microRNAs Archives - Scent of Eros

The eternal significance of microRNAs (8)

May 15, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Diseases & Disorders Ecology microRNA editing RNA Directed RNA interference RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity

Use of definitions in attempts to explain any aspect of species-specific biophysically constrained cell type differentiation and aging has been replaced by the use of model systems of biological processes. Biological processes can be compared to so-called “evolutionary processes” to show that only biological processes need to be considered in the context of Darwin’s “conditions of life” or answers to the the question What is Life? Schrödinger (1944).
K. L. Mettinger et al. (eds.), Exosomes, Stem Cells and MicroRNA, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1056, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74470-4_6

This volume provides insight into the pivotal roles of stem cells, exosomes and other microvesicles in biofunction and molecular mechanisms and their therapeutic potential in translational nanomedicine. It further highlights evidence from recent studies as to how stem cell derived exosomes and microRNAs may restore and maintain tissue homeostasis, enable cells to recover critical cellular functions and begin repair regeneration.

Chapter 2 The Emerging Roles of microRNAs in Stem Cell Aging

involved in many biological processes such as developmental timing, differentiation, cell death, stem cell proliferation and differentiation, immune response, aging and cancer. Accumulating studies in recent years suggest that miRNAs play crucial roles in stem cell division and differentiation. In the present chapter, we present a brief overview of these studies and discuss their contributions toward our understanding of the importance of miRNAs in normal and aged stem cell function in various model systems.

Chapter 6 MicroRNAs, Regulatory Messengers Inside and Outside Cancer Cells

…like hormones, miRNAs can be secreted and regulate gene expression in recipient cells. Altered expression levels of miRNAs in cancer cells determine the acquisition of fundamental biological capabilities (hallmarks of cancer) responsible for the development and progression of the disease.

Model systems link the energy-dependent creation of microRNAs from microRNA biogenesis to the regulation of all cancer hallmarks. The virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA has been linked to all cancers and all other pathology in species from microbes to humans. Natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality has been linked to healthy longevity.
See: Codon identity regulates mRNA stability and translation efficiency during the maternal-to-zygotic transition
See for comparison: The Neutral Theory in Light of Natural Selection May 2, 2018

…50 years after its introduction by Kimura. We argue that the neutral theory was supported by unreliable theoretical and empirical evidence from the beginning, and that in light of modern, genome-scale data, we can firmly reject its universality. The ubiquity of adaptive variation both within and between species means that a more comprehensive theory of molecular evolution must be sought.

The ubiquity of adaptive variation attests to the facts about how the creation of quantized energy is linked to biophysically constrained viral latency. Adaptive variation links energy-dependent changes from angstroms to ecosystems in all living genera via the physiology of their food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled reproduction.

For comparison to mRNA stability during the maternal-to-zygotic transition, see: Oppositional COMT Val158Met effects on resting state functional connectivity in adolescents and adults

The energy-dependent molecular mechanisms of recombination clearly link microRNA biogenesis to the stability of organized genomes during the life histories of all genera. Serious scientists object to the use of definitions in attempts to explain any aspect of species-specific biophysically constrained cell type differentiation.

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

…it is tiresome to raise the same objections repeatedly, wondering why researchers have not fulfilled some of the basic requirements for establishing the occurrence of an autophagic process.

MicroRNA-mediated autophagy, denuclearization and eusociality

May 1, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology microRNA editing RNA Directed

Altruism in a volatile world

reported as: The Elusive Calculus of Insects’ Altruism and Kin Selection

In 1964, the evolutionary biologist William D. Hamilton seemingly explained one of the greatest paradoxes in biology with a simple mathematical equation.

He will be remembered by all serious scientists for his ignorance of top-down energy-dependent causation.
For comparison, McEwen et al. (1964), explained energy-dependent ecological adaptation and sympatric speciation by starting with the energy-dependent creation of RNA.
See: Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation” (1964)

The synthesis of RNA in isolated thymus nuclei is ATP dependent.

Last year, the cell biology game “Cytosis” allowed ages 10+ to link ATP from the creation of RNA to biophysically constrained viral latency in all living genera.
Neo-Darwinian theorists still refuse to learn anything about viral latency. They think in terms of chronological clues rather than facts about energy-dependent gene transfers.

See: Chronological Clues to Life’s Early History Lurk in Gene Transfers

Traditionally, scientists have relied on “rocks and clocks” to date the tree of life: fossil evidence from the geological record, and “molecular clock” estimates that infer how long ago related species diverged by analyzing the rate at which mutations built up in their genomic sequences. But there’s a problem: Molecular clock rates differ between lineages — they’re much faster in rodents than in primates, for instance — so if they’re not calibrated against fossil data, they can lead to the wrong conclusions.

For comparison, see: Research: A comprehensive and quantitative exploration of thousands of viral genomes

Existing viral classification systems were developed prior to the sequencing era, so we present our analysis in a way that allows us to assess the utility of the different classification systems for capturing genomic trends.

Genomic trends? See for comparison: MicroRNA Regulation of RNA Virus Replication and Pathogenesis

…the development of a miRNA therapeutic for Ebola virus was used during the recent outbreak in Africa. However testing was ultimately suspended, as the drug did not demonstrate a significant role in patient recovery [78]. Also, insertion of tissue-specific miRNA binding sites have been used as an effective mechanism to prevent virus replication in particular tissues as an attenuation mechanism for vaccines, helping to limit adverse events [79]. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests the presence of viral-derived small RNAs during infection of both mammalian and arthropod cells [80,81]. While controversial, their presence and function during animal infections will need to be further examined. Viral interactions with the miRNA system can affect cellular miRNA and transcriptome levels as well as virus replication within a cell expressing a miRNA; these may indirectly modulate cytokine expression and tissue responses throughout an infected host.

Genetic transcription ‘pause’ is focus of NASA grant

The pause – which was first discovered 30 years ago by Cornell molecular biologist and geneticist John Lis – is a step in transcription where the enzyme RNA polymerase II begins transcribing and then is halted partway through the process and held in place by a specific protein complex.

The “pause” links seemingly futile cycles of microRNA biogenesis to the creation of enzymes and alternative splicings of pre-mRNAs (aka microRNAs). Energy-dependent changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance link the fixation of amino acid substitutions in proteins to healthy longevity via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in species from microbes to humans.
Simply put, the pause links autophagy to biophysically constrained viral latency and sympatric speciation. The length of the pause is quantized energy-dependent and/or biophysically constrained food energy-dependent. It ensures that enough energy is available for cell type differentiation to proceed so that the organized genome is protected from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA that links mutations to all pathology.
When atheistic Communist researchers learned that vaccines could not protect them from a genetically engineered virus that could be created to target human populations in North Korea and China, denuclearization was virtually ensured. The threat of a viral apocalypse is far greater than the threat of another land war in Asia or the nuclear threat.
In the end, everyone will learn what life is about after review of “What is Life? (1944) and my comments here:

MicroRNA-mediated denuclearization (2)

April 24, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Autophagy base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology microRNA editing Model Organisms Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity

Summary:
The virus-driven theft of quantized energy creates a cellular environment that promotes the survival and self-proliferation of viruses by encoding viral miRNAs or miRNA-like molecules. The viral miRNAs or miRNA-like molecules target different types of host cells.
The sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy biophysically constrains viral latency in the context of global control of human ES cell differentiation via circRNAs derived from lncRNAs. That fact refutes all neo-Darwinian gene-centric pseudoscientific nonsense. That fact also attests to the link from Chinese philosophy to scientific creationism in South Korea.
Scientific creationism appears to have defeated communism in the context of the electron cloud superimposed over the yin yang symbol of constrained energy.
For scientific support of the claims that appear to have defeated communism, see:
Analysis of human ES cell differentiation establishes that the dominant isoforms of the lncRNAs RMST and FIRRE are circular

Surprisingly, circRNAs derived from long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were found to account for a significantly larger proportion of transcripts from their loci of origin than circRNAs from coding genes.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our results suggest that during human ES cell differentiation, changes in circRNA levels are primarily globally controlled.

Global control of human ES cell differentiation via circRNAs derived from lncRNAs refutes neo-Darwinian gene-centric pseudoscientific nonsense. The level of control comes as no surprise to serious scientists who start with the energy-dependent creation of microRNAs and link the energy to the RNA-mediated creation from genome assembly to the creation of all cell types.

The global control-based refutation is merely one more example of pattern recognition.

See: Three invariant Hi-C interaction patterns: applications to genome assembly

We suggest that simultaneously considering all three invariant patterns may lead to better Hi-C-based genome assembly methods.

Schrödinger suggested that genome assembly was energy-dependent in What is Life? (1944)

Indeed, in the case of higher animals we know the kind of orderliness they feed upon well enough, viz. the extremely well-ordered state of matter in more or less complicated organic compounds, which serve them as foodstuffs. After utilizing it they return it in a very much degraded form -not entirely degraded, however, for plants can still make use of it. (These, of course, have their most power supply of ‘negative entropy’ the sunlight.)

Examining virus-host cell interaction is important for elucidating mechanisms of virus proliferation in host cells. Viruses can create an environment that promotes their survival and self-proliferation by encoding miRNAs or miRNA-like molecules that target various host cell.

…fine-tuning of the base-pair stability at the cleavage site is essential for efficient processing of pri-miR156a at a low temperature and for reduced flowering sensitivity to ambient temperature changes.

…17-24 amino acid changes, specifically A87T, D96N, S213D, and S242N substitutions in G2 epitopes, were observed. These results suggest that multiple interspecies re-assortment events might have contributed to the emergence of G2P[4] rotaviruses in the post-vaccination era in South Korea.

Several amino acid mutations were identified in PB2, PB1, PA, BM2, and/or NS1 protein coding regions, and one concurrent lysine (K)-to-arginine (R) mutation in PA residue 338 (PA K338R) was found in both maVc_BR60 and maYm_WI01 viruses. When analyzed using reverse-genetically rescued viruses, it was shown that PA K338R alone could increase the pathogenicity of both IBVs in mice and viral replication property in the respiratory tracts of ferrets.

The energy-dependent fine-tuning of the base-pair stability in plants prevents the emergence of rotaviruses via multiple interspecies re-assortment events linked to healthy longevity in post-vaccination era South Korea.

See for comparison: Engineered virus has artificial amino acid allowing it to serve as a vaccine

A team of researchers at Peking University has developed a new type of vaccine that they claim may allow for a new approach to generating live virus vaccines which could conceivably be adapted to any type of virus. In their paper published in the journal Science, the team outlines the means by which they modified an influenza virus causing it to incite an immune response without a risk of infection.

Scientific creationists in South Korea have showed that the Chinese cannot protect themselves from a viral apocalypse via vaccinations. The viruses adapt too quickly.

Knowing that also allows the scientific creationists to create a virus that damages the DNA of specific human populations who are less well-adapted to their food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological, social, neurogenic, and socio-cognitive niches.

Would you threaten nuclear war after you learn that the population of your country could be decimated by a genetically engineered virus produced in a neighboring country. Or, would you denuclearize and de-escalate the tensions as soon as you learned that all niche construction is food energy-dependent and that the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction biophysically constrains viral latency.

That fact cannot be placed back into the context of atheism or communism. It is a neo-Darwinian theory killer and is the most likely reason for denuclearization in a reasonable world.

The facts about biophysically constrained viral latency and energy-dependent life will be discussed during Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018

See for comparison: Organ-specific metastases obtained by culturing colorectal cancer cells on tissue-specific decellularized scaffolds

…lung and liver decellularized scaffolds retained their tissue-specific tropism when injected in mice.

Reported as: Scientists create better laboratory tools to study cancer’s spread

The hypothesis is this is caused by both ‘seed and soil’ – that the cancer cells have something in them that drive them to a particular organ, and the soil has to be right for them to grow. Most of the focus has been on studying the cancer cell, or the seed, and not as closely looking at the soil, which is the organs that they go to. Our models will help us understand to better understand the conditions of the soil that help promote cancer metastasis.

The use of Schrödinger’s sunlight-to-soil metaphor of degraded organic matter and biophysically constrained viral latency is not likely to be a coincidence. It also appears in the context of the energy-dependent weekend resurrection of the bacterial flagellum and in the context of the weekend Resurrection of Christ.

Scientific creationism in South Korea supposedly began with the support of the US government in their attempt to fight against communism and atheism. Pseudoscientists have not linked energy-dependent RNA-mediated biophysically constrained viral latency to all healthy longevity in the context of Communism and atheism.

For comparison, all serious scientists who understand the role that the creation of energy plays in the creation of supercoiled DNA have won the war against communism by combating evolution to fight disease.

All disease has been linked to the virus-driven energy theft that causes the degradation of messenger RNA, which has been linked to all pathology.

The energy-dependent creation of microRNAs has been linked from the creation of the innate immune system to all biophysically constrained behaviors via what is known about how the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction must be linked from soil bacteria to the growth of seeds and all food energy-dependent life on Earth.

Cytosis can be used to teach everything from base editing to RNA editing to everyone over age 10. They will learn how to link the creation of energy to biophysically constrained viral latency via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction.

The eternal significance of microRNAs (2)

April 12, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations base editing Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology RNA Directed

Summary: What is known for sure, however, is that biological processes called “nature” are not simplistic. Neither is the entity called “the environment.” The two separate worlds overlap and intertwine so only a single interactive one exists. Yes, it may be simpler to look at each singly, but one does so at intellectual peril.
The Immune Landscape of Cancer (2018)

Multiple control modalities of the intracellular and extracellular networks (transcription, microRNAs, copy number, and epigenetic processes) were involved in tumor-immune cell interactions, both across and within immune subtypes.

More than 725 collaborators linked the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight from the energy-dependent creation of microRNAs and biophysically constrained viral latency to cell type differentiation via autophagy.
See for comparison: From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior (1996)

What is known for sure, however, is that biological processes called “nature” are not simplistic. Neither is the entity called “the environment.” The two separate worlds overlap and intertwine so only a single interactive one exists. Yes, it may be simpler to look at each singly, but one does so at intellectual peril.

Richard P. Feynman placed the intellectual peril into the context of food energy and human idiocy.
See:

See also: The Translation Machinery Is Immune from miRNA Perturbations: A Cell-Based Probabilistic Approach

Mature microRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNA that regulate most human genes through base-pairing with their targets.

Base-pairing is energy-dependent and biophysically constrained. See: Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA and the parody: All About that Base (Meghan Trainor Parody) 12/10/14
Others now appear to be following on the heels of the late Eshel Ben-Jacob’s works, which showed that the “stochastic nature of miRNA action” is light energy-dependent and biophysically constrained by the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in species from microbes to humans.
See: MicroRNA-based regulation of epithelial–hybrid–mesenchymal fate determination
MicroRNA-based regulation is obviously the key to biophysically constrained viral latency in the context of everything known about the eternal significance of microRNAs.
See also: microRNA
The quantized energy-dependent differential expression of microRNAs has been linked to healthy longevity or from virus-driven energy theft to all pathology in more than 71,000 indexed published works.
Serious scientists now know that John McCain’s glioblastoma can probably be effectively treated with the microRNA-mediated immunotherapy that led to the remission of Jimmy Carter’s brain cancer.
See: John McCain’s brain cancer prognosis is ‘not very good,’ medical expert says
The reporters touch on the likely link from melanoma to brain cancer via microRNAs, and then dismiss it.
See for comparison: Reduced expression of brain-enriched microRNAs in glioblastomas permits targeted regulation of a cell death gene
Would you like to target the regulation of your cell death genes?
See: The Remarkable Cancer Treatment That Helped Jimmy Carter Combat Brain Tumor

…his doctors have said he no longer needs cancer treatment thanks in part to a groundbreaking new kind of medication that trains the immune system to fight cancer tumors.

Anyone who is interested in learning how to prevent all diseases of the body and the brain (e.g., suicide prevention) may want to select the following link. Broad Anti-tumor Activity of a Small Molecule that Selectively Targets the Warburg Effect and Lipogenesis.
The Warburg Effect links virus-driven energy theft to all pathology in the context of sympatric speciation, which is food energy-dependent and controlled by feedback loops that link the food energy to the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction.
Unfortunately, the Warburg effect is commonly used to explain mutation-driven evolution outside the context of the food energy that is required for sympatric speciation. Biologically uninformed theorists continue to display what Feynman referred to as human idiocy — as if no one on Earth can stop them.
But see: Cytosis. You could learn that the cure for all pathology is food energy-dependent and microRNA-mediated in the context of biophysically constrained viral latency.
See also: Substitutions Near the Receptor Binding Site Determine Major Antigenic Change During Influenza Virus Evolution
Anyone who makes claims about “viral evolution” should be forced to explain why they have not learned how fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions have been linked to healthy longevity.

Editor’s summary: Five antigenic sites in the virus surface hemagglutinin protein, which together comprise 131 amino acid positions, are thought to determine the full scope of antigenic drift of influenza A virus. Koel et al. (p. 976) show that major antigenic change can be caused by single amino acid substitutions.

Brain gene expression profiling studies of suicide and depression using oligonucleotide microarrays have often failed to distinguish these two phenotypes. Moreover, next generation sequencing approaches are more accurate in quantifying gene expression and can detect alternative splicing.

Who doesn’t want others to know that our 1996 Hormones and Behavior review of RNA-mediated cell type differentiation included a section on “molecular epigenetics” and alternative splicing? See: From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior

The eternal significance of microRNAs (1)

April 10, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations

Common Allele Linked to Sugar Consumption Leads to Lower Body Fat, Higher Blood Pressure
One energy-dependent change in a base pair is linked from the FGF21 rs838133 variant to microRNA-mediated changes in morphology and behavior. The quantized energy as information link from microRNAs to morphology and behavior is common to my mouse-to-human model of sympatric speciation.

By linking the common allele to sugar consumption, the authors attest to the fact that sympatric speciation is quantized energy-dependent. Energy as information biophysically constrains viral latency in the context of the game Cytosis for ages 10+.
See also: Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems
Theorists have been reluctant to comment on this invited review of nutritional epigenetics, which I posted to Figshare.com on 4/10/14. As of today, the model of food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations / sympatric speciation has been available for 4 years.
In my mouse-to-human model, the variant is rs3827760, aka 1540T/C, 370A or Val370Ala. It is a SNP in the ectodysplasin A receptor EDAR gene on chromosome 2.
Summary: The energy-dependent creation of ATP synthase, ATP, microRNAs, messenger RNA, and supercoiled DNA biophysically constrains viral latency in the context of the “Levels of Biological Organization” I included in this presentation from 2010: Human Pheromones: Linking Neuroendocrinology and Ethology (revisited) See slide # 6.
See also, our award-winning 2001 review: Human pheromones: integrating neuroendocrinology and ethology

Part 2: Light-controlled cell biology (revisited)

March 23, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology RNA Directed

Greg Bear took the lead with this approach in his novel Quantico (2006). A genetically engineered virus was used to erase the memory of a specifically targeted human population to reduce inter-ethnic conflict.

[Greg Bear] …served as a consultant for NASA, the U.S. Army, the State Department, the International Food Protection Association, and Homeland Security on matters ranging from privatizing space to food safety, the frontiers of microbiology and genetics, and biological security.

Greg Bear is a likely candidate for work with Robert Redfield, who is currently the director of the CDC. Predictably, Timothy J. Cunningham will reappear as second in command at the CDC — when the Trump administration is ready to finish draining the academic swamp.

Until then, see: Three dimensional two-photon imaging of neuronal activity in freely moving mice using a miniature fiber coupled microscope with active axial-scanning

The ability to link two-photon imaging from the proton motive force to social behavior in the mouse model can be linked from food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled feedback loops to all vertebrate behavior via changes in the potential of hydrogen (pH) and RNA-mediated cell type differentiation.

This was reported in this video — with the mention of this published work. High performance plasma amyloid-β biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease

There is no mention of microRNAs in the published work. See for comparison: MicroRNA+ Alzheimer’s+amyloid-β biomarkers

The role of the microRNA/messenger RNA balance (Breen, Kemena, Vlasov, Notredame, & Kondrashov, 2012; Duvarci, Nader, & LeDoux, 2008; Griggs et al., 2013; Monahan & Lomvardas, 2012) in adaptive evolution will certainly be discussed in published works that will follow.

Biologically uninformed theorists have realized that there is no such thing as Mutation-Driven Evolution (2013). That fact forces them to attempt to drown accurate information about top-down energy-dependent causation in the raw sewage they have continued to dump into their swamp — in their efforts to protect their ridiculous theories from scrutiny.
See also: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)
Measurement of changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance are used to monitor autophagy, which protects all organized genomes from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA in the context of what is known to all serious scientists about supercoiled DNA and food energy-dependent biophysically constrained RNA-mediated healthy longevity.

Polymaths and paradigm shifts: from Asimov to Bear (2)

March 14, 2018

by James Kohl with One Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic What's in the News

Polymaths and paradigm shifts: from Asimov to Bear (1)
See also: Search results for virus-driven energy theft
Summary: The creation of enzymes, such as ATP synthase is energy-dependent. The energy biophysically constrains viral latency via the creation of microRNAs and RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions that differentiate the cell types of all living genera.
Modifying Other’s Originality without Quote is an Act of Piracy

A writer who does not cite the sources in h/h feature article is committing piracy. Piracy is plagiarism… high level quality requires originality and creativity… these inattentions…should be strongly condemned… Accordingly, the originally contributing author may preserve the honor worthily and endeavor to further contribution in scientific study.

See for comparison: Here’s how viruses inactivate the immune system, causing cancer

It’s no new news that viruses cause cancer.

The full text of the article is free: DNA Tumor Virus Regulation of Host DNA Methylation and Its Implications for Immune Evasion and Oncogenesis

…virus-associated cancers show highly increased levels of DNMT expression [75,76,77,85,94,95,96,97,98,99]. In HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), DNMT expression is inversely correlated with levels of tumor suppressor microRNAs (miRNAs), including miR-152 targeting DNMT1 [97] and miR-101 targeting DNMT3A [99]. Virus-induced DNA hypermethylation is commonly found on several tumor suppressor genes…

RNA-directed DNA methylation links the energy-dependent microRNA-mediated creation of tumor suppressor genes to biophysically constrained viral latency via the proton motive force. The proton motive force links differences in the energy of photons from hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution to the light-activated endogenous substrates of RNA-mediated DNA repair.
See also: “There is no honor among thieves” is a pithy saying that captures Solomon’s observation concerning the wicked and those who choose their company.
A Twitter search returned several interesting comments related to what is known to serious scientists about the proton motive force and the claim that “There is no honor among thieves.” For instance, writers who modify the claims and questions about the proton motive force are plagiarists and/or thieves. See:

Steven Bird‏ @stevenbird64 12 Sep 2010

What do proton motive force driven multidrug resistance transporters have in common?

2. Toya‏ @toyaj05 19 Jun 2010

The H+ gradient is called the proton-motive force. This force drives the H+ back across the membrane through H+ channels. ATP synthases aids

The creation of enzymes, such as ATP synthase is energy-dependent. The energy biophysically constrains viral latency via the creation of microRNAs and RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions that differentiate the cell types of all living genera.

Philip Ball‏ @philipcball Mar 2

This was filmed tonight, so you’ll soon get to see why Nick Lane thinks the key to the origin of life is not amino acids or RNA but proton gradients. (I think he may be right.)

See for comparison: snippet from our June 24, 2017 conversation about the claims of Philip C. Ball.

The origin of life

Dr Frankenstein aimed to create new life from inanimate parts. But how did life first arise on Earth? Join Nick Lane in conversation with Phil Ball as they discuss the latest ideas, from warm ponds to space rocks and hydrothermal vents.

Ask when Nick Lane and/or Philip C. Ball first learned about proton gradients. See how much longer it takes them to link the creation of sunlight from differences in the energy of photons to biophysically constrained viral latency and all biodiversity via the physiology of reproduction and this model: Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model (2013)

Conclusion:

…the model represented here is consistent with what is known about the epigenetic effects of ecologically important nutrients and pheromones on the adaptively evolved behavior of species from microbes to man. Minimally, this model can be compared to any other factual representations of epigenesis and epistasis for determination of the best scientific ‘fit’.

Abstract:

This angstroms to ecosystems model of ecological adaptation links nutrient energy-dependent epigenetic effects on base pairs and amino acid substitutions to pheromone-controlled changes in the microRNA / messenger RNA balance and chromosomal rearrangements via the physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans. The nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled changes are required for the thermodynamic regulation of intracellular signaling, which enables biophysically constrained nutrient-dependent protein folding; experience-dependent receptor-mediated behaviors, and organism-level thermoregulation in ever-changing ecological niches and social niches. Nutrient-dependent ecological, social, neurogenic and socio-cognitive niche construction are manifested in increasing organismal complexity. Species-specific pheromones link quorum-sensing in microbes from chemical ecology to the physiology of reproduction. The reciprocal relationships of species-typical nutrient-dependent morphological and behavioral diversity are enabled by pheromone-controlled reproduction. Ecological variations and biophysically constrained natural selection for codon optimality links nutritional epigenetics to the behaviors that enable ecological adaptations. All biodiversity is an ecologically validated proof-of-concept. Ideas from population genetics, which exclude ecological factors, are integrated with an experimental evidence-based approach that establishes what is currently known. Simply put, olfactory/pheromonal input links food odors and social odors from the epigenetic landscape to the physical landscape of supercoiled DNA in the organized genomes of species from microbes to man during their development.

See for comparison: On the Difference between Physics and Biology: Logical Branching and Biomolecules

In my model, microRNAs are the biomolecules that link the creation of sunlight to all energy-dependent biophysically constrained viral latency. Viral latency is required to link the physiology of reproduction to all biologically-based diversity in all species.

Claims about proton gradients that link physics to biology without starting with the creation of sunlight are made by biologically uninformed theorists.

MicroRNAs biophysically constrain behavior

February 28, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Model Organisms RNA Directed RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation Variations

The link from the quantized energy of sunlight to the creation of microRNAs and biophysically constrained morphological phenotypes has been clear since 1944, when Schroedinger placed it into the context of “What is Life?”.
In the reprint edition, Roger Penrose added: “How often do we still hear that quantum effects can have little relevance in the study of biology, or even that we eat food in order to gain energy?” (Roger Penrose 8 August 1991)
Unfortunately for those who have suffered unnecessarily and died prematurely since then, biologically uninformed theorists failed to link the creation of food energy-dependent microRNAs to behavior.
But see: MicroRNA degradation by a conserved target RNA regulates animal behavior 2/26/18

…we show that a genome-encoded transcript harboring a near-perfect and deeply conserved miRNA-binding site for miR-29 controls zebrafish and mouse behavior. This transcript originated in basal vertebrates as a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and evolved to the protein-coding gene NREP in mammals… Thus, we demonstrate an endogenous target-RNA-directed miRNA degradation event and its requirement for animal behavior.

Claims that microRNAs regulate animal behavior were expected. The claims about the origination of a transcript and/or evolution of a protein coding gene via an endogenous near-perfect deeply conserved miRNA-binding site has not been supported by any experimental evidence.
Similar claims about evolved differences in amino acids and proteins have not been linked to behavior. In this case, however, the claim about the evolution of a near-perfect miRNA-binding site dismisses everything known to serious scientists about the food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction that we detailed in our section on molecular epigenetics from this 1996 review: From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior.
In 1996, microRNAs were called pre-mRNAs and we linked them to alternative splicings of RNA and behavior in species from microbes to humans. The cell biology game “Cytosis” linked the alternative splicings of RNA to food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled biophysically constrained viral latency in the context of the creation of enzymes, hormones, and receptors.
The link from the energy-dependent creation of microRNAs to behavior still must be placed into the context of what is known to all serious scientists. See: RNA: Structure meets function conference and 4th International Congress on Epigenetics & Chromatin, which was announced as if it was a conference on emergence and evolution.

Emergence and evolution are not discussed by serious scientists who read the extant literature such as this: Consequences of RNA oxidation on protein synthesis rate and fidelity: implications for the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders 10/15/17

…a discovery of oxidized microRNA has been recently reported. The oxidized microRNA causes misrecognizing the target mRNAs and subsequent down-regulation in the protein synthesis. It is noteworthy that oxidative modification to RNA not only interferes with the translational machinery but also with regulatory mechanisms of noncoding RNAs that contribute toward the biological complexity of the mammalian brain.

Molecular genetic mechanisms of allelic specific regulation of murine Comt expression (2015)

…our data demonstrate that the Comt⁺ transcript contains regulatory miRNA signals in its 3′-untranslated region leading to mRNA degradation; these signals, however, are absent in the shorter transcript, resulting in higher mRNA expression and activity levels.

COMT val158met polymorphism and molecular alterations in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: Differences in controls and in schizophrenia (2016)
Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) functional haplotype is associated with recurrence of affective symptoms: A prospective birth cohort study (2018)

Combination of the COMT functional haplotype model and inverted-U model may shed light on the effect of dopaminergic regulation on the trajectory of affective symptoms over the life course.

Analysis of COMT Val158Met polymorphisms and methylation in Chinese male schizophrenia patients with homicidal behavior (2018)

…we showed that the Val allele at Val158Met (rs4680) may be associated with the homicidal behavior of schizophrenia patients as well as that the methylation level of Val158Met (rs4680) could be affected by the variation of Val158Met (rs4680) and eventually contribute to the violent behavior of schizophrenia patients.

Facts about interethnic differences and similarities that link now microRNAs to behavior were discussed in the context of Global variation in the frequencies of functionally different catechol-O-methyltransferase alleles (1999)
The COMT val158met polymorphism was not found in seven nonhuman primates. One gorilla, two chimpanzees, two bonobos, and two orangutans had the G nucleotide at the variable position in the COMT gene, which codes for the amino acid valine in the COMT protein. The difference in non-human primates and modern humans was not linked to interethnic similarities or differences in COMT val158met polymorphisms. That may explain why the differences were not linked from dietary differences to behavior via the creation of food energy-dependent microRNAs.
But see: The Gut Microbiome and Mental Health: Implications for Anxiety- and Trauma-Related Disorders
Reported as: Microbiota-gut-brain axis is at epicenter of new approach to mental health
The approach is not new. See: Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction (2005)
Remember: Nobody wants to belong to the party of losers. One of the best strategies in such a case is evidently an interpretation of the change as a gradual accumulation of knowledge while their work has always been at the cutting edge. — Kalevi Kull
Place that claim into the context of the comment by Roger Penrose: “How often do we still hear that quantum effects can have little relevance in the study of biology, or even that we eat food in order to gain energy?”
If the human idiocy touted by neo-Darwinian theorists and big bang cosmologists is not perfectly clear, see:

A reversible TCA cycle in a thermophile (3)

February 9, 2018

by James Kohl with One Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Nutrigenomics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic Variations

A pathway for mitotic chromosome formation

The combination of nested loops distributed around a helically twisted axis plus dense chromatin packing achieves the 10,000-fold compaction of chromatin into linearly organized chromosomes that is required for accurate chromosome segregation when cells divide.

The compaction of chromatin in the context of hydrophobicity is the topic of: Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA

Our data provide relative comparisons of supercoiling-dependent twisted, writhed, curved, and kinked conformations and associated base exposure. Each of these structural features may be differentially recognized by the proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules that modulate DNA metabolic processes.

Differential recognition of proteins clearly involves this link from natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality to the physiology of reproduction via RNA-directed DNA methylation.
See for comparison: DNA-Methylation: Master or Slave of Neural Fate Decisions?

The involvement of splicing as effector of changes in DNA methylation is an exciting new angle to pursue with more precise epigenetic engineering tools. Distinguishing essential from specific, and causal from secondary marks will be essential for neuro-epigenetics. New approaches promise to answer long outstanding questions and will likely facilitate the discovery that DNA modifications might have new unexpected roles in the brain.

Splicing is not the effector of changes in DNA methylation, energy-dependent changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance must be given first consideration. But, this article is part of the Research Topic: Epigenetic Mechanisms of Neurogenesis in the Developing Neocortex

The topic is an example of human idiocy for comparison to this report on alternative splicing, which was linked to energy-dependent biophysically constrained viral latency in the context of:

Alternative splicing and the evolution of phenotypic novelty and the cell biology game: Cytosis

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity’.

The origins of morphological diversity cannot be evaluated outside the context of the origins of energy-dependent behavioral diversity, which requires that RNA-mediated DNA methylation be linked to differences in cell fate in all tissues of all individuals of all species on Earth. Typically, serious scientists do this by linking the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic viral latency from subatomic particles to creation of atoms and ecosystems in the context of human brain development via mitotic chromosome formation.

See for instance: The Excitable Mitochondria and The vibrational theory of olfaction for the win by John Hewitt.
If he did not believe that “evolution did it” after the emergence of energy, he would not have placed his bets on ridiculous theories and criticized my life’s history of publications and presentations, which he claimed were BS.
See for comparison to his claims: Correcting for Differential Transcript Coverage Reveals a Strong Relationship between Alternative Splicing and Organism Complexity
We placed the facts about alternative splicing and increasing organismal complexity into the context of our section on molecular epigenetics in From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior

Small intranuclear proteins also participate in generating alternative splicing techniques of pre-mRNA and, by this mechanism, contribute to sexual differentiation in at least two species, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans…

The sexual differentiation of all cell types in species from yeast to humans was presciently placed into the context of what was known about pre-mRNA mediated biophysically constrained viral latency in 1996. Food energy-dependent pre-mRNAs are now referred to as microRNAs (miRNAs). The creation of the miRNAs links the anti-entropic virucidal of the sun to all biodiversity via the physiology of reproduction, and our details from 1996 have been extended across species via this recently published work:
Reproductive role of miRNA in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis plays a critical role in regulating reproductive function. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is secreted by the hypothalamus, acts on pituitary gonadotrophs to stimulate luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) synthesis and secretion, ultimately affecting the animal’s fertility. MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that are widely expressed throughout the brain and can fine-tune gene expression post-transcriptionally. Recently, growing evidence has unveiled the central position of miRNAs within a key regulatory process involving GnRH secretion and subsequent activation in the pituitary. Although transcriptional regulation of reproduction has been well studied, the post-transcriptional processes are less well understood. In this review, we elaborate comprehensively on the critical role of miRNAs in the reproductive process, including both temporal and spatial aspects. A better understanding of how miRNAs impact the neuroendocrine system may improve our knowledge of reproduction and provide novel targets for therapeutic development.

For comparison, see: No Missing Link: Knowledge Predicts Acceptance of Evolution in the United States

Using a new demographically representative survey (N = 1100) that includes a detailed measure of evolution knowledge, we find that knowledge predicts level of acceptance, even after accounting for the effects of religion and politics. These results demonstrate that Americans’ views on evolution are significantly influenced by their knowledge about this theory and therefore might be amenable to change.

Reported as: Better knowledge of evolution leads to greater acceptance of the concept

…actual knowledge of the science seems to play a role, and we’ve documented that here for evolution for the first time in a representative population.”

If that claim was true, we would not see so many examples of people in other countries who have replaced the teaching of ridiculous evolutionary theories with facts that their students learn about ecological variation and ecological adaptations.
For example: Israeli Middle Schools School to Include Theory of Evolution (2014)

…learning about evolution is not the primary function of the decision, but rather to use it as a building block for students to learn more about their ecology.

See also: Turkish schools to stop teaching evolution, official says (2017)
If you are willing to consider the facts about why many countries do not teach humans to believe in ridiculous theories, please see:
Subatomic: From thermophiles to humans (in prep)

A reversible TCA cycle in a thermophile (2)

February 9, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Human Pheromones Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation

Summary: The energy-dependent creation of ATP has been linked from the energy-dependent creation of RNA to feedback loops that link the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction to biodiversity in species from microbes to humans via olfaction and pheromones. Anyone who continues to try to place the facts into the context of brain stimulation by visual input and ignore the facts about how the creation of microRNAs must be linked from creation of the sense of smell to all biophysically constrained viral latency and all biodiversity is playing a fool’s game.
See first: A reversible TCA cycle in a thermophile
See also: Feedback of the Drosophila period gene product on circadian cycling of its messenger RNA levels (1990)
Thermodynamic cycles of ATP-dependent protein biosynthesis and/or the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA have since been linked to healthy longevity or from circadian disruption to diseases of the brain and body, such as depression, Crohn’s disease, IBD, heart disease or cancer.
See: Timing is everything, to our genes

This will have huge impact on understanding the mechanisms or optimizing cures for at least 150 diseases.”

If that was true, the work in the 1990’s that led to Rosbash sharing the 2017 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine would already have been placed into the context of this published work.Olfactory Receptor Patterning in a Higher Primate (2014).
See also, Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction another work by LInda Buck, who shared the 2004 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine and who coauthored both articles.
Instead of linking the energy-dependent pheromone-controlled feedback loops from the physiology of reproduction in thermophiles to the physiology of food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled feedback loops in humans, we have been left the examples of human idiocy in the context of Richard Feynman’s claims and the claims of all other serious scientists.
See:

See also: Single-cell analysis of experience-dependent transcriptomic states in the mouse visual cortex Published online: 11 December 2017

Activity-dependent transcriptional responses shape cortical function.

Reported as: Single-cell analysis of experience-dependent transcriptomic states in the mouse visual cortex on December 13, 2017

…these results reveal the dynamic landscape of the stimulus-dependent transcriptional changes occurring across cell types in the visual cortex; these changes are probably critical for cortical function and may be sites of deregulation in developmental brain disorders.

Reported on and on February 8, 2018 Single-cell analysis reveals diverse landscape of genetic changes in the brain after a sensory experience

Experience and environmental stimuli appear to almost constantly affect gene expression and function throughout the brain. This may help us to understand how processes such as learning and memory formation, which require long-term changes in the brain, arise from the short bursts of electrical activity through which neurons signal to each other,” Greenberg said.

One especially interesting area of inquiry, according to Greenberg, includes the regulatory elements that control the expression of genes in response to sensory experience. In a paper published earlier this year in Molecular Cell, he and his team explored the activity of the FOS/JUN protein complex, which is expressed across many different cell types in the brain but appears to regulate unique programs in each different cell type.

The energy-dependent creation of ATP has been linked from the energy-dependent creation of RNA to feedback loops that link the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction to biodiversity in species from microbes to humans via olfaction and pheromones. Anyone who continues to try to place the facts into the context of brain stimulation by visual input and ignore the facts about how the creation of microRNAs must be linked from creation of the sense of smell to all biophysically constrained viral latency and all biodiversity is playing a fool’s game. They should stop doing that long enough to play the cell biology game “Cytosis” and wait to link particle physics to from quantum chemistry to all biodiversity by what is known to serious scientists about energy-dependent top-down causation is biophysically constrained by the physiology of reproduction.