some analog to what happens in bacteria. And so I would have to invent ancient viruses lying dormant in our genome, suddenly reactivated to ferry genes and genetic instructions between humans.

To my surprise, I quickly discovered I did not have to invent anything. Human endogenous retroviruses are real, and many of them have been in our DNA for tens of millions of years. Even more interesting, some have a close relationship to the virus that causes AIDS, HIV.

Serious Young Earth Creationist: Did God Make Pathogenic Viruses? (1999)

…viruses are not living, and in order to reproduce and to make ATP, they require all of the complex cellular machinery present in bacterial cells.

Serious scientist: Where do viruses come from? (2004)

“Viruses tend to keep nutrients away from the big stuff and keep them going around in the little stuff,” says Fuhrman. If so, viruses have shaped the entire structure of the ecosystem.’ — Holmes, B., Who Rules the Waves? New Scientist 152(2054):8–9, supp, 1996

Serious Young Earth Creationist/Scientist: Viral Genome Junk Is Bunk

So, where do viruses come from that essentially share the same sequences as those found in their host genomes? Perhaps the evolutionists have placed the cart before the horse on this issue, as proposed by several creationist scientists.4,6 In fact, in an ironic twist, the evidence mentioned above indicates that viruses likely arose from their hosts and not the other way around. As molecular biologist and biochemist Peter Borger notes, “The most parsimonious answer is: the RNA viruses got their genes from their hosts.”6

Secular/Young Earth Creationist: Celebrate Your Inner Virus (2017)

It is important that we understand the design present in viruses because God made them. All creatures of our God demonstrate his handiwork, and viruses are no different.

Infographic: Evolving Virulence

…under natural conditions, a newly emergent, highly lethal pathogen that kills very rapidly is expected to evolve lower virulence. At the same time, however, the host species is evolving resistance to the infection…

Natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality biophysically constrains viral latency in the context of the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction. See: Codon identity regulates mRNA stability and translation efficiency during the maternal-to-zygotic transition and Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception
My comment to The Scientist:

Substitutions Near the Receptor Binding Site Determine Major Antigenic Change During Influenza Virus Evolution (2013)

“The major antigenic changes of the influenza virus are primarily caused by a single amino acid near the receptor binding site.”

One nutrient energy-dependent change in a base pair is linked to fixation of the amino acid substitution in the virus and one nutrient energy-dependent change in a base pair is linked from the physiology of pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction to fixation of amino acid substitutions in the organized genomes of hosts. Fixation is a function of the innate immune system, which biophysically constrains viral latency.

Simply put, it’s “All about that base” See also: Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA

Nutrient stress and social stress act on the same molecular mechanisms that link the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA to mutations and all pathology. That fact can now be examined in the context of everything know about how the cryo-EM technology links energy-dependent changes in electrons to ecosystems via the physiology of reproduction. Alternatively, everything known to serious scientists about ecological variation and energy-dependent ecological adaptations can be place back into the context of ridiculous theories about evolution.

See for example, these claims about a model for how the brain controls foraging.
Brain modelling: Does the brain control foraging?

The brain might instead act as a mediator between controlling factors in the environment and behavioural output. Perhaps, like evolution, it functions as a tinkerer, equipped with a range of signalling or other mechanisms that allow adaptation (see F. Jacob Science 196, 1161–1166; 1977).

Claims that the brain evolved have been replaced by claims that the brain is an energy-dependent ecological adaptation. Claims about its ability to function as a tinkerer have been replaced with facts that link electrons to ecosystems via the 2017 Nobel Prize-winning technology called cryo-EM. Developers of the technology won the Prize in Chemistry.
Cryo-EM can now be viewed in this context of biophyiscally constrained protein folding chemistry and claims from 2005.
See: Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction
The claims about feedback loops can be placed into the context of what anyone who is 10 years-old can learn about cell biology and virus-driven energy theft by playing the game “Cytosis.”
If a player starts with evolution instead of the creation of energy that links ATP to the creation of RNA, the player is a loser.

A rendering of how changes in an electron's motion (bottom view) alter the scattering of light (top view), as measured in a new experiment that scattered more than 500 photons of light from a single electron. Previous experiments had managed to scatter no more than a few photons at a time. Credit: Extreme Light Laboratory|University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Evolutionary congruence (losers) vs ecological adaptation (winners)

August 3, 2017

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy Model Organisms Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations

Nuclear and Plastid DNA Sequence-based Molecular Phylogeography of Salvadora oleoides (Salvadoraceae) in Punjab, India Reveals Allopatric Speciation in Anthropogenic Islands Due to Agricultural Expansion

This is the first DNA-sequence based phylogeographic assessment of Salvadora in the world. Sequence based phylogeographic assessment of tropical tree species is a relative rarity and in India, such investigations are almost non-existent.

Kalevi Kull: Censorship & Royal Society Evo Event

Nobody wants to belong to the party of losers. One of the best strategies in such a case is evidently an interpretation of the change as a gradual accumulation of knowledge while their work has always been at the cutting edge.

In a rapidly changing world of post-censorship, the losers tout “DNA-sequence based phylogeographic assessment.” All serious scientists have linked energy-dependent RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry from changes in angstroms to ecosystems via supercoiled DNA, which protects all organized genomes from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA.

Each time you see a term like evolutionary congruence, ask for a definition that links it to what is currently known to all serious scientists about biophysically constrained energy-dependent RNA-mediated biologically based cause and effect.

You will learn There is no such thing as an evolutionary congruence. Molecular Phylogeography is not examined (e.g., by serious scientists) outside the context of the anti-entropic virucidal energy of the sun.

The virucidal energy links the creation of microRNAs in plants to the food energy-dependent creation of microRNAs in animals and all biophysically constrained biologically-based cause and effect on Earth via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in bacteria.
See: The phylogenetic utility and functional constraint of microRNA flanking sequences

Dispensing with March for Science Dispatches (1)

April 24, 2017

by James Kohl with One Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology RNA Directed

Earlier today, Phillip from ATT repaired the splicings that were required to re-establish my energy-dependent internet access.
I published 1000 posts to this blog before the April 22, 2017 March for Science. Most of the blog posts attest to the facts about energy-dependent alternative splicings of RNA that link chirality and autophagy to all biodiversity on Earth via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction.
See for comparison:
March for Science: Dispatches from Washington, DC

“The hope is somebody will listen. We’re not going anywhere.” –Susan Spires, associate professor of pathology and laboratory medicine, Kentucky

All serious scientists have linked virus-driven energy theft to all pathology via what is known about the role of nutritional epigenetics. Epigenetic effects on cell type differentiation link food energy to the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in all living genera via the de novo creation of microRNAs and messenger RNA. Virus-driven energy theft links the degradation of messenger RNA from mutations to all pathology. See: microRNA
Other marchers in other locations:
1) Greg Bear, who linked energy-dependent endogenous RNA interference to the creation of a new human subspecies. Communication with human pheromones was the hallmark of his failed revisionist approach to neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense.
See: Role of microRNA-130b in placental PGC-1α/TFAM mitochondrial biogenesis pathway It confirms the role of energy-dependent changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance that led to ecological adaptations in placental mammals.
2) Billie Swalla, who failed to link energy-dependent hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution to ecological adaptations in all genera. See: The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems. As former SICB president, this published work best represents her failure to integrate anything known to serious scientists about comparative biology and biophyiscally constrained RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry. The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems
3) Simon LeVay, who still seems to think that there is not enough evidence to make the claims in Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction. In 2007 (see page 210-211), he claimed that there was not enough experimental evidence to establish the facts about the salience of olfaction in all species compared to the salience of other sensory input.
If not for publication of Transgenerational transmission of environmental information in C. elegans, pseudoscientists might never learn that all ecological adaptations are energy-dependent and biophysically constrained by the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction.
See for other examples of the fact that biophysical constraints establish viral latency in all organized genomes: Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model
See: Dispensing with March for Science Dispatches (2)

Bill Gates refutes theistic evolution (sequel)

February 23, 2017

by James Kohl with One Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Human Pheromones Light Energy Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations

See: Bill Gates refutes theistic evolution
See also: Gate-controlled conductance switching in DNA

Conclusion:

Our work demonstrates one can introduce an active control to DNA conductance by modifying a base with a redox group, and switch the DNA conductance reversibly between two levels by oxidizing or reducing the redox group with an EC gate. This strategy could be implemented in more sophisticated DNA nanostructures for active device building blocks. As the DNA conductance is an indicator of the molecule in the reduction or oxidation state, it is possible to study redox reaction kinetics at the single-molecule level by monitoring the DNA conductance.

Reported as: Switched-on DNA: Sparking nano-electronic applications

…the engineered DNA provides a nice tool to examine redox reaction kinetics, and thermodynamics the single molecule level…

This means they can examine virus-driven energy theft in the context of redox reaction kinetics and thermodynamics at the single molecule level, which links nutrient energy-dependent changes from angstroms to ecosystems via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in species from microbes to humans. Simply put, they can link virus-driven energy theft from mutations to all pathology in species from archaea to modern humans.
See for comparison: Actor Steven Kearney reads excerpts from Greg Bear‘s 1985 novel Blood Music.

The virus is made up of tiny biological computers called “noocytes,” where were intended to improve the human body — giving it routine maintenance and maximizing human potential. Instead, it wiped out most of North America.

“The US is the number one donor in the work that we do. Government aid can’t be replaced by philanthropy,” the 61-year-old told the Guardian.

Under the order, which is also known as the Mexico City Policy after it was first unveiled at a UN conference there in 1984, no government funding for family planning services can be given to clinics or groups outside the US that offer abortion or counselling services.

Why is Bill Gates condemning any of President Trump’s foreign policies before the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation stops funding research that is irrelevant to prevention of the viral apocalypse. Does Bill Gates decide who gets the vaccine and who doesn’t at the time the apocalypse begins, or will other billionaires like George Soros dictate all foreign policies? Who are you going to trust with the lives of your loved ones?

The Trump administration exposed the false flag terrorism in the media.

Donald Trump posed as a hit man. He made sure that the leakers in the IC knew that their actions were illegal. He WARNED them. Then he launched his sting.

Donald Trump gave a press conference in which he admitted to the sting. He said that the leaks are real, but the news is fake.

It was his tactic, and he had to expose how he used it. That exemplifies Trump’s brilliance. Any intelligent disloyal Democrat from the intelligence community should have seen it coming. That suggests none of them are intelligent adversaries.
The biased media reporting on the press conference attests to lack of intelligence among the media representatives who reported the claims of Trump’s ignorant adversaries. The media representatives continue to look more foolish every time they speak out against the President of the United States.
The media representatives won’t be charged with any crimes. How many disloyal Democrats from the intelligence community will be prosecuted for treason?
How will President Trump deal with disloyal billionaires and others who waste his time attempting to influence the people of the United States and cause them to challenge him on topics they know nothing about?
Who will be the next billionaire to inadvertently refute theistic evolution by linking what is known about nutrient energy-dependent RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions to healthy longevity and linking virus-driven energy theft to all pathology?
Will Mark Zuckerberg eliminate the false flag terrorist groups from Facebook?
Will Paul Allen stop funding brain research that does not link the speed of light on contact with water to all energy-dependent cell type differentiation in all living genera via biophotonics and optogenetics?
See also: Billionaires say they’ll end disease. Evolution suggests otherwise

Darwin introduced a viewpoint that was radically unsettling: we don’t progress to a more perfect form, but adapt to local environments. If humans are machines, then we can simply repair the broken parts. But if there is something more fundamental to the crisis of life than mere mechanisms of biology, then risk, and an element of danger, will always be with us.

Humans are not machines. Bill Gates probably knows that. And he probably knows that theistic evolution is the threat that can now be placed into the context of Non-theistic evolution

The major criticism of theistic evolution by non-theistic evolutionists focuses on its essential belief in a supernatural creator. These critics argue that by the application of Occam’s razor, sufficient explanation of the phenomena of evolution is provided by natural processes (in particular, natural selection), and the intervention or direction of a supernatural entity is not required.^[42] Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins considers theistic evolution a superfluous attempt to “smuggle God in by the back door”.^[43]

God doesn’t need to be smuggled in. He’s always been with those who believe. Believers know that natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality occurs in the context of the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction. The physiology of energy-dependent reproduction links natural processes to fixation of amino acid substitutions in supercoiled DNA that differentiate the cell types of all living genera.

Supercoiled DNA protects all organized genomes from virus driven energy theft, which is linked to all pathology by mutations. Theistic evolutionists may continue to claim that they believe in mutation-driven evolution, but that’s because they known nothing about energy-dependent top-down causation.

Ask Bill Gates or a theistic evolutionist where the energy comes from, and see for comparison.

Charge-altering releasable transporters (CARTs) for the delivery and release of mRNA in living animals

CARTs are structurally unique and operate through an unprecedented mechanism, serving initially as oligo(alpha-amino ester) cations that complex, protect, and deliver mRNA and then change physical properties through a degradative, charge-neutralizing intramolecular rearrangement, leading to intracellular release of functional mRNA and highly efficient protein translation.

Reported as: A new way Forward for Gene Therapy

Sickle-cell disease is caused by a mutation that links the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of virus-driven energy theft to failed nutrient energy-dependent RNA-mediated DNA repair. Hemoglobin S is a naturally occurring hemoglobin variant — one of more than 1200 other variants. The variants link RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in the cell types of populations of ecologically adapted humans. Clearly, their lineages adapted to ecological variation in the parts of the world where they were raised. Researchers have delivered nutrient energy-dependent messenger RNA (mRNA) into cells that use the mRNA to make proteins. What’s missing from this report on gene therapy are facts about how nutrient energy-dependent viral latency must be linked to healthy longevity via energy-dependent changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance linked to amino acid substitutions in supercoiled DNA, or from virus-driven energy theft to all pathology.
I continue to encourage comments from those who are not Combating Evolution to Fight Disease, especially if they are willing to tell others what they like about virus-driven energy theft and all pathology. Now that Bill Gates has clearly stated that virus-driven energy theft is not likely to be a good thing for humanity, perhaps he will join the serious scientists and/or help to fund their works.
See for example: The 2000 T. H. Morgan Medal Essay: H. J. Muller and the Nature of the Gene and works published by Ruth Ann Luna.
For example, The Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis: What Role Does It Play in Autism Spectrum Disorder? and her presentation from February 22, 2017:
The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: Linking Gastrointestinal and Neurobehavioral Processes in Autism Spectrum Disorder
She graciously answered these three questions:
Q: Is the gut microbiome the most likely link from nutrient energy-dependent metabolic networks to genetic networks and Precision Medicine via the National Microbiome Initiative?

Ruth Ann Luna PhD, MB (ASCP) CM

It’s certainly a key player in the crosstalk, but there’s still much to uncover about these pathways.

Q: Have you placed the 2016 publication of “Codon identity regulates mRNA stability and translation efficiency during the maternal-to-zygotic transition” into the context of natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in your works?

Ruth Ann Luna PhD, MB (ASCP) CM

No we have not. We are working from functional gut microbiome up the gut-brain axis at this point and hoping to weave in as many other factors as possible.

Q: Who else is addressing the bidirectional communication besides your group?
Ruth Ann Luna PhD, MB (ASCP) CM

There are many other groups evaluating the gut-brain connection in general, but not necessarily exclusive to ASD. I’d suggest a quick search in Pubmed for the latest groups involved in this area.

See: Search Results for “autism” and Search results for “autism microrna”
Her expressed intent to “weave in other factors that already are known to me and to Teresa Binstock inspired me to perform this search for the terms autism and microRNA
See for example from February 17, 2017: Regulation of mRNA splicing by MeCP2 via epigenetic modifications in the brain
Conclusion:

Our analysis thus indicated that MeCP2-mediated alternative splicing might influence neuronal functions via two different strategies: one is to regulate protein diversity by coding exons, and another is to regulate protein expression by non-coding exons. Our studies not only systematically explore the mechanisms underlying MeCP2-mediated alternative splicing, but also provide insights into the roles of MeCP2-mediated alternative splicing, which could influence both protein diversity and protein expression level in neurons.

Our 1996 Hormones and Behavior review explored the molecular mechanisms of RNA-mediated alternative splicings and nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled biophysically constrained protein folding chemistry in the context of the physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans.
See our molecular epigenetics section in From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior

Small intranuclear proteins also participate in generating alternative splicing techniques of pre-mRNA and, by this mechanism, contribute to sexual differentiation in at least two species, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans (Adler and Hajduk, 1994; de Bono, Zarkower, and Hodgkin, 1995; Ge, Zuo, and Manley, 1991; Green, 1991; Parkhurst and Meneely, 1994; Wilkins, 1995; Wolfner, 1988). That similar proteins perform functions in humans suggests the possibility that some human sex differences may arise from alternative splicings of otherwise identical genes.

If my co-authors and I had been funded to link what was known about biologically-based cell type differentiation in all species to their origins and from ecological variation to ecological adaptations in all living genera, you would not need to ask whether or not some or all of your loved ones will survive the viral apocalypse.
Nutrient energy-dependent sexual differentiation in yeasts at the advent of sexual reproduction has been linked to all cell type differentiation in all individuals of all species via the conserved molecular mechanisms of pheromone-controlled reproduction that we began to detail two decades ago.
See also: Possible sexually dimorphic role of miRNA and other sncRNA in ASD brain

Our findings of sexual dimorphism in sncRNA levels underscore the importance of considering sex, in addition to age, when interpreting molecular findings on ASD brain.

The interpretation of molecular findings on ASD brain can be placed into the context of virus-driven energy theft and all pathology via the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of Zika virus-damaged DNA in humans. For comparison see how Greg Bear used information on nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry to ecological adaptations in a new human subspecies.
See also: Association Between the Probability of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Normative Sex-Related Phenotypic Diversity in Brain Structure

…etiological models suggest that the biological male phenotype carries a higher intrinsic risk for ASD than the female phenotype. To our knowledge, this hypothesis has never been tested directly, and the neurobiological mechanisms that modulate ASD risk in male individuals and female individuals remain elusive.

The neurobiological mechanisms link sex differences in the cell types of yeasts to sex differences in virus-driven energy theft and all pathology.
Reviewed as: Evolution rising from the grave

Bear goes a little further in suggesting that such change can occur over about a generation, an idea that might be a little too radical at the moment. However, he does mention data suggesting that fruitflies can adapt to a new environment in just a few generations of selection.

Reviewed as: Living with the Neanderthals

Bear’s two Darwin novels were not written just to entertain. He also seeks to teach readers about science, to highlight our utilitarian politics and our inability to get along with each other, and to provide a quasi-rational basis for theology and morality. He advances a world view in which we are all part of the vast neural network of life, cutting across ethnic borders, species divides and the chasms between taxonomic kingdoms, in balance, and in two-way communication, with the ecosystem.

Bear qualifies to win the next Nobel Peace Prize, or minimally, the Prize for Literature. When you realize whose information is being used as a basis for the claims by Bill Gates that support young earth creationism, see also: Viral Genome Junk Is Bunk

…in an ironic twist, the evidence mentioned above indicates that viruses likely arose from their hosts and not the other way around. As molecular biologist and biochemist Peter Borger notes, “The most parsimonious answer is: the RNA viruses got their genes from their hosts. 6

Where else would viruses get their genes, and what else would force organisms to use the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy to adapt?

Bill Gates refutes theistic evolution

February 23, 2017

by James Kohl with 4 Comments Adaptations Alternative Splicings biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations

See: Bill Gates refutes theistic evolution (prequel)

See for comparison: Our 2017 Annual Letter Warren Buffett’s Best Investment

By Bill and Melinda Gates | February 14, 2017

Malnourished children can be getting enough calories, but not the right nutrients. That makes them more susceptible to conditions like pneumonia or diarrhea—and more likely to die from them.

If malnourished children are not getting the right nutrients, they focused too much on vaccines and not enough on what is known about nutritional epigenetics. For comparison, on February 18, 2017, I wrote:

If more money was spent on research that links the anti-entropic virucidal energy of the sun from creationism to Americanism via what is known about RNA-mediated cell type differentiation, the prevention and cure of all virus-driven pathology would already have been achieved.

I added this information: A semisynthetic organism engineered for the stable expansion of the genetic alphabet

Reported as: Scientists create first stable semisynthetic organism

“We can now get the light of life to stay on,” said Romesberg. “That suggests that all of life’s processes can be subject to manipulation.”

Life’s processes are manipulated by nutrient energy-dependent endogenous RNA interference in the context of the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in all living genera. Supercoiled DNA protects all organized genomes from virus-driven energy theft and genomic entropy. But, someone will make billions of dollars on vaccines like this one, which will cost millions and be delivered only to those who can pay for them.

Alternatively, here’s another money-maker: Get Well in the RNAi Way-RNAi, A Billion Dollar Baby in Therapy

But wait. What about nutrient energy-dependent endogenous RNA interference in the context of the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in all living genera. As a computer software developer, Bill Gates knows what can go wrong when a virus steals the energy as information that is required to run the central processing unit, which has sometimes been compared to the human brain.

The next epidemic could originate on the computer screen of a terrorist intent on using genetic engineering to create a synthetic version of the smallpox virus … or a super contagious and deadly strain of the flu.

The creation of a synthetic virus and/or the virus-driven energy theft that leads to the creation of a deadly strain of the flu links the failure of nutrient energy-dependent endogenous RNA interference to protect organized genomes from virus-driven energy theft.

For example see: Substitutions Near the Receptor Binding Site Determine Major Antigenic Change During Influenza Virus Evolution

The major antigenic changes of the influenza virus are primarily caused by a single amino acid near the receptor binding site.

I placed that claim into the context of The Quest to End the Flu with this comment.

SARCASM ALERT

The idea of biophysical constraints seems antithetical to the idea of nature somehow selecting mutations that cause amino acid substitutions. However, I am not a biophysicist or evolutionary theorist.

The problem may be my focus on nutrient-dependent receptor-mediated amino acid substitutions in species from bacteria to humans (non-viral organisms). Since I am not a virologist or physicist, I’m not sure that the laws of physics apply to viruses and their replication.

If they do, natural selection for random mutations is not likely to result in amino acid substitutions because the thermodynamics of changes in organism-level thermoregulation preclude such randomness. Stability of protein biosynthesis and degradation that probably depends on protein folding must somehow be controlled. Besides, I don’t know how random mutations in viruses could be naturally selected for inclusion in the human virome (or in the virome of any organism capable of thermoregulating its thermodynamic intercellular signaling).

If the Second Law of Thermodynamics does not apply to viruses, which means the chemical bonds that enable the amino acid substitutions can form at random and somehow be naturally selected, the details of biophysical constraints in this article seems out of place, since I do not think in terms of constrained random mutations and natural selection in mutation-driven evolution.

Hopefully, someone with a background in biophysics will address my confusion in case others are confused. In addition, I wonder if the consequences of understanding the evolutionary mechanisms that govern viruses extend to consequences important to understanding the evolution of species from bacteria to humans via constrained random mutations and natural selection?

People with a background in biophysics or computer models of biophysically constrained top-down causation have addressed the confusion about random mutations and natural selection in mutation-driven evolution. Simply put, there is no such thing as natural selection for random mutations, which means there no such thing as the evolution of one species from another.
Francis S. Collins, author of The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief may not like the facts, but
See for comparison:The Darwin Code by Greg Bear

Ask where Bill Gates got the idea that virus-driven energy theft could cause the death of 30 million people.
Also, see this Google search for “virus-driven energy theft.”
My claim follows the claims Greg Bear has been making during the past 2-3 decades. All energy-dependent changes, which link angstroms to ecosystems in all living genera, are biophysically constrained by the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans.
Is it coincidental or providential that Bill Gates finally admits to what serious scientists have known for more than 2 decades about the forthcoming viral apocalypse?
The viral apocalypse will not be prevented by vaccines because viruses adapt to quickly. The facts about the energy-dependent adaptations of viruses compared to hosts are known to all serious scientists. For comparison, whose works have been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation? Is philanthropy wasted on pseudoscientists?
See: Bill Gates refutes theistic evolution (sequel)

George Church refutes theistic evolution

February 9, 2017

by James Kohl with 3 Comments Adaptations Alternative Splicings biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Light Energy Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations

Wednesday Afternoon Lecture Series (WALS) – The future of genetic codes and BRAIN codes

The NIH Director’s Wednesday Afternoon Lecture Series, colloquially known as WALS, is the highest-profile lecture program at the NIH.

The future of genetic codes and BRAIN codes (video)
My comment on the video: Biophysically constrained genetic codes are brain codes. They link the epigenetic landscape to the physical landscape of supercoiled DNA via metabolic networks, which link energy as information to all cell type differentiation in all individuals of all living genera.
Virus-driven energy theft is linked from “gene vandalism” to epigenetically effected nutrient energy-as-information dependent RNA-mediated DNA repair.
Synthesis of nucleic acids became a “bigger deal” when Sutherland’s group showed that ultraviolet light was linked to the simultaneous de novo creation of nucleic acid precursors, which are the starting materials needed to make natural amino acids and lipids.
See: Common origins of RNA, protein and lipid precursors in a cyanosulfidic protometabolism
They showed that a single set of light-activated reactions gave rise to most of life’s building blocks simultaneously. Simply put, that fact refutes every aspect of neo-Darwinian nonsense. It also eliminates consideration of any theories proposed by “big bang” cosmologists.
The irony of this is that not one of the young earth creationists I know would fail to link the hydrogen-atom energy-dependent de novo creation of nucleic acid precursors to all biodiversity on Earth via the physiology of biophysically constrained cell type differentiation.
For example, see: Multipurpose Plant Sensors Startle Scientists
Even if a young earth creationist knew nothing about energy-dependent cell type differentiation, he or she would not be likely to link minimal mutational differences, called mutations to the mutation-driven evolution of all biodiversity.
As you can see in the video, George Church has been forced to abide by the rules of serious scientists.
Here is an unavoidable rule: Kalevi Kull: Censorship & Royal Society Evo Event

George Church has, until yesterday, focused his efforts on exogenous RNA interference rather than what is known about endogenous RNA interference, which links supercoiled DNA to the prevention of all virus-driven pathology in all living genera. Most people will not recognize what President Trump has forced the NIH to do before the theistic evolutionist, Francis Collins is replaced. They may read this, but not understand what it means.
Obama Advisers Urge Action Against CRISPR Bioterror Threat

Scientific advisers to President Obama warn that the U.S. urgently needs a new biodefense strategy and should regularly brief President-elect Donald Trump on the dangers posed by new technologies like CRISPR, gene therapy, and synthetic DNA, which they say could be coöpted by terrorists.

See also: The Bull Sperm MicroRNAome and the Effect of Fescue Toxicosis on Sperm MicroRNA Expression
The likelihood that NIH funding will be used for any studies that do not link prevention from the National Microbiome Initiative to the Precision Medicine Initiative via the microRNAome and energy-dependent microRNA expression can be placed into the context of failed mathematical models, which have not addressed any aspect of energy-dependent biologically-based cause and effect.
Let me help others decipher the content of George Church’s claims in: The future of genetic codes and BRAIN codes
The question (at 54:22) about teratomas is answered with a classic attempt to obfuscate what is known about virus-driven energy theft and all pathology.
How organs assemble in the context of virus-driven energy theft has been placed into the context of energy-dependent viral latency since the time that Sinclair Lewis published “Arrowsmith” in 1925 and Thomas Hunt Morgan won the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his works on chromosomal inheritance.
At 59.00 the question about natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality leads to another attempt to obfuscate what is known about top-down causation.
At 1:00 he begins to talks about adding a built-in sequencer in your phone. At this point, you may need some comic relief, which Jon Stewart provided with his question about whether the new technology would be integrated with a camera. See: Jon Stewart interviews Greg Bear.
At 1:04, the question and answer about Alzheimer’s vs cognitive enhancement can be placed into the context of Greg Bear’s works, which were published in 1999 and 2003. They were reviewed by Michael A. Goldman in “Nature.”
Evolution rising from the grave
Living with the Neanderthals
See also: Newly found mechanism for protecting neurons could underlie brain disease

The neurons expel large (4- micron diameter) membrane-bound vesicles (dubbed “exophers”) that are filled with clumped protein and damaged cellular organelles including mitochondria.

The only mention of exopher in the extant literature indexed on PubMed is in the article published yesterday, C. elegans neurons jettison protein aggregates and mitochondria under neurotoxic stress. The authors seem to be trying to make everything known to all serious scientists appear to be new information about the biophysically constrained RNA-mediated transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of morphological and behavioral phenotypes.
This is roughly the equivalent of inventing de Vries 1902 term “mutation,” which was used by theorists to dismiss Darwin’s “conditions of life.”
For comparison, there are now 58,887 indexed articles on PubMed that mention microRNA. For example, see: MCMDA: Matrix Completion for MiRNA-Disease Association prediction
If you do not object to the level of obfuscation that is required for pseudoscientists to continue touting their ridiculous theories, you may not be allowed to join those who are Combating Evolution to Fight Disease.
What career goals will you pursue after the Trump administration ensures that pseudoscientific nonsense is no longer funded?
Activity-dependent spatially-localized miRNA maturation in neuronal dendrites
Reported as: Bright Spots in Brain Cells

Thanks to Anna Di Cosmo for calling attention to more detailed facts about cell type differentiation that link energy-dependent changes in fluorescence from the weekend resurrection of the bacterial flagellum to endogenous RNA interference and the maturation of brain cells in rats.
Everything known appears to link the conserved molecular mechanisms of nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from archaea to humans.
In any case, no one is challenging the perspective that serious scientists like Anna Di Cosmo have added to what is known about everything that links quantum physics to quantum consciousness via energy-dependent “bright spots in brain cells.”
And there is still no other model for comparison to this model of biologically-based cause and effect. Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model
A good model predicts, and people who understand the need for a good model of biologically-based cause and effect predictably make the most scientific progress.
In 2013 I wrote:

“…the epigenetic ‘tweaking’ of the immense gene networks that occurs via exposure to nutrient chemicals and pheromones can now be modeled in the context of the microRNA/messenger RNA balance, receptor-mediated intracellular signaling, and the stochastic gene expression required for nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution. The role of the microRNA/messenger RNA balance (Breen, Kemena, Vlasov, Notredame, & Kondrashov, 2012; Duvarci, Nader, & LeDoux, 2008; Griggs et al., 2013; Monahan & Lomvardas, 2012) in adaptive evolution will certainly be discussed in published works that will follow.”

In 2015, Role of olfaction in Octopus vulgaris reproduction, Anna Di Cosmo’s group concluded:

The OL acting as control centre may be target organ for metabolic hormones such as leptin like and insulin like peptides, and olfactory organ could exert regulatory action on the OL via epigenetic effects of nutrients and pheromones on gene expression (Kohl, 2013; Elekonich and Robinson, 2000). The knowledge of the nature of the factor released by the optic gland could shed light on the role played by this gland in the reproduction: is it a gonadotropin or a trophic factor? Intriguingly, even though the mechanisms and molecules regulating reproduction are the same in both male and female, O’Dor and Wells (1978) observed mature sperms in young O. vulgaris males independently from optic gland hypertrophy.