Biology to a Physicist

Abiogenesis vs microRNA biogenesis

Summary: The pseudoscientific nonsense about abiogenesis that has been touted by Karo Michaelian and others like him has caused the unnecessary suffering and premature death of millions to billions of people by placing the pathogenic consequences of deregulated miRNAs into the context of ridiculous theories.
See for comparison: Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA and the parody from the same research group:
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Abiogenesis (2017)
Microscopic dissipative structuring and proliferation at the origin of life (Oct 13, 2017)

Some fundamental molecules of life are suggested to have been formed, proliferated, and evolved through photochemical microscopic dissipative structuring and autocatalytic proliferation under the UV-C/UV-B solar environment prevalent at Earth’s surface throughout the Archean. Evidence is given in the numerous salient characteristics of these, including their strong absorption in this spectral region and their rapid non-radiative excited state decay through inherent conical intersections. The examples of the dissipative structuring and dissipative proliferation of the purines and of single strand DNA are given. UV-C and UV-B-induced stationary state isomerizations and tautomerizations are shown to be crucial to the formation of the purines from hydrogen cyanide in an aqueous environment under UV-C light, while UV-C induced phosphorylation of nucleosides and denaturing of double helix RNA and DNA are similarly important to the production and proliferation of single strand DNA. This thermodynamic dissipation perspective provides a physical-chemical foundation for understanding the origin and evolution of life.

The suggestion is ridiculous. No serious scientist would claim that some fundamental molecules of life formed, proliferated, and evolved in the context of thermodynamic dissipation after the UV-C induced phosphorylation of nucleosides and denaturing of double helix RNA and DNA.
The functional structure of supercoiled DNA is energy-dependent.
All serious scientists start with the link from the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy on contact with water to the creation of ATP synthase; the creation of microRNAs; the creation of all other enzymes; the creation of all receptors; the creation of all hormones. That’s how serious scientists link microRNA biogenesis to all biophysically constrained food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled morphological and behavioral diversity on Earth.
MicroRNA biogenesis (2018)

The tipping point of 72,000 indexed published works that mention microRNAs was reached on 4/18/18
See: microRNA
Example: Arthropod viruses and small RNAs (2013)

Understanding the role of small RNAs in arthropod host-virus molecular interactions will facilitate manipulation of these pathways for both management of arthropod pests of agricultural and medical importance, and for protection of beneficial arthropods such as honey bees and shrimp. This review highlights recent research on the role of small RNAs in arthropod host-virus interactions with reference to other host-pathogen systems.

Example: MicroRNAs as mediators of insect host-pathogen interactions and immunity (2014)

In this review, we will discuss the latest developments in regards to the role of microRNA in insect host-pathogen interactions and provide some insights into this rapidly developing area of research.

Example: miRNA regulation of innate immunity (2018)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA and are pivotal posttranscriptional regulators of both innate and adaptive immunity. They act by regulating the expression of multiple immune genes, thus, are the important elements to the complex immune regulatory network. Deregulated expression of specific miRNAs can lead to potential autoimmunity, immune tolerance, hyper-inflammatory phenotype, and cancer initiation and progression. In this review, we discuss the contributory pathways and mechanisms by which several miRNAs influence the development of innate immunity and fine-tune immune response. Moreover, we discuss the consequence of deregulated miRNAs and their pathogenic implications.

The pseudoscientific nonsense touted by Karo Michaelian and others like him has caused the unnecessary suffering and premature death of millions to billions of people by placing the pathogenic consequences of deregulated miRNAs into the context of ridiculous theories.
See for comparison: Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA and the parody from the same research group:

See also: Michaelian K
and Retraction: Oligoarginine peptides slow strand annealing and assist non-enzymatic RNA replication (Nov 23, 2017)
The life’s works of all those who have ever touted their ridiculous claims about abiogenesis can now be placed into the context of the eternal significance of microRNAs. The energy dependent de novo creation of microRNA flanking sequences has repeatedly been linked from the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction to biophysically constrained viral latency and sympatric speciation in all living genera.
See: Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation” (1964)

The synthesis of RNA in isolated thymus nuclei is ATP dependent.

See also: Long-range coherence and energy storage in biological systems (1968)
See also: Cytosis (for ages 10+)

Players take turns placing workers on available organelles within a human cell in order to collect resources (such as Carbohydrates or ATP!) or take actions (such as purchasing Cell Component cards or translating mRNA into Proteins!)

Players use their resources to build Enzymes, Hormones, and Hormone Receptors and also to help detoxify the cell – all of which score health points. The player with the most health points at the end of the game wins!

See for comparison: DNA Denaturing through UV-C Photon Dissipation: A Possible Route to Archean Non-enzymatic Replication (2014)

Many of the fundamental molecules of life, those common to all three domains; bacteria, eukaryote, and archea, including RNA and DNA, amino acids, enzymes, vitamins, cofactors, and protoporphyrins, absorb photons in the UV-C 1. RNA or DNA in complexes with these molecules act as acceptor quenchers, providing the electronically excited pigment donor molecule with an extremely rapid (sub picosecond) non-radiative dexcitation channel, through internal conversion into vibrational energy of the nucleic acid and surrounding water molecules2.

On January 15, 2016 John Hewitt commented:  You have just described the founding principle and thermodynamic function of life
On April 17, 2018, I commented on the ridiculous claim this so-called science journalist made because he blocked me from seeing his tweets a few months ago.

5th-6th Sept 2018 Dublin, Ireland

Light-controlled cell biology (revisited)

See Sci-Bay Scholar for citations and downloads of more than 3300 published works that link viruses to microRNAs
Summary: …either the organized genomes of all cell types use the energy source, or viruses use the biophysically constrained energy of the cell types. No extant species can be used as an example of how the virus-driven theft of quantized energy can be linked from natural selection to the evolution of a new species.
See also, with my emphasis:

Light Offers New Way to Control Cell Biology (3/16/17)

…the power of light-sensitive proteins is that they can be used to study the inner workings of any living cell.

Archaea:

Salt-tolerant archaea (the Haloarchaea) use sunlight as an energy source, and other species of archaea fix carbon; however, unlike plants and cyanobacteria, no known species of archaea does both.

George Church At 15:10

…the cyanobacteria turn out that they fix light ah as well or better than land plants…

From the transcript:

The cyanobacteria fix [carbon via] light as well or better than land plants. Under ideal circumstances, they can be maybe seven to ten times more productive per photon.

The difference between the fixation of light and the fixation of carbon is that (see above)  no known species of archaea does both. That fact supports the claim that the ability to fix light is an ecological adaptation that links the quantized energy of sunlight to all biophysically constrained biodiversity in the context of energy-dependent viral latency.

Archaea that do not use sunlight as their energy source probably become L-forms in the context of the virus-driven degradation of their messenger RNA, which has been linked from mutations to all pathology in the context of one-carbon metabolism. Quantized energy is the obvious link from the fixation of light to the fixation of carbon in all carbon-based life forms on Earth.

Simply put, either the organized genomes of all cell types use the energy source that fixes carbon, or the viruses use the biophysically constrained energy of the cell types. For comparison, no extant species can be used as an example of how the virus-driven theft of quantized energy can be used in the context of natural selection and evolution.

See also:L-form bacteria

The cell wall is important for cell division, which, in most bacteria, occurs by binary fission. This process usually requires a cell wall and components of the bacterial cytoskeleton such as FtsZ. The ability of L-form bacteria to grow and divide in the absence of both of these structures is highly unusual, and may represent a form of cell division that was important in early forms of life.[1]
 
If the claim that L-forms are an early form of life was placed into the perspective of claims by Carl Woese about the different domains of life, theorists would need to explain how the cell wall “evolved” before all life on Earth evolved from archaea to bacteria and every other species.
 

For comparison, I claim that quantized energy as information carried by light is the link from the creation of the cell wall to all epigenetically-effected biophysically constrained food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled biodiversity. However, Carl Zimmer seems to want someone to redefine “heredity” to make the definition fit back into the context of evolution outside the context of Dobzhansky (1973) Nothing in Biology Makes Any Sense Except in the Light of Evolution

(quotes)

I am a creationist and an evolutionist. Evolution is God’s, or Nature’s, method of Creation.

For example, the so-called alpha chains of hemoglobin have identical sequences of amino acids in man and the chimpanzee, but they differ in a single amino acid (out of 141) in the gorilla.

See also: Clinically Actionable Genotypes Among 10,000 Patients With Preemptive Pharmacogenomic Testing

…different SNPs may be present and confer risk for inefficacy or toxicity among AAs, as well as Asians, Hispanics, or other populations.

The light energy-dependent differences in the SNPs confer the diversity of morphological and behavioral phenotypes in all living genera. The SNPs also are linked to healthy longevity or pathology via the fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions. That fact must be placed into the context of pheromone-controlled reproduction and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. That is why Carl Zimmer wants people to think that we need a new definition of heredity.
See the book description for: She Has Her Mother’s Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity

We need a new definition of what heredity is…

See for comparison: 6 Bacteria with Awesome Superpowers (Excerpt)

Chemolithoautotrophic, which means they get their energy from inorganic compounds in their environment

SARCASM ALERT: If neo-Darwinian evolutionary theorists make claims about chemolithoautotrophic heredity, will you still believe them?

See also: March for Science: How Democracy Kills Expertise (3/20/17)

“People don’t care how much you know until they know how much you care.”

Until the public is convinced that scientists and journalists care about truth and society, then I fear all of our labors will be in vain.

Serious scientists care about the truth and about society. Many so-called science journalists want the efforts of people who care to be viewed in the context of their pseudoscientific nonsense about heredity via evolution.
See: Changes in the vascular system may trigger Alzheimer’s disease (3/21/17)

The plasma protein, called Factor XII, is part of a cascade of enzymes that induces blood coagulation and inflammation.

If Alzheimer’s disease evolved, you do not need to know about the energy-dependent cascade of enzymes that starts with the creation of ATP synthase. What if you had become a so-called science journalist who did not know that proteins do not create themselves? For example, that’s how energy-dependent changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance can be linked to all healthy longevity. You wouldn’t know that.
Virus-driven energy theft causes Alzheimer’s and all other pathology. All serious scientists know that. All pseudoscientists, atheists, and theorists do not want you to know it. For example, viruses cause antibiotic resistance.

This antibiotic will ruin you (3/18/17)

It gets worse. There is no cure. No treatment. No relief. No specialist even.

2011 Researchers to study positive genetic contributions of viruses (3/18/11)

  1. The two-year, $550,000 grant has been awarded to K. Eric Wommack…
  2. These discoveries come from the study of marine ecosystems but allow researchers to learn more about the predominant biological features of viruses overall, which can affect how human conditions – such as cancer – are diagnosed and treated. “Within some of the samples we’ve collected, we found genes critical to protein folding,” says Polson. “In many cases, protein has to be directed to fold in the proper way. Protein misfolding is a component in the cause of some diseases, so this knowledge can be very important in our understanding of viral infection processes.”

Reported as: Social selection: genetic contribution of viruses to life on earth

… science fiction author Greg Bear successfully predicted the involvement of specific viruses in speciation (read Darwin’s Radio and Darwin’s Children). This new report attests to the likelihood that the mechanisms may someday be found. Bear’s concept of viral induction of species evolution — with further consideration given after reading this article — also sheds light on differences between what most people call “natural” selection and what some people are beginning to call “social” selection. There may be no evidence of transitionary species in the fossil record because viruses elicited comparatively sudden and dramatic changes in the genotype and phenotype of extant organisms as other organisms became extinct. One of the mechanisms involved in speciation, as indicated by Bear, is likely to be pheromones that signal similarities and differences in species that occupy similar social niches. I’m now suggesting that transfer of genetic material between species — not just single genes, but large segments of genetic code – could rather suddenly result in what might at first appear to be a newly evolved organism. If ever a newly evolved organism is found, it might be a good idea to look around its neighborhood for genetic clues that provide evidence of parenthood, or of Creation.

Virus-mediated archaeal hecatomb in the deep seafloor (2015)

We show here for the first time the crucial role of viruses in controlling archaeal dynamics and therefore the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems, and suggest that virus-archaea interactions play a central role in global biogeochemical cycles.

See for updates: Viruses in Soil Ecosystems: An Unknown Quantity Within an Unexplored Territory (2017)

While information from aquatic systems and medical microbiology suggests the potential for viral influences on nutrient cycles, food web interactions, gene transfer, and other key processes in soils, very few empirical data are available. To understand the soil virome, much work remains.

Re-examination of the relationship between marine virus and microbial cell abundances (2017)

…viral effect sizes derived from ‘representative’ abundances require substantial refinement to be extrapolated to regional or global scales.

If you let them, researchers like these will spend millions of dollars and never learn that viral latency is biophysically constrained in the context of the sun’s anti-entropic energy and the physiology of food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled feedback loops.
See for comparison: What is life? (1944)

Indeed, in the case of higher animals we know the kind of orderliness they feed upon well enough, viz. the extremely well-ordered state of matter in more or less complicated organic compounds, which serve them as foodstuffs. After utilizing it they return it in a very much degraded form -not entirely degraded, however, for plants can still make use of it. (These, of course, have their most power supply of ‘negative entropy’ the sunlight.)

What is life when it is not protected from virus driven entropy (2016)

See also: MicroRNA and autophagy

Cytosis can be used to teach everything from base editing to RNA editing to everyone over age 10. They will learn how to link the creation of energy to biophysically constrained viral latency via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction.

Autophagy in health and disease (1)

Novel Treatment Strategies for the Nervous System: Circadian Clock Genes, Non-coding RNAs, and Forkhead Transcription Factors

Each of these pathways have an intimate relationship with the programmed death pathways of autophagy and apoptosis and share a common link to the silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1) and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Circadian clock genes are necessary to modulate autophagy, limit cognitive loss, and prevent neuronal injury. Non-coding RNAs can control neuronal stem cell development and neuronal differentiation and offer protection against vascular disease…

The author includes what is known about the links from biophysically constrained RNA-mediated energy-dependent pheromone-controlled reproduction in yeasts to mammals.
See also this comment by Frank Xavier on Eat Yourself to Live: Autophagy’s Role in Health and Disease

Amino acids are not all the same, EAA and NEAA messages epigenetically control sometimes univocal responses, but more often they rule opposing effects.

I wrote:

Thanks for mentioning that. In a recent interview about his forthcoming book, Carl Zimmer claimed

…we need to be much more skeptical about other forms of heredity, like epigenetics.

(edited) Food energy-dependent biophysically constrained viral latency has been linked to healthy longevity in all living genera via autophagy, in the context of fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions and game play in Cytosis, for ages 10+.

In that context, we included a section on molecular epigenetics in this 1996 Hormones and Behavior review: From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior

Our claims have since been supported at every level of examination that now links the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy from electrons to ecosystems via cryo-EM technology and the creation of microRNAs.

See: Regulation of Luteinizing Hormone Receptor mRNA Expression in the Ovary: The Role of miR-122 and Regulation of FSH expression by differentially expressed miR-186-5p in rat anterior adenohypophyseal cells and Modulation of miRNAs by Vitamin C in Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells
The microRNA-mediated link from Vitamin C to ecological adaptations in a modern human population in China established the facts about alternative splicings of pre-mRNA that we included in our 1996 review. See: Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems
See also:  Reproductive role of miRNA in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis
See also: Chemistry at the nexus of water and energy

Our ability to harness reactions that absorb or release energy is often contingent on water as a mediator. We can appreciate this simply by considering the steam that drives our electricity-generating turbines, the rivers that flow through our hydroelectric plants, and the freshwater–saltwater interface from which we can harvest blue energy. Whether we split water (as plants do), make it (as a product of combustion) or just drink it, this compound is inexorably tied to energy. Chemistry is at the heart of these topics and this collection brings together content from across Nature Research that focuses on the chemistry of energy production and water treatment.

Philip C. Ball and Carl Zimmer continue to display their overwhelming ignorance of cell biology in two books:
Beyond Weird

We now realise that quantum mechanics is less about particles and waves, uncertainty and fuzziness, than a theory about information…

See for comparison: Life is physics and chemistry and communication and What is life when it is not protected from virus driven entropy
See also: She Has Her Mother’s Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity

We need a new definition of what heredity is…

Both so-called science journalists have ignored everything known to serious scientists about biophysically constrained viral latency. They reach a very large target audience of others who are biologically uninformed.
In the context of those who are equally uninformed, so-called science journalists have the power to contribute to increasing amounts of  unnecessary suffering and premature deaths. Only the emergence of Timothy J. Cunningham as director of the CDC is likely to stop them. May God help us all if Timothy J. Cunningham has somehow vanished without a trace and fails to return to put pseudoscientists and their idiot minions into their proper place.

5th-6th Sept 2018 Dublin, Ireland

Ecological adaptation: A new definition of heredity (1)

Excerpt: ” …long-standing presumptions led to the claims made by biologically uninformed theorists who failed to link biophysically constrained viral latency to the recent origin of most protein-coding variants via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in species from microbes to humans…”
She Has Her Mother’s Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity May 29, 2018 | 672 Pages
From the description of the book:

1) We need a new definition of what heredity is…

2) …Zimmer ultimately unpacks urgent bioethical quandaries arising from new biomedical technologies, but also long-standing presumptions about who we really are and what we can pass on to future generations.

The long-standing presumptions led to the claims made by biologically uninformed theorists who failed to link biophysically constrained viral latency to the recent origin of most protein-coding variants via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in species from microbes to humans. For comparison to the long-standing presumptions, see:
Recent Explosive Human Population Growth Has Resulted in an Excess of Rare Genetic Variants May 11, 2012
Evolution and functional impact of rare coding variation from deep sequencing of human exomes May 17, 2012
Analysis of 6,515 exomes reveals the recent origin of most human protein-coding variants
Reported as: Past 5,000 years prolific for changes to human genome November 28, 2012

Of 1.15 million single-nucleotide variants found among more than 15,000 protein-encoding genes, 73% in arose the past 5,000 years, the researchers report. 164,688 of the variants — roughly 14% — were potentially harmful, and of those, 86% arose in the past 5,000 years. More broadly, the results suggest that humans are carrying around larger numbers of deleterious mutations than they did a few thousand years ago. But this doesn’t mean that humans now are more susceptible to disease, says Akey. Rather, it suggests that most diseases are caused by more than one variant, and that diseases could operate through different genetic pathways and mechanisms in different people.

Akey dismissed everything known about the epigenetic effects of food energy and the metabolism of food to pheromones, which biophysically constrains viral latency in the context of the physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans.
See for comparison: A third of Americans don’t believe in evolution January 1, 2014
My comment:

Ecological adaptation occurs via the epigenetic effects of nutrients on alternative splicings of pre-mRNA which result in amino acid substitutions that differentiate all cell types of all individuals of all species. The control of the differences in cell types occurs via the metabolism of the nutrients to chemical signals that control the physiology of reproduction.

These facts do not refute evolution; they simply refute the ridiculous theory of mutation-initiated natural selection that most people here were taught to believe is the theory of evolution.

That theory is far too ridiculous to be anything but a joke in the context of biological-based increasing organismal complexity. But here, we have lots of jokers, don’t we? The proof of ecological variation that appears to refute the theory of evolution, which actually refutes itself, is that ecological adaptations occur too fast for mutations to compete with them as a source of anything but diseases and disorders.

When food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled autophagy (see: Autophagy.pro) fails to protect organized genomes from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA, organisms pass on mutations to future generations. Clear evidence of that fact was published in the context of this article: Analysis of 6,515 exomes reveals the recent origin of most human protein-coding variants January, 2013.

Establishing the age of each mutation segregating in contemporary human populations is important to fully understand our evolutionary history1, 2 and will help to facilitate the development of new approaches for disease-gene discovery3.

The facts about the age of all mutations have since been placed into the context of:
Sperm epigenetics and influence of environmental factors February, 2018

… epigenetic variation may be genetically selected [41], which is in contradiction with the opposite model in which epigenetic variation is a cause of genetic variation. While both models can cooperate, more experimental evidence, other than computationally-based, should be provided to address the mutagenicity of regions subjected to environmentally-induced epigenetic variation and the evolutionary implications.

Conclusion:

Future research efforts may be able to identify a unified epigenetic remodeling response to lifestyle stress across species. Understanding the role of environmentally-driven epigenetic changes in gametes on the phenotype of the offspring constitutes not only a fascinating biological question on its own but also represents a moral obligation for the health of future generations.

See also: The Bull Sperm MicroRNAome and the Effect of Fescue Toxicosis on Sperm MicroRNA Expression December, 2014

MicroRNA present in mature sperm… may actually serve important regulatory roles in fertilization and early developmental processes.

To see how much experimental evidence of biophysically constrained food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled biologically-based cause and effect has been ignored during the past two decades, see: From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior December 1996

…we focus directly on molecular events themselves. Here the “environment” involved can be that within a DNA segment. We also expand the notion of “biologically based sex differences.” Although many, and perhaps most, important sex differences arise from gonadal and hormonal development, also important are sex differences which are neither gonadal nor hormonal. All these factors affect the internal workings of the individual and intervene in structuring how the social environment might or might not modify sexual behavior. This discourse calls attention to features that are central to the so-called nature-nurture discussion.

Our section on molecular epigenetics may have been the first to detail what is now being reported in the context of the cryo-EM technology, which links energy-dependent changes from electrons to ecosystems in all living genera via what is known about pre-mRNAs. Pre-mRNAs are now also referred to as microRNAs in more than 70,000 published works.
See: microRNA and/or pre-mRNA 
Clearly, what is known to all serious scientists about biophysically constrained viral latency and healthy longevity has forced Carl Zimmer to suggest that “We need a new definition of what heredity is…”
See also:
7/31/16 From hydrogen atom transfer in DNA base pairs to ecosystems
7/31/16 RNA-mediated physics, chemistry, and molecular epigenetics
7/30/16 What is life when it is not protected from virus driven entropy
7/29/16 RNA-mediated molecular epigenetics and virus-driven entropy
4/10/14 Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems
8/8/13 Nutrient-dependent / pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution
3/8/13 Nutrient-dependent / Pheromone–controlled thermodynamics and thermoregulation
2/17/13 Nutrient-dependent / Pheromone-controlled Adaptive Evolution
Watch for Philip C. Ball’s newest book: Beyond Weird  March 22, 2018

Over the past decade or so, the enigma of quantum mechanics has come into sharper focus. We now realise that quantum mechanics is less about particles and waves, uncertainty and fuzziness, than a theory about information: about what can be known and how.

See: 5/8/17 Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference May 8, 2017
See also: New Giant Viruses Further Blur the Definition of Life

“The gap between cellular organisms and viruses is starting to close,” Deeg said. “Which then brings us back to: What is a virus, and what is life?”

Has anyone else linked biophotonics to the energy-dependent proton motive force via the cryo-EM technology?
See for instance: Permeability transition in human mitochondria persists in the absence of peripheral stalk subunits of ATP synthase.
And preview, Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018
Nobel Laureates, Linda Buck, Ben Feringa, Michael Rosbash are among other Nobel Laureates who are scheduled to present.
See also: Are Humans “Smeller Underachievers?” Not So Fast…

…they will share their data and experience on the psychological influences on eating and behavior, the chemosensory properties of food and how we experience them, the role of food as medicine, and the history and evolution of flavor and flavor perception.

No experimental evidence of energy-dependent biophysically constrained top-down causation suggests that flavor perception “evolved.”  See: Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction

5th-6th Sept 2018 Dublin, Ireland

Conceptual critique: Innateness vs the death gene (1)

Summary: The term innate is used in psychological explanations. The so-called explanations ignore facts about the light energy-dependent activation of endogenous substrates. The anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight links the endogenous substrates to biophysically constrained viral latency and healthy longevity via the physiology of reproduction in all living genera.

“Proximate mechanisms” and “evolution” are terms used by biologically uninformed theorists. That fact becomes perfectly clear in the context of  The conceptual critique of innateness (paywalled)

One proposal is that innateness can be defined in terms of the biological property of environmental canalization. On this view, a trait is innate to the extent that it is developmentally buffered against a range of different environments. Another proposal is that innateness serves as an explanatory primitive for cognitive science. This view holds that there exist a sharp boundary between psychological and biological explanations and that to identify a trait as innate means that it falls into the latter explanatory domain.

For comparison to the sharp boundary between psychological and biological explanations, we eliminated the concept of innateness and claims about evolution from our 1996 Hormones and Behavior review of experience-dependent epigenetically- effected RNA-mediated cell type differentiation: From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior.

See how our section on molecular epigenetics was linked from effects on hormones to the affects of hormones on behavior via alternative splicings of pre-mRNAs.

Small intranuclear proteins also participate in generating alternative splicing techniques of pre-mRNA and, by this mechanism, contribute to sexual differentiation in at least two species, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans…

Also, in an award-winning 2001 review, other co-authors helped to link energy-dependent top-down causation to biophysically constrained cause and effect via the affects of hormones on behavior. Epigenetic effects on hormones and affects on behavior are studied and integrated in the context of human ethology. See: Human pheromones: integrating neuroendocrinology and ethology 

If you ignore the history of all published works on energy-dependent microRNA-mediated (aka pre-mRNA-mediated) top-down causation during the past two decades, you can continue to tout “evolution” as if it had any explanatory power. But it does not have any explanatory power whatsoever in the context of human ethology.

Simply put, “evolution” does not link epigenetic effects on hormones to the affect of hormones on behavior. Evolution, innate, and proximate mechanisms are terms used by biologically uninformed theorists whose ridicuous theories have no explanatory power.
See for comparison: Hormonal: The Hidden Intelligence of Hormones — How They Drive Desire, Shape Relationships, Influence Our Choices, and Make Us Wiser (Feb 13, 2018)
See for examples of explanatory power: pre mrna + alternative splicing and  microRNA 
Item: 1 of 69876 in today’s search at 9:23 AM Eastern Time A Genetic Network for Systemic RNA Silencing in Plants

Non-cell autonomous RNA silencing can spread from cell to cell and over long-distance in animals and plants.

That fact is commonly known among serious scientists. For comparison, pseudoscientists and other theorists also use the term “proximate mechanisms” outside the context of the links from the food energy-dependent non-cell autonomous RNA silencing and pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction, which were obviously included in Darwin’s “conditions of life.” (Darwin’s “conditions of life” were bastardized by those who invented neo-Darwinian nonsense, and linked the nonsense to explanations of behavior in the context of human ethology.)

See for example: Jay R. Feierman is the antagonistic passive-aggressive moderator of the Human Ethology Yahoo Group.
After brief discussion of my claims in Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model (2013), Jay R. Feierman reported this to the group:

Jay R. Feierman: Variation is not nutrient availability and the something that is doing the selecting is not the individual organism. A feature of an educated person is to realize what they do not know. Sadly, you don’t know that you have an incorrect understanding [of] Darwinian biological evolution.

and this:

Jay R. Feierman: I am absolutely certain that if you showed this statement to any professor of biology or genetics in any accredited university anywhere in the world that 100% of them would say that “Random mutations are the substrate upon which directional natural selection acts” is a correct and true statement.

See for comparison: Small RNA pathways responsible for non-cell-autonomous regulation of plant reproduction (reported in the context of my “Sokalian Hoax” series (1-10).
K.I. Nonomura and others have since published EAT1 transcription factor, a non-cell-autonomous regulator of pollen production, activates meiotic small RNA biogenesis in rice anther tapetum (February 12, 2018)

ETERNAL TAPETUM1 (EAT1) is a basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor indispensable for induction of programmed cell death (PCD) in postmeiotic anther tapetum, the somatic nursery for pollen production.

It links what organisms “eat” (get it?)to the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in species from microbes to humans via the honeybee model organism and everything known about biophysically constrained viral latency. Theorists and other pseudoscientists, like Jay R. Feierman, must continue to live in fear that their nonsense will be exposed in the context of what might otherwise have become a culture war.
Instead, this group of Japanese researchers appears to have an unparalleled, albeit somewhat biophysically constrained, sense of humor. Sarcasm, for example, is often a humorous way to force pseudoscientists to recognize the facts they have ignored. It is somewhat the same as a rabbinical debate that starts with “You Fool!”
For example, You fool! The link from ETERNAL TAPETUM1 (EAT1) and/or what you eat to a basic biophysically constrained helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor and/or cell death can be placed into the context of how the death gene is activated by stress in all living genera.
See: Reduced expression of brain-enriched microRNAs in glioblastomas permits targeted regulation of a cell death gene
The reduced expression is caused by the virus-driven theft of quantized energy, which links nutrient stress and/or social stress from  mutations to all pathology via the degradation of messenger RNA in species from archaea to humans.
Virus-mediated archaeal hecatomb in the deep seafloor

We show here for the first time the crucial role of viruses in controlling archaeal dynamics and therefore the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems, and suggest that virus-archaea interactions play a central role in global biogeochemical cycles.

See for comparison: The extent of codon usage bias in human RNA viruses and its evolutionary origin (2003)

Revealing the determinants of codon usage bias is central to the understanding of factors governing viral evolution.

Molecular Clocks and the Puzzle of RNA Virus Origins (2003)

…in the case of the primate lentiviruses, amino acid residues that are highly variable in HIV are sometimes conserved in chimpanzee SIV (19), and this may have a significant effect on dating estimates.

A Metagenomic Survey of Microbes in Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder (2007)

The observation that irradiated combs from affected colonies can be repopulated with naive bees suggests that infection may contribute to CCD.

Codon identity regulates mRNA stability and translation efficiency during the maternal-to-zygotic transition

The amino acid optimality code (Fig 6) provides an alternative perspective on sequence changes between paralogs in evolution and human disease.

Theorists have been repeatedly told told that there is no such thing as the emergence of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy. They have also been repeatedly told there is no such thing as mutation-driven evolution. They have been warned that serious scientists have linked top-down causation to energy-dependent biophysically constrained viral latency. But, biologically uninformed theorists continue to ignore the facts about virus-driven pathology, and their ignorance will probably continue to cause the unnecessary suffering that leads to premature death, which may lead to the death of nearly everyone and everything on Earth.
Sudden emergence of human infections with H7N9 avian influenza A virus in Hubei province, central China (2018)

There have been five waves of H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) infection in humans since its initial emergence in China in 2013, posing a significant threat to public health. Hubei province was free local transmission during the first four waves of H7N9 AIV. However, multiple cases of human H7N9 infection were reported in Hubei during January 2017.

The emergence of influenza viruses has typically been constrained by ultraviolet light. This group of researchers recently presented their findings in that context.
Far-UVC light: A new tool to control the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases

This approach may help limit seasonal influenza epidemics, transmission of tuberculosis, as well as major pandemics.

See also: Conceptual critique: Innateness vs the death gene (2)
 

5th-6th Sept 2018 Dublin, Ireland

Anti-entropic sunlight: Schrödinger’s Creationist Secret? (4)

Summary: Antagonists such as John Hewitt have exhausted my patience. Now see this:

The authors invented the term “phosphate steering”  in an attempt to obfuscate what has been known to all serious scientists about oxidative phosphorylation for more than 50 years.

See: “oxidative phosphorylation” microRNA  (105 entries); “oxidative phosphorylation” (21955 entries) and “phosphate steering” (1 entry)

Compare the nonsense about phosphae steering to facts in the context of Modern diversification of the amino acid repertoire driven by oxygen (2017)
Reported on February 1, 2018 as: Quantum chemistry solves mystery why there are these 20 amino acids in the genetic code
Conclusion:

…we could characterize oxygen as the author adding the very final touch to the genetic code,” stated Moosmann.

Also reported on Feburary 2, 2018 as: Origin of Life: Quantum Chemistry Solves One of Genetics’ Biggest Mysteries Using Amino Acids From Space

Moosmann and his colleagues created a quantum chemistry model that compared amino acids on Earth to amino acids from space that had arrived via meteorites.

Conclusion:

The newer aminos’ reactivity still didn’t account for their presence in the genetic tool box to begin with. The researchers conducted additional experiments which verified their theoretical results. They found that at least three of the newer aminos—methionine, tryptophan and selenocysteine—were included in response to the rising levels of oxygen in our atmosphere. Since oxygen encourages the production of toxic-free radicals, we needed additional, nimbler amino acids to react to those free radicals and help our cells repair themselves.

Last month I advised John Hewitt against attemptng to link the creation of selenocysteine to biodiversity outside the context of the biophysical constraints on viral latency. Hewitt and many other biologically uninformed science journalists like the idea of neo-Darwinian evolution.
See why: On the unique function of selenocysteine — Insights from the evolution of selenoproteins

These evolutionary studies stem from the realization that patterns of amino acid conservation and substitution in proteins may provide important functional information.

The magic of evolutionary studies is easy compared to understanding the functional structure of supercoiled DNA in the context of the report from 2009. Hewitt likes that simple-minded ignorance compared to the difficulty of placing the structure and function of supercoiled DNA into the context of my model from 2013.

Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model

Conclusion:

…the model represented here is consistent with what is known about the epigenetic effects of ecologically important nutrients and pheromones on the adaptively evolved behavior of species from microbes to man. Minimally, this model can be compared to any other factual representations of epigenesis and epistasis for determination of the best scientific ‘fit’.

But, I digress. My point is that no experimental evidence of biophysically constrained top-down causation suggests that amino acids from space arrived on Earth via transport in meteorites. The fact that the creation of the amino acids must be linked to biophysically constrained viral latency has repeatedly been reported at every level of examination by serious scientists.
See for instance: Common origins of RNA, protein and lipid precursors in a cyanosulfidic protometabolism
Reported as:Researchers may have solved origin-of-life conundrum

…the conditions that produce nucleic acid precursors also create the starting materials needed to make natural amino acids and lipids. That suggests a single set of [light activated] reactions could have given rise to most of life’s building blocks simultaneously.

John Hewitt’s claims can now be placed into the context of my model.
On February 3, 2018, John Hewitt tweeted:

“all the substitutions were figured out long ago by bacteria”

I replied:

Do you realize how ridiculous that sounds in the context of any other claims that you have accurately represented?

On February 4, 2018, John Hewitt wrote:

“slander me again James and you are blocked. those silly viruses were artificially engineered that way”

I’ve placed his comments about slander into the context of his past claims about viruses and energy.
1) MIT team genetically engineers a quantum virus for efficient energy transport (2015)

Although the virus has demonstrated the ability to capture and transfer light energy…

John Hewitt failed to put his reported fact about the capture of light energy into the proper context of my works. He has since been denigrating my model and peer-reviewed publications in a month-long escalation of “twitter” attacks.
Like others, he has resorted to attacks via social media, because that’s where the ignorance is. The ignorance of other theorists has typically been in his favor. But see two other news reports from John Hewitt.
2) The Excitable Mitochondria (2016) http://inference-review.com/article/the-excitable-mitochondria

By fine-tuning their fusion and fission rates, each cell maintains a large centralized mitochondrial syncytium that dispatches and recalls mitochondrial quanta to different parts of the cell.

John Hewitt joined the ranks of others who have claimed the fine-tuning is automagical. He removed consideration for the creation of  quantized energy and the virus-driven capture of quantized energy. That is how he bastardized everything known to serious scientists about energy-dependent biophysically constrained viral latency and healthy longevity in species from microbes to humans. But wait, he almost helped other serious scientists make progress.
3) The vibrational theory of olfaction for the win (2017)

In addition to these discoveries, Turin also just published a much more sweeping treatise on molecular recognition in olfaction in the journal Advances in Physics: X. In it, he and his co-authors delve into more of the specifics of olfactory receptors, including particular amino acid motifs, metal binding capacities, and disulphide bridge redox status. It turns out that amino acid side chains alone frequently pull off some rather interesting electron transfer effects without the need for fancy co-enzymes or prosthetic groups. Although there are only a few cases in which this has been proposed, we can take a brief anecdotal look at how this mechanism operates in other proteins.

John Hewitt likes Turin’s theory, but ignores my model, which links the creation of sunlight from the creation of quantized energy as information to the creation of ATP. Conserved molecular mechanisms in microbes link the creation of ATP to RNA-mediated cell type differentiation via the creation of amino-acid substitutions that stabilize the organized genomes of all living genera in the context of the physiology of reproduction.
See the the initial prescient support for the claims in my mode, which came from the first person who ever critiqued it:, Bruce McEwen.
Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation” (1964)

The synthesis of RNA in isolated thymus nuclei is ATP dependent.

See also: Long-range coherence and energy storage in biological systems (1968) published in International Journal of Quantum Chemistry

The supplied [quantized] energy is thus not completely thermalized but stored in a highly ordered fashion.

Clearly, energy-dependent biophysical constraints on the well-ordered stability of organized genomes is required for the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of all morphological and behavioral phenotypes.
Quantum chemistry solves mystery why there are these 20 amino acids in the genetic code makes that fact perfectly clear.
But see also: Bacterial self-organization: co-enhancement of complexification and adaptability in a dynamic environment (2003)
and Learning from Bacteria about Natural Information Processing (2009)
and Stability of the hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype (2016)

…higher levels of these PSFs may be predictive of poor patient outcome. Finally, based on these specific examples, we deduce certain network motifs that can stabilize the hybrid E/M phenotype. Our results suggest that partial EMT, i.e. a hybrid E/M phenotype, need not be ‘metastable’, and strengthen the emerging notion that partial EMT, but not necessarily a complete EMT, is associated with aggressive tumor progression.

If you looked only at the works published by the late Eshel Ben-Jacob and his group, you would learn the difference between all serious scientists and all biologically uninformed theorists and their idiot minions: the biologically uninformed science journalists.
But for another 50-year-old historical perspective see: Non-singular general-relativistic collapse (1968) as cited in Absorption and Scattering Cross Section of Regular Black Holes Journal of Gravity (2014)
Reported as: What If the Big Bang Wasn’t the Beginning? New Study Proposes Alternative December 5, 2017

There is no empirical evidence for bouncing cosmologies today,” he said. “But there is no evidence for the initial singularity as well.

That’s two strikes against “Big Bang” cosmology before serious scientists start.
See for comparison: Non-singular quantum-inspired gravitational collapse (2013)
Biologically uninformed journalists continue to display their epic failure to understand any aspect of pattern recognition. For example, all patterns appear to be energy-dependent and the energy appears to be physically constrained in the context of gravity and and biophysically constrained in the context of all  biodiversity.
I placed that fact into the context of part three of this series.
Anti-entropic sunlight: Schrödinger’s Creationist Secret? (3)
The fact that two articles published in 1968 attest to the facts about the energy-dependent creation of ATP and RNA in McEwen et al., (1964) , links claims about human idiocy to science journalists — with John Hewitt as the best example of idiocy.
But, two days later, In an attempt to support the nonsense touted by John Hewitt, Nik Willmore added:

Replying to @jvkohl @jhewitt123

Stringing together walls of general science buzzword salad as an excuse to hurl quack insults makes you the poster boy for Pink Floyd’s album The Wall.

My response: See Andrew Jones unpublished thesis on abiogenesis and the editor’s comments on his criticisms: “…subjected to standard peer review and the revised version was accepted by me after it had been accepted by both reviewers.” Find your friends on The Dark Side of the Moon.
People like @nikwillmore and @jhewitt123 might claim that they want to see “Science” only after peer review. Most of them do not want to see anything published that refutes the pseudoscientific nonsense of their ridiculous theories. But see also: Universal Alternative Splicing of Noncoding Exons
Compare claims that “…noncoding exons are functionally modular, with alternative splicing generating an enormous repertoire of potential regulatory RNAs and a rich transcriptional reservoir for gene evolution.” See: our section on molecular epigenetics From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior

Small intranuclear proteins also participate in generating alternative splicing techniques of pre-mRNA and, by this mechanism…

We did not forget to mention the emergence of energy, abiogenesis, and evolution.
All serious scientists dismiss ridiculous claims. For comparison, all pseudoscientists and biologically uninformed science journalists dismiss the experimental evidence of energy-dependent biophysically constrained viral latency as if the experimental evidence was optional. See:  Combating Evolution to Fight Disease.
See also: The real reason behind The Big Bang Theory’s ratings drop

So how come Big Bang isn’t popping the way it used to?

It’s getting eclipsed by Young Sheldon

As Cheers begot Frasier and Buffy begot Angel, The Big Bang Theory has spawned Young Sheldon. It chronicles the oft-spoken of adventures of Sheldon when he was a socially oblivious, one-of-a-kind, once-in-a-generation genius growing up in a small town with a family that didn’t understand him. Enjoying a lead-in from The Big Bang Theory, Young Sheldon was a hit right out of the gate.

This appears to be proof that most people would rather be entertained to death rather than examine the facts about the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy and biophysically constrained viral latency.
See also: “You are blocked from following @jhewitt123 and viewing @jhewitt123’s Tweets. Learn more”
I do not need to learn more: See: A Few Good Man “You Can’t Handle the Truth”
See also: Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference

Feedback loops link quantized energy as information to biophysically constrained RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry. Light induced energy-dependent changes link angstroms to ecosystems from classical physics to chemistry/chirality and to… autophagy.

People like John Hewitt and Nik Willmore consistently test the patience of serious scientists until the ignorance of their ridiculous theories is exposed.
See also: Phosphate steering by Flap Endonuclease 1 promotes 5′-flap specificity and incision to prevent genome instability

Phosphate steering mutations could thus be the trans-modifiers of repeat expansions during either somatic, or intergenerational transmissions in human disease65. Moreover, as the basic residues implicated in phosphate steering are largely conserved in the 5′-nuclease superfamily, control over the +1 and −1 phosphates may be a superfamily-conserved mechanism.

The authors invented the term “phosphate steering”  in an attempt to obfuscate what has been known to all serious scientists about oxidative phosphorylation for more than 50 years.
See: “oxidative phosphorylation” microRNA  (105 entries)
“oxidative phosphorylation” (21955 entries) and “phosphate steering” (1 entry)
See for comparison: Gamma oscillations organize top-down signalling to hypothalamus and enable food seeking

Cortical cognitive processing9, 10 involves gamma oscillations11, 12, 13, 14, 15, which support memory16, 17, attention18, cognitive flexibility19 and sensory responses20. These functions contribute crucially to feeding behaviour by unknown neural mechanisms. Here we show that coordinated gamma (30–90 Hz) oscillations in the lateral hypothalamus and upstream brain regions organize food-seeking behaviour in mice.

Reported as: Gamma oscillations coordinate food seeking

“Preferential and selective control of feeding-related cells by rhythmic inputs to hypothalamus demonstrates a beautiful interaction of structure and function in the brain” says Alexey Ponomarenko. “Here we see how fast synchronization, combined with a precise information transfer between brain regions and cells types, drives behaviors crucial for survival.”

The behaviors linked to species survival can be viewed in the context of this report from 2005: Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction
But first, serious scientists must start with the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight, which is what Schrödinger did 75 years ago.

Indeed, in the case of higher animals we know the kind of orderliness they feed upon well enough, viz. the extremely well-ordered state of matter in more or less complicated organic compounds, which serve them as foodstuffs. After utilizing it they return it in a very much degraded form -not entirely degraded, however, for plants can still make use of it. (These, of course, have their most power supply of ‘negative entropy’ the sunlight.) (pp. 73 and 74)

https://media.springernature.com/lw900/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-017-02632-8/MediaObjects/41467_2017_2632_Fig6_HTML.jpg

The MicroRNAome Strikes Back: A Sokalian hoax (4)

In this Sokalian hoax series, all food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled biodiversity has clearly been linked from the speed of light on contact with water to biophysically constrained viral latency in all genera via the physiology of reproduction and autophagy, the innate phage defense mechanism.
Will water link RNA modifications to stem cell self-renewal, or will light-activated endogenous substrates and biophysically constrained RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions be tossed into the brickyard for the win?

I reiterate the most obvious facts by mentioning again:

 Virus-mediated archaeal hecatomb in the deep seafloor

Viral MicroRNAs, Host MicroRNAs Regulating Viruses, and Bacterial MicroRNA-Like RNAs

See also: The Molecular Origin of Enthalpy/Entropy Compensation in Biomolecular Recognition

Biomolecular recognition can be stubborn; changes in the structures of associating molecules, or the environments in which they associate, often yield compensating changes in enthalpies and entropies of binding, and no net change in affinities. This phenomenon—termed enthalpy/entropy (H/S) compensation—hinders efforts in biomolecular design, and its incidence—often a surprise to experimentalists—makes interactions between biomolecules difficult to predict. Although characterizing H/S compensation requires experimental care, it is unquestionably a real phenomenon that has, from an engineering perspective, useful physical origins. Studying H/S compensation can help illuminate the still-murky roles of water and dynamics in biomolecular recognition and self-assembly. This review summarizes known sources of H/S compensation (real and perceived) and lays out a conceptual framework for understanding and dissecting—and, perhaps, avoiding or exploiting—this phenomenon in biophysical systems.

The John Templeton Foundation typically seems to be involved in funding research reported that obfuscates facts that link science to Biblical Genesis. The claims about understanding energy-dependent biomolecular recognition in biophysical systems, which must biophysically constrain viral latency, invite more criticism of the Templeton-funded biologically uninformed theorists.

Does the “Extended Synthesis” Replace or Not Replace Neo-Darwinism? — What Has Templeton Funded?

Many terms in science have a different meaning from the public usage, because they depend on particular definitions of the phenomena to which they apply.

See for comparison: Do Human Pheromones Exist? January 23, 2018

The people interviewed are not Nobel Laureates. For comparison, LInda Buck, co-author of Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction is a 2004 Nobel Laureate.
I suspect that all serious scientists have since learned that pheromones biophysically constrain food energy-dependent viral latency in species from insects to mammals via the conserved molecular mechanisms of microRNA-mediated cause and effect. Serious scientists tend to be more likely than theorists or other pseudoscientists to recognize patterns.
For instance: Insect pheromone in elephants

SIR – (Z)-7-dodecen-l-yl acetate is used by the females of more than 126 species of insects, especially Lepidoptera, as part of their pheromone blends to attract insect males1. Female Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, also use a pheromone to signal to males their readiness to mate2.

That claim links what insects eat to the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction of s via the food energy-dependent creation of microRNAs in species from microbes to mammals.

See: Juvenile hormone and sesquiterpenoids in arthropods: Biosynthesis, Signaling, and role of MicroRNA (with my emphasis)

Dynamic and complex mechanisms have evolved to regulate sesquiterpenoid production. Noncoding RNAs such as the microRNAs are primary regulators. This article provides an overview of microRNAs that are known to regulate sesquiterpenoid production in arthropods.

insects, arachnids, and crustaceans are arthropods. No experimental evidence of biologically-based cause and effect suggest that complex mechanisms evolved in any species. For contrast, the link from microRNAs to juvenile hormone crosses species via the molecular mechanisms that link the food energy-dependent creation of microRNAs from what is known about gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) pulsatility to luteinizing horrmone secretion via the food energy-dependent GnRH-directed physiology of pheromone-controlled feedback loops in all mammals.

That fact has been placed into the context of ecological variation and biophysically constrained ecological adaptations.

Adaptation to deep-sea chemosynthetic environments as revealed by mussel genomes 

…lack of genome information hinders the understanding of the adaptation

See for comparison: Differential expression of microRNAs in luteinising hormone-treated mouse TM3 Leydig cells

Results showed that miRNAs might be involved in the regulation of LH to Leydig cells.

One way to understand the adaptations revealed in the context of mussel genomes involves ignoring all claims about how complex mechanisms “evolved to regulate” anything. The overwhelming systems complexity of biophysically constraints demand that all ecological adaptations be examined from the intelligent perspective of serious scientists.

The well-detailed understanding of how the light energy-dependent creation of microRNAs is linked to all nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations. But the facts were again placed back into the context of complex mechanisms that automagically evolved in  Metagenomics of Bacterial Diversity in Villa Luz Caves with Sulfur Water Springs

…pH values from 2.5 to 7. Foreign organisms found in this underground ecosystem can oxidize H2S to H2SO4.

The established biodiversity is obviously pH-dependent and oxidative phosphorylation was linked to the stability of organized genomes in 1964: Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation”. Other serious scientists moved forward in the context of the energy-dependent hydrophobicity of supercoiled DNA.
See: Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA

Our data provide relative comparisons of supercoiling-dependent twisted, writhed, curved, and kinked conformations and associated base exposure. Each of these structural features may be differentially recognized by the proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules that modulate DNA metabolic processes.

Outside the context of the epigenetic effect of anti-entropic virucidal energy from sunlight on supercoiled DNA, or perhaps in the context of minimal exposure to ultraviolet light, the metagenomic diversity of bacteria in caves with sulfur water springs led  Bautista et. al., (2018) to conclude:

…20,901 reads of bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences spanning V1–V3 hypervariable regions corresponded to seven phyla: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Chlorobi, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria. Proteobacteria phylum dominance could be due to the increased presence of organic matter, not only of bat guano but also that caused by man and animals, directly or through infiltrations. For the UJAT5 sample, we generated 6,691 reads, which, due to the
physicochemical characteristics (Table 1) and relative frequency obtained (Figure 4), could confirm the presence of acidophilic Proteobacteria in VL caves. All the bacterial communities identified are characteristic of caves, while Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria are typical of volcanic surface terrain.

Simply put, they seem to assume that the increased presence of organic matter is the food energy that supports the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in the different species. But they do not link the creation of sunlight to differences in the food the organisms eat.
By skipping the link from the creation of sunlight — as did Nonomura (2018) in his Sokalian hoax, evolutionists have tried to convince others who are biologically uninformed that the eyes of blind cave fish exemplify evolution in the process of the fish becoming blind.
See: Evolution of an adaptive behavior and its sensory receptors promotes eye regression in blind cavefish
See (pun intended) Blind Cavefish Can Produce Sighted Offspring  (2008)

It’s a miracle! Blind cavefish, despite having adapted to their lightless environment for more than a million years, can produce sighted offspring in just a single generation, a new study reveals.

This means that even though the fish are blind, they basically have functional visual systems that have been deactivated by a few key mutations, said Jeffery, who was unaffiliated with the study.

See also: The fish evolved from surface-dwelling ancestors during the past million years. (2003)
Everything biologically uninformed theorists report must be linked toi evolution and back by mutations. They refuse to differentiate between mutations and food energy-dependent ecological adaptations because they cannot accept the fact that all biophysically constrained biodiversity is food energy-dependent and constrained by energy-dependent viral latency.
For comparison, what serious scientists see happening in the blind cave fish is the regression of food energy-dependent visual acuity in organisms that can find food without  the energy-dependent creation of G protein-coupled photoreceptors. Only the energy-dependent creation of chemoreceptors is required to link pH-taxis to survival of the microbes and the blind cave fish via what is known about oxidative phosphorylation in other species that display receptor-mediated behaviors.
What science journalists see happen is causing them to back away from their pseudoscintific claims from the past. See for example:

Hydration as a design element in biomaterials  Philip Ball January 24, 2018

John Hewitt January 24, 2018 N6-methyladenosine RNA modification regulates embryonic neural stem cell self-renewal through histone modifications 
Will water link RNA modifications to stem cell self-renewal, or will light-activated endogenous substrates and biophysically constrained RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions be tossed into the brickyard for the win?

Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA

Diet-driven RNA interference and cancer prevention (3)

Excerpt: They claim to have found novel autoregulatory feedback loops that link changes in microRNAs to the alternative splicing factors SRSF1 and SRSF2.  Ectopic expression of SRSF1 can automagically repress the level of multiple microRNAs and SRSF2 can automagically upregulate miRNA expression.

The fact that a peer-reviewed work published in 2018 links autoregulatory feedback loops to automagically altered gene expression and apoptosis via alternative splicings of pre-mRNAs suggests it is time for all serious scientists to retire. The magic of pseudoscientists has prevailed for more than 2 decades.

See for comparison: In clinical trial, cream reduces squamous cell carcinoma risk

Results of a new randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial in veterans showed a 75 percent reduction in the risk of needing surgery to treat a squamous cell carcinoma for a year after applying a skin cream for up to four weeks.

How Fluorouracil Works: (with my emphasis)

The ability of chemotherapy to kill cancer cells depends on its ability to halt cell division. Usually, the drugs work by damaging the RNA or DNA that tells the cell how to copy itself in division. If the cells are unable to divide, they die. The faster the cells are dividing, the more likely it is that chemotherapy will kill the cells, causing the tumor to shrink. They also induce cell suicide (self-death or apoptosis).

Chemotherapy drugs that affect cells only when they are dividing are called cell-cycle specific. Chemotherapy drugs that affect cells when they are at rest are called cell-cycle non-specific. The scheduling of chemotherapy is set based on the type of cells, rate at which they divide, and the time at which a given drug is likely to be effective. This is why chemotherapy is typically given in cycles.

Chemotherapy is most effective at killing cells that are rapidly dividing. Unfortunately, chemotherapy does not know the difference between the cancerous cells and the normal cells. The “normal” cells will grow back and be healthy but in the meantime, side effects occur. The “normal” cells most commonly affected by chemotherapy are the blood cells, the cells in the mouth, stomach and bowel, and the hair follicles; resulting in low blood counts, mouth sores, nausea, diarrhea, and/or hair loss. Different drugs may affect different parts of the body.

Fluoruracil belongs to the category of chemotherapy called antimetabolites. Antimetabolites are very similar to normal substances within the cell. When the cells incorporate these substances into the cellular metabolism, they are unable to divide. Antimetabolites are cell-cycle specific. They attack cells at very specific phases in the cycle. Antimetabolites are classified according to the substances with which they interfere. Fluoruracil is classified as a pyrimidine analog because it interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis by mimicking the building blocks necessary for synthesis.

The term antimetabolites is confusing. Metabolism is enzyme-dependent. Cell type differentiation is energy-dependent and the creation of microRNA links ATP to the creation of enzymes that metabolize food to the species-specific pheromones.
Pheromones biophysically constrain viral latency. That is how they prevent all pathology in the context of metabolism. Enzyme-dependent cycles of metabolism are the key to healthy longevity. Simply put, pheromones prevent the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of nearly all viruses that have not been biophysically constrained by food energy-dependent metabolism.

Hardin, Hall and Rosbash (1990) put that fact into the perspective of Feedback of the Drosophila period gene product on circadian cycling of its messenger RNA levels. The feedback loops are food energy-dependent and biophysically constrained by naturally occurring RNA interference (i.e., natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality). The feedback links the metabolism of food to pheromone-controlled biophysically constrained viral latency.
 

Rosbash shared the 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which attests to the fact that all serious scientists probably know how to prevent or to effectively treat cancer as a disorder of cyclic changes in the chemistry of energy-dependent RNA mediated cell type differentiation. Prevention should include limiting exposure to nutrient stress and/or social stress because stress alters microRNA-mediated alternative splicings that link food energy to the biophyiscally constrained chemistry of protein folding.

See: Microrna-mediated regulation of splicing factors SRSF1, SRSF2 and hnRNP A1 in context of their alternatively spliced 3’UTRs

The microRNAs targeting SRSF1 and SRSF2 are involved in a regulatory feedback loop. microRNAs miR-183-5p and miR-200c-3p that target SRSF2, affect the expression of genes involved in apoptotic regulation.

They claim to have found novel autoregulatory feedback loops that link changes in microRNAs to the alternative splicing factors SRSF1 and SRSF2.  Ectopic expression of SRSF1 can automagically repress the level of multiple microRNAs and SRSF2 can automagically upregulate miRNA expression.

The fact that a peer-reviewed work published in 2018 links autoregulatory feedback loops to automagically altered gene expression and apoptosis via alternative splicings of pre-mRNAs suggests it is time for all serious scientists to retire. The magic of pseudoscientists has prevailed for more than 2 decades.

See for comparison:

From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior (1996)

Small intranuclear proteins also participate in generating alternative splicing techniques of pre-mRNA and, by this mechanism, contribute to sexual differentiation in at least two [model organisms.]

See also:
Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction (2005)
The feedback loops are food energy-dependent and biophysically constrained by the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans.

Sarcasm alert: The treatment of automagically dysregulated apoptosis should probably begin with a change in diet.

Changes in diet have been linked from the energy-dependent creation of enzymes that specifically link an energy-dependent base pair change to microRNA-mediated DNA repair via fixation of an RNA-mediated amino acid substitution. The substitutions are linked to energy-dependent cell type differentiation and healthy longevity without the magic.

Just add food energy or the virus-driven theft of quantized energy to eliminate the term autoregulatory and you could prevent or effectively treat all virus-driven pathology. 

Energy-dependent RNA interference links the enzyme-dependent metabolism of food and drugs to cell type differentiation via feedback loops that link pheromones to biophysically constrained viral latency.

Do not claim to have a logical philosophy if you cannot link the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy to every aspect of the biophysically constrained pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to human by starting with the obvious need to control viral replication in the ocean and linking the control to healthy longevity in modern human populations via fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in all differentiated cell types.

See also: Metabolic Labeling and Profiling of Transfer RNAs Using Macroarrays

Transfer RNAs (tRNA) are abundant short non-coding RNA species that are typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length. tRNAs are directly responsible for protein synthesis by translating codons in mRNA into amino acid sequences.

See also: Molecular mechanism of promoter opening by RNA polymerase III

RNA polymerase III (Pol III) and transcription factor IIIB (TFIIIB) assemble together on different promoter types to initiate the transcription of small, structured RNAs.

Nothing happens without the energy-dependent creation of the enzymes and the biophysically constrained viral latency that links the creation of G protein-coupled receptors to the functional structure of supercoiled DNA. The claims about molecular mechanisms of promoter opening appear to be deliberate attempts to obfuscate cause and effect.
Activation of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor signaling inhibits melanoma and improves response to immune checkpoint blockade

Female sex and history of prior pregnancies are associated with favorable melanoma outcomes. Here, we show that much of the melanoma protective effect likely results from estrogen signaling through the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) on melanocytes. Selective GPER activation in primary melanocytes and melanoma cells induced long-term changes that maintained a more differentiated cell state as defined by increased expression of well-established melanocyte differentiation antigens, increased pigment production, decreased proliferative capacity, and decreased expression of the oncodriver and stem cell marker c-Myc. GPER signaling also rendered melanoma cells more vulnerable to immunotherapy. Systemically delivered GPER agonist was well tolerated, and cooperated with immune checkpoint blockade in melanoma-bearing mice to dramatically extend survival, with up to half of mice clearing their tumor. Complete responses were associated with immune memory that protected against tumor rechallenge. GPER may be a useful, pharmacologically accessible target for melanoma.

Sex-specific cell type differentiation links yeasts to primates via the nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction that links the food energy-dependent structure and function of enzymes and G protein-coupled receptors to the biophysically constrained Structure and dynamics of GPCR signaling complexes, which are required to biophysically constrain viral latency in the context of effect of androgens and estrogens on difference in the cell type of males and females.
Any focus on G protein-coupled estrogen receptors compared to G protein-coupled androgen receptors  should be viewed with suspicion in the context of what has been known to all serious scientists about hormones and behavior since our Hormones and Behavior review of RNA-mediated cell type differentiation. From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior (1996)
Simply put, the alternative splicings of pre-mRNAs, which are now called microRNAs, biophysically constrain energy-dependent viral latency and prevents the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of nearly all virus-driven pathology until excess nutrient stress or social stress takes its toll on the innate immune system.
Eventually, our food energy-dependent RNA-mediated DNA repair fails, and the accumulation of viral microRNAs predicts the failure of cell type differentiation in the tissues that are required to sustain our physical health and mental health.

Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA

Predicting who wins the 2017 Nobel Prizes (3)

Summary: The unique mechanism detailed in the context of “Roles of APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B in Human Papillomavirus Infection and Disease Progression” is obviously not a unique mechanism. The mechanism exemplifies the fact that RNA-directed DNA methylation is energy-dependent and the fact that virus-driven energy theft causes the degradation of messenger RNA, which serious scientists have linked to all pathology.
My failure to accurately predict who would win the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine can now be placed into the context of more experimental evidence of biophysically constrained energy-dependent pheromone-controlled biologically-based cause and effect.
I mentioned the evidence published on 21 August 2017 as Roles of APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B in Human Papillomavirus Infection and Disease Progression in the context of my blog post about Viral infection linked to cancer via a “unique mechanism,” which was reported as: “Unique mechanism links viral infection by HPV with cancer through function of a single enzyme

The so-called unique mechanism is obviously the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA, which has repeatedly been linked to all pathology, including the suicides of veterans who have served overseas.

See also experimental evidence of virus-driven degradation portrayed in the 2 October 2017 publication: Histone H3K4 monomethylation catalyzed by Trr and mammalian COMPASS-like proteins at enhancers is dispensable for development and viability

Drosophila embryos with trr alleles encoding catalytic mutants manifest subtle developmental abnormalities when subjected to temperature stress or altered cohesin levels. Collectively, our findings suggest that animal development can occur in the context of Trr or mammalian COMPASS-like proteins deficient in H3K4 monomethylation activity and point to a possible role for H3K4me1 on cis-regulatory elements in specific settings to fine-tune transcriptional regulation in response to environmental stress.

The ability to fine-tune transcriptional regulation via energy-dependent changes in RNA-directed DNA methylation was reported as: Unexpected findings uncover new understanding of gene expression

“What is it about the whole body of the enzyme itself that functions in development and its mutations that can result in cancer? That’s what we need to figure out.”

Thanks for asking. The unique mechanism detailed in the context of Roles of APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B in Human Papillomavirus Infection and Disease Progression is obviously not a unique mechanism. The mechanism exemplifies the fact that RNA-directed DNA methylation is energy-dependent and the fact that virus-driven energy theft causes the degradation of messenger RNA, which serious scientists have linked to all pathology.
Clearly, the serious scientists are not asking questions about energy-dependent RNA-mediated cell type differentiation or attempting to place what is known back into the context of theories about the role of “enhancers.”
There are now more than 65,000 indexed published works that link pre-mRNAs, which are also called microRNAs, to biophysically constrained protein folding chemistry via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in species from microbes to humans. See for examples: microRNA or pre mrna.
Theorists and/or other biologically uninformed science idiots who use terms like enhancers, promoters, QTLs, et al., in their attempts to obfuscate what is known to serious scientists about the biophysically constrained energy of supercoiled DNA will be faced with the possibility of even more ridicule than was delivered in the context of this parody.

 
 
 

For God and Country

Sci-Hub vs limits on the dissemination of information

The ideology of “Americanism” is not consistent with the tactics of academics and politicians that constrain release of accurate information about  biologically-based cause and effect.

Americanism is an ideology, or belief in devotion, loyalty, or allegiance to the United States of America, or to its flag, traditions, customs, culture, symbols, institutions, or form of government.[2] In the words of Theodore Roosevelt, “Americanism is a question of spirit, conviction, and purpose, not of creed or birthplace.”[3]

Americanism has two different meanings. It can refer to the defining characteristics of the United States and can also signify loyalty to the United States and a defense of American political ideals. These ideals include, but are not limited to self-government, equal opportunity, freedom of speech, and a belief in progress.

Scientific progress has been hindered by publishing companies whose corporate purpose is financial gain for stockholders, not the dissemination of freecinformation that is required to make scientific progress by serious scientists who are Combating Evolution to Fight Disease.
Rarely do the efforts of serious scientists get noticed because there is too much pseudoscientific nonsense that gets published in peer-reviewed journals. The nonsense overwhelms the ability to discern between facts and story-telling. Evolutionary theorists, for example, are story-tellers.
For an attempt to resolve the problem with theorists, see: Publishers’ Legal Action Advances Against Sci-Hub

Based on data from Google Trends, researchers found that the suits against Sci-Hub led to brief spikes in visits to the site.

The publishers contribute to the theft of information because most people do not care how they acquire it. People want the information on biologically based cause and effect for free, and many of them will use it to make scientific advances such as those that have linked energy-dependent changes in microRNAs to all pathology.
A PubMed search for “microRNA” reveals that nearly 65,000 indexed published works have already established facts that link virus-driven energy theft to all pathology. Most the publications are behind “pay walls.”
That means most researchers will be unable to access all of them. Anyone outside the specific discipline that is the focus of the article will not be likely to integrate the information across disciplines and accurately represent what is known about biophysically constrained biologically-based cause and effect.
For an example of the level of integration that is required, request a copy from the corresponding author and wait to see the information in this “pay-walled” publication: Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception.
By the time you get it, there will probably be several hundred more publications that link the food energy-dependent physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in bacteria to our visual perception of energy and mass in the context of the space-time continuum.
See also:

Alternatively, see: Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference
Cited works:
1) ATP hydrolysis by UPF1 is required for efficient translation termination at premature stop codons
2)  Evolutionary drivers of thermoadaptation in enzyme catalysis
3). Endogenous RNAi Pathways Are Required in Neurons for Dauer Formation in Caenorhabditis elegans
4) Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model
5) Codon identity regulates mRNA stability and translation efficiency during the maternal-to-zygotic transition
6) Metabolic theory predicts whole-ecosystem properties
7) The phylogenetic utility and functional constraint of microRNA flanking sequences
8) Impact of MicroRNA Levels, Target-Site Complementarity, and Cooperativity on Competing Endogenous RNA-Regulated Gene Expression
9) MicroRNA analysis in mouse neuro-2a cells after pseudorabies virus infection
10) microRNA-binding proteins: specificity and function
11) RNA in extracellular vesicles
12) Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA
13)  Communication between viruses guides lysis–lysogeny decisions
14) The human initiator is a distinct and abundant element that is precisely positioned in focused core promoters
15) Prevalence and architecture of de novo mutations in developmental disorders
16) All about the base
17) Chemists know.
18) Dynamic control of chirality and self-assembly of double-stranded helicates with light
19) The Intrinsically Disordered Protein Atg13 Mediates Supramolecular Assembly of Autophagy Initiation Complexes
20) RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering
21) What is Life?
22) Arginine 66 Controls Dark-State Formation in Green-to-Red Photoconvertible Fluorescent Proteins
23) Evolution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) structure and its receptor
24) A Big Bang in spliceosome structural biology
The works cited above have been placed into the context of the cell biology game “Cytosis.”

A board game taking place inside a human cell! Players compete to build enzymes, hormones and receptors and fend off attacking Viruses!

See for comparison: 2017 Royal Society Insight Investment Science Book Prize

The perfect science book marries scientific breakthrough with elegant, engaging communication. Reading these books side-by-side, we were struck by how creative and unique each voice was, and the varied ways these writers tackle their subjects, using metaphors and personal stories as much as scientific facts.

The perfect science book marries what is known about the creation of energy as information with the biophysically constrained physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction, which prevents the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA.

Biophysically constrained viral latency prevents all pathology. This year’s Prize winner linked testosterone to “gender” differences in behavior.

For comparison, see: The Mind’s Eyes: Human pheromones, neuroscience, and male sexual preferences

Excerpt:

…this model incorporates a logical pathway that directly links sensory input from the social environmental to the development of sexual preferences and to the development of sexual behavior.

The five-step logical pathway that directly links sensory input from the social environment to the development of sexual preferences and sexual behavior is gene→cell→tissue→organ→organ system. Failure to incorporate any of the steps in this pathway makes it impossible to directly connect to sexual preferences and sexual behavior, a logical sequence of events that must somehow and somewhere begin with the effect of sensory input from the social environment.

See also: Intelligent Design – Science & Philosophy: discussion thread

Antagonist, Timothy Kershner wrote:

I have a PhD in Psychology and a minor degree in Microbiology and personally funded many Bacterial Consciousness studies between 2008 and 2012 and mentored directly under James Shapiro from 2009 to 2011.

Shapiro already is laughing at you and others as he tries to recover from teaching you to become biologically uninformed science idiots who believe in evolution outside the context of energy-dependent ecological adaptations that are biophysically constrained by the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in all living genera.

See: Biological action in Read-Write genome evolution

Coincidentally, ‘non-coding’ RNAs rich in repetitive mobile DNA sequences function as key regulators of complex adaptive phenotypes, such as stem cell pluripotency. The intersections of cell fusion activities, horizontal DNA transfers and natural genetic engineering of Read-Write genomes provide a rich molecular and biological foundation for understanding how ecological disruptions can stimulate productive, often abrupt, evolutionary transformations.

Shapiro’s latest is part of a Theme issue ‘New trends in evolutionary biology: biological, philosophical and social science perspectives’ organized by Denis Noble, Nancy Cartwright, Patrick Bateson, John Dupré and Kevin Laland.

See for comparison: How life changes itself: The Read-Write (RW) genome

Research dating back to the 1930s has shown that genetic change is the result of cell-mediated processes, not simply accidents or damage to the DNA.

See also: Ultraviolet Absorption Induces Hydrogen-Atom Transfer in G⋅C Watson–Crick DNA Base Pairs in Solution

and UV-Induced Charge Transfer States in DNA Promote Sequence Selective Self-Repair

All cell-mediated processes are energy-dependent and biophysically constrained by the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans.

Energy dependent life does not change itself. RNA-mediated events must be linked to the stability of organized genomes. The organized genomes cannot come first. The details of energy-dependent cell-mediated RNA-directed DNA methylation clearly link the virucidal energy of sunlight from microRNAs in plants to the microRNAome of all mammals. All humans are included.

RNA interference occurs in plants, animals, and humans. It is of great importance for the regulation of gene expression, participates in defense against viral infections, and keeps jumping genes under control. RNA interference is already being widely used in basic science as a method to study the function of genes and it may lead to novel therapies in the future.

Naturally occurring endogenous RNA interference links what organisms eat from their physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction to all energy-dependent biodiversity on Earth via biophysically constrained viral latency. For example, see:

The Bull Sperm MicroRNAome and the Effect of Fescue Toxicosis on Sperm MicroRNA Expression

MicroRNA present in mature sperm appears to not only be left over from spermatogenic processes, but may actually serve important regulatory roles in fertilization and early developmental processes. Further, our results indicate the possibility that environmental changes may impact the expression of specific miRNA.

The Breadth of Viruses in Human Semen

The presence of viruses in semen is probably more widespread than currently appreciated, and the absence of virus in genital secretions should not be assumed for traditionally non–sexually transmitted viruses. The investigation of virus detection and persistence in semen across a range of viruses is useful for clinical and public health reasons, in particular for viruses that lead to high mortality or morbidity rates or to epidemics.

See for comparison: Alnylam’s rare disease drug shines in trial, paving way for a brand-new class of medicines

RNA interference, or RNAi, a technology that uses snippets of genetic code to shut down disease-causing genes. The scientists who invented RNAi were awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2006. Many years and more than $1 billion in research later, Alnylam is finally on the cusp of proving that RNAi can be transformed into a medicine that helps patients.

Scientists did not invent RNAi. They discovered that it links what organisms eat to their biophysically constrained pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction. That fact links RNAi to all biodiversity without the pseudoscientific nonsense touted by evolutionary theorists. The cost of any RNAi drug that is approved will almost assuredly bankrupt the person who needs the drug and the cost will probably destroy the economy of the United States of America via the impact on the costs of Medicare and/or other insurance.
This is not Amercanism: Alnylam Data Puts a Nobel Discovery One Step Closer to Approved Drug

Shares of Alnylam soared more than 51 percent and closed at $113.84 apiece on Wednesday.