physiology of reproduction Archives

A single base change refutes theistic evolution (2)

May 9, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy base editing Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic

Announcing publication of a model that links the creation of quantized energy from changes in subatomic particles to biophysically constrained viral latency and sympatric speciation in all living genera.

Nutrient-dependent Pheromone-Controlled Ecological Adaptations: From Angstroms to Ecosystems

This angstroms to ecosystems model of ecological adaptation links nutrient energy-dependent epigenetic effects on base pairs and amino acid substitutions to pheromone-controlled changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance and chromosomal rearrangements via the physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans.

The invited review of nutritional epigenetics was returned without review and the preprint was posted 4 years ago as:

Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems

The only significant change to the manuscript was a change in the title. Atoms to ecosystems became Angstroms to Ecosystems when quantized energy-dependent changes in angstroms were linked to ecological adaptation by what is known to all serious scientists in this 2014 parody.
All About that Base (Meghan Trainor Parody) 12/10/14
Repeat after them (and me): “… every angstrom is dynamic from the 5 prime to the three…”
See also the 2015 publication: Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA

DNA simultaneously exists in a largely inactive B-form with bases tucked in and protected and an active, highly varied structure with exposed bases.

George Church and others may have been the first to place the naturally occurring biophysically constrained energy-dependent processes of ecological adaptations into the context of a patent. (It is extremely unusual for anyone to attempt to patent a naturally occurring process.) That explains why there is no patent litigation, which still plagues those who claimed to discover the CRISPR-Cas 9 innate immune system of bacteria, which biophysically constrains viral latency and prevents the degradation of messenger RNA that links the energy-dependent creation of bacteria to the virus-driven creation of archaea and L-forms. All biophysically constrained virus-driven pathology has since been placed back into the context of embryogenesis and the dynamics of energy-dependent gene expression at the level of single-cell resolution as if bacteria somehow evolved into humans.

See:

Single-cell reconstruction of developmental trajectories during zebrafish embryogenesis
Single-cell mapping of gene expression landscapes and lineage in the zebrafish embryo
The dynamics of gene expression in vertebrate embryogenesis at single-cell resolution
Chronicling embryos, cell by cell, gene by gene
Reported as: How one cell gives rise to an entire body
See for comparison our section on molecular epigenetics in: From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior (1996)
Watch pseudoscientists continue to make ridiculous claims that fail to link the creation of biophysically constrained thermonuclear energy to autophagy and all biodiversity in the context of the cell biology game Cytosis and most of the forthcoming presentations during Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018.
Remember to note that at the end of the parody All About that Base, the research group politely refers to Neil deGrasse Tyson as a big ass (er, a bass). Try not to use the acronym ROTFLMAO in attempts to discuss what is known to all serious scientists with theorists.

Ecological adaptations vs the randomness of evolution (3)

May 8, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations base editing biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Pheromones Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms RNA Directed

Summary: Fifty years later, only theorists and other pseudoscientists have failed to recognize the facts that link experimental evidence of differences in the energy of photons to the proton motive force, which links the potential of hydrogen (pH) to biophysically constrained viral latency and all biodiversity on Earth. In that context, Carl Zimmer serves as an important example of human idiocy each time he makes claims about evolution.
Serious scientists will meet during Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018 to discuss the overwhelming amount of human idiocy exemplified in the works of theorists who failed to learn that life is “All about that base.”
Without the quantized energy-dependent creation of the base pairs, viral latency could not be biophysically constrained and entropy would be used to explain the evolution of biodiversity manifested in sympatric speciation.
See for comparison: The costs of living at the edge: Seasonal stress in wild savanna-dwelling chimpanzees

Adaptations associated with shifting from a predominately forested habitat to a more open environment are considered a crucial step in hominin evolution.

The adaptations are food energy-dependent and biophysically constrained by the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans. For example, higher levels of dehydroepiandrosterone in humans are an adaptation.
See: Dehydroepiandrosterone – is the fountain of youth drying out?

…humans are unique in having adrenals that secrete large amounts of the prohormone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate, DHEA-S, into the bloodstream of males and females. Even non-human primates produce only ~10% of the DHEA found in humans

Carl Zimmer places everything known about how ecological variation must be linked to energy-dependent ecological adaptations into the context of human evolution.
See: Hints of Human Evolution in Chimpanzees That Endure a Savanna’s Heat

Millions of years ago, our apelike ancestors gradually moved from woodlands to savannas and began walking upright at some point. The Fongoli chimpanzees demonstrate just how difficult that transition would have been — and how that challenge may have driven some major changes in our evolution, from evolving sweat glands to losing fur and walking upright.

Before she graduated from her medical technologist course (circa 2014), I mentioned to Misty ______ the importance of β-lactamase testing to understanding how the energy-dependent creation of microRNAs would soon be linked to all biophysically constrained biodiversity on Earth via antibiotic susceptibility testing in the hospital medical laboratory.
Shared strategies for β-lactam catabolism in the soil microbiome

A hydrolase from the put operon was found to degrade in vitro benzylpenicilloic acid, the β-lactamase penicillin product.

This clearly exemplifies how the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA in β-lactamase positive organisms is linked to antibiotic resistance via what all serious scientists know about the molecular mechanisms of energy-dependent cell type differentiation.
The findings were reported in the ridiculous context of claims about How Bacteria Eat Penicillin

…some of the bacteria could, in fact, eat the drugs… As it turned out, they were everywhere. He also found examples of the phenomenon in the scientific literature going back to the 1960s.

In 1964, McEwen et al, linked the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy from Schrödinger’s claims in What is Life? (1944) to the creation of ATP and the creation of RNA. Now, others like McEwen know that RNA interference biophysically constrains viral latency.
In 1968, Frohlich speculated that the highly ordered storage of quantized energy in species from microbes to humans linked hydrogen-atom transfer to the functional structure of cell membranes via the hydrogen bonds of molecules, or other dipolar constituents, which he linked to the shared energy supply that biophysically constrains life.
Fifty years later, only theorists and other pseudoscientists have failed to recognize the facts that link experimental evidence of differences in the energy of photons to the proton motive force, which links the potential of hydrogen (pH) to biophysically constrained viral latency and all biodiversity on Earth. In that context, Carl Zimmer serves as an important example of human idiocy each time he makes claims about evolution.
See also: UTX-mediated enhancer and chromatin remodeling suppresses myeloid leukemogenesis through noncatalytic inverse regulation of ETS and GATA programs

By integrating proteomic and genomic analyses, we link these changes to UTX regulation of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, coordination of the COMPASS complex and enhanced pioneering activity of ETS factors during evolution to AML.

They linked the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight from the creation of ATP to chromatin remodeling during the evolution of pathology, which all serious scientists know is biophysically constrained by the physiology of food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled reproduction.
See: [Pheromonal regulation of genetic processes: research on the house mouse (Mus musculus L.)] (1994)

A study of the influence of pheromone stressor(s) on proliferating germ and somatic cells was performed on laboratory lines of house mouse in the context of the physiological hypothesis of mutation process, proposed by M.E. Lobashev in 1947. Data from experiments are presented, and results obtained during last 10-15 years are discussed. The adaptive role of cytogenetic and other observed pheromonal effects is considered. The possible existence of interorganism systems of genetic regulation is discussed, the search for and study of which may help in more complete understanding of the regularities of functioning of genetic material.

The interorganism systems of genetic regulation have since been placed into the context of sympatric speciation by all serious scientists.
See: Direct estimation of mutations in great apes reveals significant recent human slowdown in the yearly mutation rate
See also: Analysis of 6,515 exomes reveals the recent origin of most human protein-coding variants

Caption: Contemporary analyses of cell metabolism have called out three metabolites: ATP, NADH, and acetyl-CoA, as sentinel molecules whose accumulation represent much of the purpose of the catabolic arms of metabolism and then drive many anabolic pathways. Such analyses largely leave out how and why ATP, NADH, and acetyl-CoA (Figure 1) at the molecular level play such central roles. Yet, without those insights into why cells accumulate them and how the enabling properties of these key metabolites power much of cell metabolism, the underlying molecular logic remains mysterious. Four other metabolites, S-adenosylmethionine, carbamoyl phosphate, UDP-glucose, and Δ2-isopentenyl-PP play similar roles in using group transfer chemistry to drive otherwise unfavorable biosynthetic equilibria. This review provides the underlying chemical logic to remind how these seven key molecules function as mobile packets of cellular currencies for phosphoryl transfers (ATP), acyl transfers (acetyl-CoA, carbamoyl-P), methyl transfers (SAM), prenyl transfers (IPP), glucosyl transfers (UDP-glucose), and electron and ADP-ribosyl transfers (NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+) to drive metabolic transformations in and across most primary pathways. The eighth key metabolite is molecular oxygen (O2), thermodynamically activated for reduction by one electron path, leaving it kinetically stable to the vast majority of organic cellular metabolites

EDAR V370A and sympatric speciation

May 3, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Diseases & Disorders Ecology Model Organisms RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations

Nick Lane and others like him refuse to reappraise their human mitochondrial DNA recombination dogma. All serious scientists know where the energy for recombination comes from. But, in his latest video clip, he touts the same unsubstantiated theoretical pseudoscientific nonsense.

See the: Aeon Video:

Life on earth – from mushrooms to humans and everything in between – seems enormously diverse. At the cellular level, however, almost all complex lifeforms are surprisingly similar. Why life is this way, though, remains mysterious. In this Aeon interview, the UK biochemist and author Nick Lane discusses his research on the connection between energy and genes, which, he hypothesises, made possible the radical transformation from single-celled organisms to complex life about 4 billion years ago.

See for comparison: Reappraising the human mitochondrial DNA recombination dogma

I’ve asked the authors: Are you prepared to address the comments that you might receive from people like Nick Lane in the context of “peer review?” How will you respond to those who do not accept the fact that the creation of ATP synthase and the creation of ATP must be linked to the creation of RNA and biophysically constrained viral latency in the context of SNPs and fixation of amino acid substitutions? What can be done when biologically uninformed theorists continue to link anything except biophysically constrained viral latency to all biodiversity?

I ask because there are still too many examples of human idiocy that are being considered outside the context of facts about energy-dependent RNA-mediated cell type differentiation.

See: Modeling Recent Human Evolution in Mice by Expression of a Selected EDAR Variant

See the claims about the selection of the EDAR variant placed back into the context of evolution.

Field-deployable viral diagnostics using CRISPR-Cas13

…we report the rapid (<1 week) design and testing of instrument-free assays to detect clinically relevant viral single-nucleotide polymorphisms.

The relevant energy-dependent single-nucleotide polymorphisms clearly protect all living genera from the clinically relevant viral single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The viral single-nucleotide polymorphisms link the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA to all pathology via what is known to all serious scientists about the energy-dependent creation of the innate immune system in species from bacteria to humans.

Environmental selection during the last ice age on the mother-to-infant transmission of vitamin D and fatty acids through breast milk

The frequency of the human-specific EDAR V370A allele appears to be uniquely elevated in North and East Asian and New World populations due to a bout of positive selection likely to have occurred circa 20,000 y ago.

If any experimental evidence of biophysically constrained viral latency supported the claim about positive selection 20,000 y ago, it could be linked to Nick Lane’s claims about how chimeras and electricity allowed a sterile planet to give way to complex life 4 billion years ago. Since there is no experimental evidence to support his ridiculous theories, intelligent people may want to continue to link environmental selection from food selection to the physiology of reproduction and fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions such as V370A that stabilize the organized genomes of all species on Earth.

Environmental selection is natural selection (2)

April 26, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations base editing biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Pheromones Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations

I believe that if you put enough biologically uniformed theorists in the same room, they will invent more theories to support the pseudoscientific nonsense they have touted in the past. See for example:

Environmental selection during the last ice age on the mother-to-infant transmission of vitamin D and fatty acids through breast milk

Acknowledgments

The synthesis presented here is a product of the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s 2017 annual meeting, as the ideas came together in the session entitled “Beringia and the Dispersal of Modern Humans to the Americas.”

Every aspect of every level of biophysically constrained food energy-dependent biologically-based cause and effect is placed back into the context of a ridiculous theory of human migration and evolution. The theory accurately attests to the link from one food energy-dependent base pair change to biodiversity in human populations via fixation of one amino acid substitution. But then, something goes horribly wrong.

The theory requires the fixation of the amino acid substitution to automagically occur in the context of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy. The theory fails to mention the fact that the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction and the microRNA-mediated creation of all cell types in all living genera is required.

See for comparison: Anything published since the time I learned about the importance of microRNAs during the 2012 Society for Neuroscience annual meeting in New Orleans, LA.

From 2000/10/15 to 2012/10/15 microRNA Items: 1 to 20 of 19910

From 2012/10/15 to 2018/04/26 microRNA Items: 1 to 20 of 53458

The number of biologically informed serious scientists who have linked the energy-dependent creation of microRNAs to biophysically constrained viral latency and all biodiversity via the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in bacteria continues to rapidly increase.

This begs the question: When will biologically uninformed science idiots stop attending meetings that facilitate their attempts to invent more ridiculous theories?

MicroRNA-mediated denuclearization

April 21, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology microRNA editing Model Organisms RNA Directed RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic Variations What's in the News

Kim Says North Korea Is Stopping Nuclear and Missile Tests

Early today, he said the country was stopping nuclear and missile tests and shuttering its atomic test site, which has “done its job.” Those concessions were long demanded by the U.S., lifting hopes that next Friday’s planned summit between Kim and South Korean President Moon Jae-in will be conducted in good faith.

Added Perspective
Emergence of Human G2P[4] Rotaviruses in the Post-vaccination Era in South Korea: Footprints of Multiple Interspecies Re-assortment Events
Viruses do not emerge. They adapt in the context of proton gradients and microRNA-mediated changesin energy-dependent protein folding chemistry. The food energy-dependent fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions links interspecies re-assortment events to healthy longevity.
See for comparison: A Single Amino Acid at the Polymerase Acidic Protein Determines the Pathogenicity of Influenza B Viruses
The ability of researchers in South Korea to create genetically modified viruses with increased pathogenicity links quantum physics from virus-driven energy theft to the degradation of messenger RNA and extinctions in many different populations of extinct organisms during the past 6,000 years.
See: Virus-mediated archaeal hecatomb in the deep seafloor

We show here for the first time the crucial role of viruses in controlling archaeal dynamics and therefore the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems, and suggest that virus-archaea interactions play a central role in global biogeochemical cycles.

The population of North Korea could have been the next to be decimated by a genetically engineered virus if Kim Jong Un had not agreed to denuclearization.
See also: Reappraising the human mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA] recombination dogma

…studies dealing with human variation and evolution have assumed that human mtDNA does not recombine and should be considered as pathological or very infrequent. Using both direct and indirect approaches, we provide consistent evidence of mtDNA recombination in humans.

Food energy-dependent mtDNA recombination in humans appears to protect all organized genomes in all extant human populations. mtDNA recombination may be the best protection from extinction that any species already has. Given what is known to serious scientists about cell type differentiation, the link from light-activated endogenous substrates and the physiology of reproduction in all living genera causes many people to ridicule the assumptions still touted in the context of theories invented by neo-Darwinian theorists.
See also: Mechanisms of Recombination conference

Part 3: Light-controlled cell biology (revisited)

March 23, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Autophagy biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy Physics RNA Directed RNA interference RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations

Your cells are constantly being shed and replaced—so is your body ever completely refreshed? Does anything remain of the body that existed on Jan. 1, 2017? 2007? The day you were born? (video)

Out of Order: Undaunted

…as I prepared for this issue’s Special Report on Microbiomics (starting on page 19), I am stunned by what I am only starting to understand. That our individual existence as humans may only be 10 percent of what we see in the mirror—and that perhaps only 1 percent of our personal ecological genome is a human genome…

When you understand the concept of biophysically constrained energy-dependent ecology (Frohlich, 1968), you may begin to understand the difference between ecological adaptation and evolution. Each cell type represents biophysically constrained viral latency, not mutation-driven evolution.

Outside the context of energy-dependent RNA-mediated DNA repair (aka autophagy), no cell types exist. Bacteria become archaea and archaea become L-forms and the L-forms become non-cells. The energy for cell type differentiation comes from sunlight or from food. It is biophysically constrained by the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans.

Theorists used the term “de novo” in the context of de novo transcription and other aspects of energy-dependent cell type differentiation that they cannot explain with their ridiculous theories. For instance, David Sinclair has touted pseudoscientific nonsense until now.

He knows that the cell biology game, “Cytosis” for ages 10+ has exposed him to ridicule, and obviously won’t go away without a fight to maintain some scientific credibility.

State of art:
TDP-43 and FUS, two RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), have been recently the subject of increased attention due to their role in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and FrontoTemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD). In non-pathological conditions, these proteins are mostly found in the nucleus where they participate to mRNA biogenesis and regulation of alternative splicing. However, TDP-43 and FUS are also present in the cytoplasm and they are able to shuttle from one compartment to another. TDP-43 and FUS notably participate in cytoplasmic functions such as mRNA transport and localized translation, which are of critical importance for neuron physiology. In neurons of ALS and FTLD patients, TDP-43 and FUS form insoluble cytoplasmic aggregates with fibrillar structure that can further spread the disease to other areas of the brain.

If this is the state of the art, was the information used to treat the late Stephen Hawking, or was he left to suffer unnecessarily until he died?

How to create biologically uninformed theorists

March 13, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Autophagy biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Pheromones Light Energy Model Organisms Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA interference RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic

Summary: On March 2, 2018, Philip C. Ball and Nick Lane started making claims about proton gradients. Their claims are based on my model of quantized energy as information. This post includes added support for what is known to all serious scientists about the light-activated endogenous substrates that link molecular epigenetics to RNA-mediated autophagy.
See first: Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference (audio/visual aid 2017)

Feedback loops link quantized energy as information to biophysically constrained RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry. Light induced energy-dependent changes link angstroms to ecosystems from classical physics to chemistry/chirality and to molecular epigenetics/autophagy.

The National Microbiome Initiative links microbial quorum sensing to the physiology of reproduction via endogenous RNA interference and chromosomal rearrangements. The rearrangements link energy-dependent fixed amino acid substitutions to the Precision Medicine Initiative via genome wide inferences of natural selection.

This detailed representation of energy-dependent natural selection for codon optimality links biologically- based cause and effect from G protein-coupled receptors to RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions and the functional structure of supercoiled DNA. Energy-dependent polycombic ecological adaptations are manifested in supercoiled DNA. Chromosomal inheritance links the adaptations from morphological phenotypes to healthy longevity via behavioral phenotypes.

For contrast, virus-driven energy theft is the link from messenger RNA degradation to negative supercoiling, constraint breaking mutations, and hecatombic evolution. The viral hecatomb links transgenerational epigenetic inheritance from archaea to Zika virus-damaged DNA, which typically is repaired by endogenous RNA interference and fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in organized genomes.

Added support for the light-activated molecular epigenetics of autophagy:
Light-powering Escherichia coli with proteorhodopsin (2007)

…we quantify the coupling between light-driven and respiratory proton currents… and show that light-driven pumping by PR can fully replace respiration as a cellular energy source in some environmental conditions.

Structure of the Deactive State of Mammalian Respiratory Complex I (2018)

…the deactive state arises when critical structural elements that form the ubiquinone-binding site become disordered, and we propose reactivation is induced when substrate binding to the NADH-reduced enzyme templates their reordering. Our structure both rationalizes biochemical data on the deactive state and offers new insights into its physiological and cellular roles.

Global collective motions in the mammalian and bacterial respiratory complex I (2018)

…we identify here transitions between experimentally resolved structures of the mammalian complex I as low-frequency collective motions of the enzyme, highlighting similarities and differences between the bacterial and mammalian enzymes. Despite the reduced complexity of the smaller bacterial enzyme, our results suggest that the global dynamics of complex I is overall conserved.

The conservation of light-powered functional structures and energy-dependent proton gradients link the deactive state in critical structures to the active state via the creation of enzymes in species from bacteria to mammals. The energy-dependent creation of the enzymes links metabolism of the energy (e.g., food energy) from pheromones to biophysically constrained viral latency in the context of the physiology of reproduction.
The pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans links our visual perception of energy and mass in the context of how ecological variation must be linked to energy-dependent ecological adaptations in all living genera.
See: Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception

Our perception of the world builds upon dynamic inputs from multiple senses with different temporal resolutions, and is threaded with the passing of subjective time. How time is extracted from multisensory inputs is scantly known. Utilizing psychophysical testing and electroencephalography, we show in healthy human adults that odors modulate object visibility around critical flicker-fusion frequency (CFF)-the limit at which chromatic flickers become perceived as a stable color-and effectively alter CFF in a congruency-based manner, despite that they afford no clear environmental temporal information. The behavioral gain produced by a congruent relative to an incongruent odor is accompanied by elevated neural oscillatory power around the object’s flicker frequency in the right temporal region ~150-300 ms after object onset, and is not mediated by visual awareness. In parallel, odors bias the subjective duration of visual objects without affecting one’s temporal sensitivity. These findings point to a neuronal network in the right temporal cortex that executes flexible temporal filtering of upstream visual inputs based on olfactory information. Moreover, they collectively indicate that the very process of sensory integration at the stage of object processing twists time perception, hence casting new insights into the neural timing of multisensory events.

See also: Odors Alter Subjective Time Experience Author: Dr. ZHOU Wen’s Research Group Update time: 2017/05/15

The brain is not a timepiece. Whereas it is equipped with senses like vision, audition, touch, smell, and taste, it has no direct access to or measure of the physical time (unless you read from a clock). Rather, it constructs the subjective “time” of an event from the dynamic multisensory inputs associated with that event. Yet different senses come with different temporal precisions. For instance, when standing near an apple tree, you can detect the falling of an apple much better with your eyes or ears than the nose. How does the brain coordinate multisensory signals entering different brain regions with different temporal resolutions, and come up with the subjective time?

A team at the Institute of Psychology at Chinese Academy of Sciences tackled this issue using odors and images. Specifically, Dr. Bin Zhou, the study’s lead author, and his colleagues examined whether odors could modulate one’s temporal sampling and subjective duration of visual objects. In their study, participants viewed two series of flickering isoluminant images in red and green (Figure 1A). One of the series contained opposite images of an apple or bananas; the other contained only images of red and green fields. When the images alternated at a frequency beyond 20 Hz, the participants started to have difficulty reporting which series contained an object. Indeed, for most people, chromatic flicker fusion frequency (CFF), the limit at which alternating colors become perceived as a stable fused color, falls somewhere between 20 and 25 Hz. Interestingly, the participants’ object detection accuracies around CFF were improved under the exposure of a congruent, as opposed to an incongruent, odor. In other words, the participants detected a rapidly flickering apple better when they smelled an apple odor rather than a banana odor, and vice versa (Figure 1B, left panel). In effect, the presence of a congruent odor facilitated the brain’s temporal sampling of a visual object and elevated its CFF (Figure 1B, right panel). Based on electrical activities recorded from the participants’ scalp, the researchers found that the integration between smell and vision strengthened the signals of the corresponding object in a brain region heavily implicated in object representations called the right temporal cortex, about 150-300 ms after object onset. They further showed that such integration lengthened one’s subjective duration of the corresponding object in a duration comparison task. The researchers concluded that subjective time is warped by the neural energy involved in representing multisensory inputs at subsecond scales.

Until Philip C. Ball mentioned that Nick Lane believed proton gradients came before the energy-dependent creation of RNA, I did not realize how little they knew about this link from differences in the energy of photons to consciousness.
See: What Affective Neuroscience Means for Science Of Consciousness (2013)

The coupling of the two circuits promotes an endogenous feedback that supports conscious processes. Within this framework, we present the defence that detailed study of both affective and cognitive processes, their interactions, as well of their respective brain networks, is necessary for a science of consciousness.

The coupling of the two circuits links differences in the energy of photons from the proton motive force to the light-activated endogenous feedback loops and Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction.
It is extremely difficult for intelligent people to not link this experimental evidence to biophysically constrained viral latency in the context of reports that claim “Creatures’ Adaptability Begins with Their Sensors.”
But, see for comparison: David Attenborough on creationsim May, 2015

My comment on his nonsense: First steps to neutralizing Zika: How highly potent antibody neutralizes Zika infection discovered

This is framed within the context of energy-dependent changes in pH, which facilitate receptor-mediated entry of nutrients or viruses into specific cell types of species-specific tissues via stress-linked changes in hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs.

Virus-driven energy theft has been linked to all pathology in all living genera via the conserved molecular mechanisms of RNA-mediated polycombic protein folding chemistry compared to the hecatombic evolution of pathology manifested first in the differences between archaea and bacteria. Admitting that Carl Woese was wrong about the different domains of life is the first step towards understanding the difference between healthy longevity and the evolution of all virus-driven pathology.

Carl Woese was wrong

God did not create the viruses. He created the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight, which protects all organized genomes from virus-driven entropy. Only the choices of our ancestors could have led to the increasing amout of virus-driven pathology during the past ~6000 years that pseudoscientists place into the context of millions of years of evolution. Then, they blame God, like these two pseudoscientists do. Darwin knew they would do that, which is why he insisted that others put conditions of life before natural selection. But they bastardized his theory anyway and taught their revision to anyone who was foolish enough to believe in it. It’s called the “Modern Synthesis” and was based on de Vries 1902 definition of “mutation.”

Celebrate Your Inner Virus

It is important that we understand the design present in viruses because God made them.

It is no wonder that Sir David Attenborough and many others like Philip C. Ball and Nick Lane are confused about the energy-dependent creation of healthy longevity and consciousness. Even some young earth creationists have failed to link the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy from changes in electrons to ecosystems via the proton motive force. That leaves every aspect of creation to be placed back into the context of ridiculous theories. The theories start with the virus-driven theft of quantized energy as information. The energy theft links mutations to all virus-driven pathology. The theft of quantized energy as information cannot be linked by serious scientists from beneficial mutations to the evolution of one species from another.
For comparison, pseudoscientists have no problem touting this confusing nonsense:
Sign of selection on mutation rate modifiers depends on population size (March 12, 2018)
1) Genetic variation—the raw material for evolution—is ultimately generated by mutation.
2). …beneficial alleles never become deleterious and deleterious alleles never become beneficial.
Conclusion:

Whether these phenomena can be united in a single theoretical framework remains an open question that we are actively exploring. In any case, our results add to a growing appreciation of nonclassical population size dependence in evolution by natural selection (41, 42).

Funding for research that attempts to link natural selection to evolution via mutation-driven genetic variation should be used to link food odors and pheromones from the physiology of reproduction to biophysically constrained viral latency and ecological adaptations. It is time to stop creating more biologically uninformed theorists.

Cytosis can be used to teach everything from base editing to RNA editing to everyone over age 10. They will learn how to link the creation of energy to biophysically constrained viral latency via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction.

Ecological adaptation: a new definition of heredity (4)

March 9, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Model Organisms Nutrigenomics RNA Directed RNA interference RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations

Experimentally Induced Metamorphosis in Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) Under Constant Diet Restructures Microbiota Accompanied by Reduced Limb Regenerative Capacity (2018)

Our results show that distinct bacterial communities inhabit individual organs of Axolotl and undergo substantial restructuring through metamorphosis.

The restructuring during metamorphosis is biophysically constrained by feedback loops that link olfaction from food odors and pheromones to the creation of enzymes in bacteria and the secretion of the vertebrate decapeptide hormone GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone).
See: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist binding in tiger salamander nasal cavity (1993)
The authors presciently linked food odors and pheromones from epigenetic effects on feedback loops to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and microRNA-mediated morphological and behavioral diversity, and also to differences in the behavior of monogamous and polygamous prairie voles.
See: The prairie vole vomeronasal organ is a target for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (2001)
For comparison, Larry Young claimed that the evolution of viruses caused the differences in prairie vole behavior. He linked the virus-driven differences from three other hormones to the evolution of heterosexual love. See: Virus Evolution Amazing Documentary Full HD National Geographic Documentary 2015
Others, who are like Larry Young, have failed to link anything known to serious scientists from sensory input to energy-dependent changes in the creation of enzymes, receptors and hormones. The anti-entropic energy-dependent creation of enzymes by bacteria links the creation of receptors and hormones in vertebrates to protection of organized genomes from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA, which links mutations to all pathology.
See for comparison: 2013 Isaac Asimov Memorial Debate: The Existence of Nothing

Isaac Asimov, “…perhaps, the last polymath of our civilization.”

Originally a zoology major, Asimov switched to chemistry and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in biochemistry in 1948. In 1977, he contracted HIV from a blood transfusion. He was president of the American Humanist Association, which suggests that his atheism led to his death via his ignorance.
For example, in 1964, Dobzhansky wrote:

“The notion has gained some currency that the only worthwhile biology is molecular biology. All else is “bird watching” or “butterfly collecting.” Bird watching and butterfly collecting are occupations manifestly unworthy of serious scientists! I have heard a man whose official title happens to be Professor of Zoology declare to an assembly of his colleagues that “a good man cannot teach zoology. A good man can teach, of course, only molecular biology.”

If Isaac Asimov was the last polymath of our civilization, we are doomed. Clearly his ridiculous beliefs have led to the teaching of pseudoscientific nonsense about evolution despite the claims of Schrödinger (1944) and those who will link the anti-entopic virucidal energy of sunlight from the physiology of reproduction to biophysically constrained viral latency and all biodiversity during Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018
See for comparison: How One Child’s Sickle Cell Mutation Helped Protect the World From Malaria
Once again, so-called science journalist Carl Zimmer shows that he does not know the difference between a mutation and an RNA-mediated amino acid substitution.
See: Updates of the HbVar database of human hemoglobin variants and thalassemia mutations

Single nucleotide substitutions or indels can lead to several hemoglobin variants owing to amino acid replacements, while molecular defects in either regulatory or coding regions of the human HBA2, HBA1, HBB or HBD genes can minimally or drastically reduce their expression, leading to α-, β- or δ-thalassemia, respectively.

Hemoglobin variants alter the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells. They are clear indicators of how ecological variation must be linked to ecological adaptation via food energy-dependent changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance and the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction.
There are more than 1700 human variants. Anyone who claims that the variants are mutations should be required to link them from the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of morphological and behavioral phenotypes in all living genera to ecologically adapted human populations.
The alternative is sexist and racist. Much more is needed than a new definition of heredity. All intelligent people must dismiss the neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense about mutation-driven evolution. Then, we can start over with accurate representations of top-down causation and biophysically constrained viral latency.
But first see: EPA’s Scott Pruitt Doesn’t Buy Evolution

Andrew Rosenberg, director of the Center for Science and Democracy at the Union of Concerned Scientists, counters that Pruitt should not act as “the nation’s pastor.”

Andrew Rosenberg should become familiar with the extant literature or play the cell biology game “Cytosis” for ages 10+. There is no excuse for his level of ignorance.
Cytosis is a board game that details what takes place inside a human cell! Players compete to build enzymes, hormones and receptors and fend off attacking Viruses! In the context of everything known to serious scientists about biophysically constrained energy-dependent RNA-mediated cell type differentiation, a new tool is now available to help theorists link cause and effect via a mathematical model.
See: VarQ: a tool for the structural analysis of Human Protein Variants. The mathematical model has replaced neo-Darwinian theories with facts about how the energy-dependent structure of functional supercoiled DNA biophysically constrains viral latency.
See also: Inhibition of the Host Translation Shutoff Response by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Triggers Nuclear Envelope-Derived Autophagy (2013)
and Role of bacterial efflux pumps in biofilm formation
Only a few people I know would link antibiotic resistance from Escherichia coli to Acinetobacter baumannii via the weekend resurrection of the bacterial flagellum in Pseudomonas fluorescens. Until they are willing to do it in a public forum, see: Evolutionary resurrection of flagellar motility via rewiring of the nitrogen regulation system.
Pseudoscientists and most other theorists are still focused on mutation-driven evolution. Isaac Asimov’s “humanist” influence has prevailed across more than one generation of students who learned how to link nothing to everything from people like Neil deGrasse Tyson, Lawrence Krauss, and Carl Zimmer.

Anti-entropic sunlight: Schrödinger’s Creationist Secret? (5)

February 26, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Human Pheromones Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic Variations

Anti-entropic sunlight: Schrödinger’s Creationist Secret? (3)

The list of those scheduled to present has changed. Michael Rosbash has been added. John E. Walker is not scheduled, which suggests that everyone else already knows that the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy is the link from the creation of ATP to the creation of RNA and all biophysically constrained viral latency via feedback loops and the physiology of reproduction.
Rosbash, as all serious scientists know, started with energy-dependent changes in cycles of RNA biosynthesis. Feedback of the Drosophila period gene product on circadian cycling of its messenger RNA levels (1990). Pseudoscientists failed to link the energy from feedback to biophysically constrained viral latency.
But see: Permeability transition in human mitochondria persists in the absence of peripheral stalk subunits of ATP synthase

Production of ATP depends on the oxidation of energy-rich compounds to produce a chemical potential difference for hydrogen ions, the proton motive force (pmf), across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM).

Other serious scientists have consistently linked photophosphorylation from oxidative phosphorylation to all biodiversity via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in species from soil bacteria to humans
Speakers (new copy-protected list)
Speakers (old list)
See also: Viral Resistance Project
The differences in innate immunity and ecological adaptation are obviously nutrient energy-dependent and transgenerationally inherited in the context of the epigenetically-effected physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction and the affects of hormones on behavior. For instance, pheromones biophysically constrain viral latency via the fixation of amino acid substitutions.
See for comparison: Evolution – Genetic Novelty/Genomic Variations by RNA Networks and Viruses
There are several neo-Darwinian theorists who are scheduled to present, which means they may be ready to accept the ridicule from serious scientists.
See for example: A universal trend of amino acid gain and loss in protein evolution

Amino acid composition of proteins varies substantially between taxa and, thus, can evolve.

See also: Why I got rid of my friends
Some of my former friends kept dumping their garbage about evolution on others in the same way that I. King Jordan and Eugene Koonin did it with their comment about the evolution of the amino acid composition of proteins. See for comparison: All About that Base (Meghan Trainor Parody) 12/10/14 and Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference 2/15/17
Help others who are Combating Evolution to Fight Disease

Light-activated carbon fixation did not evolve (4)

February 23, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy Model Organisms Nutrigenomics Pharmacogenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic Variations

Summary: Dobzhansky was joking about the time it would take for the creation of light to cause the energy-dependent fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions, which link food energy to the creation of enyzmes that metabolized food. His joke extends from the creation of sunlight — as the “light of evolution” — to the species-specific pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction and cell type differentiation in chimpanzees and humans compared to gorillas via one amino acid substitution. The joke was played on theorists who, in 1973, still believed that mutations could be linked to evolution despite the claims in Schroedinger: What is Life? (1944).
See: Light-activated carbon fixation did not evolve (3),(2),(1) and RNA mediated molecular epigenetics and virus driven entropy and The origin of information (2)
For comparison, see: Genome editor CRISPR’s latest trick? Offering a sharper snapshot of activity inside the cell

…this tool can record exposure to light, antibiotics, and viral infection or document internal molecular events.

The “tool” links the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight to the creation of enzymes, which link the metabolism of food energy to the physiology of reproduction in the context of autophagy and viral latency.

The facts about autophagy and biophysically constrained viral latency have been placed into the context of phage-activated continuous evolution (PACE) by people who do not want others to learn the facts about how autophagy protects all organized genome from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA.
See: Evolution in Action – Literally

The idea is that you use bacteriophage as your vehicle for evolving proteins, because of their extremely short generation time. These infect E. coli bacteria, and the two of them are modified in this system so that you can use selection pressure to get to a protein with specific binding properties. It’s been used to look at protease inhibitor resistance and DNA-binding specificity, and now it’s put to work for a protein-protein interaction.

All protein-protein interactions are energy-dependent, RNA-mediated and biophysically constrained in the context of the physiology of reproduction and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.
See for contrast: Church Speaks A Conversation With George Church [2.14.18]

Maybe it would help if the very top scientists believed in neo-Darwinism or something.
We found the enzymes that occur in nature, which was not obvious, and both companies have patents on making those alkanes.

Top scientists who believe in neo-Darwinism are more likely to believe Church’s claim that the anti-entropic energy of sunlight was not the obvious link to the creation of enzymes and all biophysically constrained life on Earth. The creation of enzymes was required to biophysically constrain viral latency.

Cytosis: A Cell Biology Board Game: A board game taking place inside a human cell! Players compete to build enzymes, hormones and receptors and fend off attacking Viruses!

See: Regulation of the unfolded protein response by noncoding RNA
See: Endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling: the microRNA connection
See also: ER homeostasis and autophagy

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a key site for lipid biosynthesis and folding of nascent transmembrane and secretory proteins. These processes are maintained by careful homeostatic control of the environment within the ER lumen. Signalling sensors within the ER detect perturbations within the lumen (ER stress) and employ downstream signalling cascades that engage effector mechanisms to restore homeostasis. The most studied signalling mechanism that the ER employs is the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is known to increase a number of effector mechanisms, including autophagy.

Place the unfolded protein response (UPR) into the context of how virus-driven energy theft links the degradation of messenger RNA from mutations to all pathology. Link femotosecond blasts of ultraviolet light to the creation of enzymes and energy-dependent RNA-mediated DNA repair to complete the picture of creation vs neo-Darwinism.
See: UV-Induced Charge Transfer States in DNA Promote Sequence Selective Self-Repair
If you are a top scientist who believes in neo-Darwinism, retire as soon as possible to avoid the ridicule that will be linked to the lack of funding for your so-called research.
See also: miRs-103/107 regulate autophagy in the epidermis

We found that antagomir-107 treatment in epidermis: (i) depleted endogenous miR-107; (ii) increased GFP-LC3 puncta in epidermal basal layers of GFP-LC3 transgenic mice, indicative of an accumulation of autophagosomes; (iii) inhibited LC3 turnover and increased p62, suggesting an inhibition of autophagy flux; and (iv) increased phosphorylated dynamin (p-dynamin, an inactive form), a key enzyme in end-stage autophagy. Conversely, miR-107 mimic treatment in mouse epidermis: decreased GFP-LC3 puncta in basal layer as well as p62 protein levels; and diminished p-dynamin, indicative of activation of this enzyme.

See also: CCPG1: A new breed of autophagy cargo receptor: 3:00pm GMT / 10:00am EST / 7:00am PST on Thursday 1st March
The anti-entropic energy-dependent creation of receptors is enzyme-dependent and RNA-mediated in the context of the physiology of reproduction and autophagy, which biophysically constrains viral latency.
The overwhelming complexity prevents most attempts to link quantum physics from quantum chemistry to the molecular mechanisms of epigenetically-effected cancer prevention and treatment. Despite that fact, prevention and effective treatments will continue to link the speed of light on contact with water from hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution via the creation of microRNAs linked to biophysically constrained viral latency.
Do you remember what Barry J. Marshall did to link H. pylori to prevention of gastric cancer?
See: Neutrons identify critical details in bacterial enzyme implicated in gastric cancer

Ronning’s team focused on H. pylori’s use of a unique biosynthetic pathway to synthesize vitamin K2, which aids in the electron transfer processes, or chemical reactions, of all organisms.

Ronning’s team linked Barry J. Marshall’s energy-dependent changes (e,g., hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution) from electrons to ecosystems and healthy longevity in all living genera via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in species from microbes to humans.
I asked the evolutionary theorist, John Hewitt (a so-called science journalist): “Are you still planning to do that by starting with the magical creation of selenocysteine?”
I’ve heard nothing from him, since then.
See also: Is Maternal Food Security a Predictor of Food and Drink Intake Among Toddlers in Oregon? (2012)

CDC Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The 35-year-old author works as a team lead for the CDC’s Division of Population Health.

Authorities say he called in sick on February 12, 2018 and has not been heard from since.

In 2014 he was the first author of: Sex-specific relationships between adverse childhood experiences and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in five states

This work adds to a growing body of research suggesting that ACEs may contribute to health problems later in life and suggesting a need for program and policy solutions.

The link from the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight to healthy longevity and the link from stress-induced biophysical constraint-breaking mutations reaffirms that suggestion.
Cunningham’s brother, Anterio Cunningham, does not want to assume the worst, yet he is worried something horrible has happened for him to leave his family and prized job with no notice.
The CDC did not immediately respond to ABC News’ request for comment.

Anyone with information is urged to call 911 or the Atlanta Police Homicide/Adult Missing Persons Unit at 404-546-4235.

The need for program and policy solutions at the CDC could bring the current practice of medicine to an end. The end requires all practitioners to acknowledge the facts about disease control. The facts link the creation of sunlight from fixation of light in cyanobacteria to the physiology of reproduction in humans and to all biodiversity via biophysically constrained viral latency.
See also: Nothing in Biology Makes Any Sense Except in the Light of Evolution (1973)

I am a creationist and an evolutionist. Evolution is God’s, or Nature’s, method of Creation.

Dozhansky supposedly assumed that:

Creation is not an event that happened in 4004 B.C.; it is a process that began some 10 billion years ago and is still under way.

But he may also have been joking. He wrote:

…the so-called alpha chains of hemoglobin have identical sequences of amino acids in man and the chimpanzee, but they differ in a single amino acid (out of 141) in the gorilla.

Dobzhansky was joking about the time it would take for the creation of light to cause the energy-dependent fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions, which link food energy to the creation of enyzmes that metabolized food. His joke extends from the creation of sunlight — as the “light of evolution” — to the species-specific pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction and cell type differentiation in chimpanzees and humans compared to gorillas via one amino acid substitution. The joke was played on theorists who, in 1973, still believed that mutations could be linked to evolution despite the claims in Schroedinger: What is Life? (1944).
Anyone who places Dobzhansky’s claims from 1964 and the claims of McEwen et al. (1964) into the context of Frohlich’s assertions in 1968 would close the door on evolutionists in three steps.
Dobzhansky compared theorists to bird watchers and butterfly collectors.
McEwen et al., (1964) linked the creation of ATP to the creation of RNA.
Frohlich (1968) linked the creation of RNA to all biophysically constrained biodiversity.
The cell biology game “Cytosis” can be used to teach people like George Church about cell biology. Alternatively, Church could ask a serious scientist what was known about the energy-dependent creation of naturally occurring enzymes.
For comparison, retracted works by Jack Szostak’s group are the only works that might make that fact not obvious (e.g., to other theorists). Serious scientists know that all enzymes naturally occur in the context of their energy-dependent microRNA-mediated creation. If George Church shared Dobzhanky’s creationist beliefs, he might have avoided the shame that comes from his claim that it was not obvious where all naturally occurring enzymes come from.
See: Retraction Watch Also reported as: Oops! Scientific retraction a major blow to evolution theory

Szostak’s study reopens what is perhaps the largest hole in evolutionary theory, as scientists remain unable to explain how the building blocks of life were “spontaneously” created.

Jack W. Szostak—a professor of chemistry and chemical biology at Harvard University, shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. It seems likely that he influenced the works by George Church — also at Harvard, and the claims Church made about the “not obvious” creation of naturally created enzymes.
See for comparison: Common origins of RNA, protein and lipid precursors in a cyanosulfidic protometabolism
Reported as: Researchers may have solved origin-of-life conundrum

…the conditions that produce nucleic acid precursors also create the starting materials needed to make natural amino acids and lipids. That suggests a single set of [light activated] reactions could have given rise to most of life’s building blocks simultaneously.

The difference between George Church’s neo-Darwinian approach, and the approach that serious scientists have taken, may be as simple as the difference between a creationist and an evolutionary theorist.

For comparison, see: What is life when it is not protected from virus driven entropy Published on 30 Mar 2016

Poster: The anti-entropic force of virucidal ultraviolet light links guanine–cytosine (G⋅C) Watson–Crick base pairing from hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution to supercoiled DNA, which protects the organized genomes of all living genera from virus-driven entropy. For example, protection of DNA from permanent UV damage occurs in the context of photosynthesis and nutrient-dependent RNA-directed DNA methylation, which links RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions to DNA repair. In the context of thermodynamic cycles of protein biosynthesis and degradation, DNA repair enables the de novo creation of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Olfactory receptor genes are GPCRs. The de novo creation of olfactory receptor genes links chemotaxis and phototaxis from foraging behavior to social behavior in species from microbes to humans. Foraging behavior links ecological variation to ecological adaptation in the context of this atoms to ecosystems model of biophysically constrained energy-dependent RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry. Protein folding chemistry links nutrient-dependent microRNAs from microRNA flanking sequences to energy transfer and cell type differentiation in the context of adhesion proteins, and supercoiled DNA that protects all organized genomes from virus-driven entropy.

Scent of Eros

Posts tagged: physiology of reproduction