RNA-mediated cell type differentiation Archives

Caption: Contemporary analyses of cell metabolism have called out three metabolites: ATP, NADH, and acetyl-CoA, as sentinel molecules whose accumulation represent much of the purpose of the catabolic arms of metabolism and then drive many anabolic pathways. Such analyses largely leave out how and why ATP, NADH, and acetyl-CoA (Figure 1) at the molecular level play such central roles. Yet, without those insights into why cells accumulate them and how the enabling properties of these key metabolites power much of cell metabolism, the underlying molecular logic remains mysterious. Four other metabolites, S-adenosylmethionine, carbamoyl phosphate, UDP-glucose, and Δ2-isopentenyl-PP play similar roles in using group transfer chemistry to drive otherwise unfavorable biosynthetic equilibria. This review provides the underlying chemical logic to remind how these seven key molecules function as mobile packets of cellular currencies for phosphoryl transfers (ATP), acyl transfers (acetyl-CoA, carbamoyl-P), methyl transfers (SAM), prenyl transfers (IPP), glucosyl transfers (UDP-glucose), and electron and ADP-ribosyl transfers (NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+) to drive metabolic transformations in and across most primary pathways. The eighth key metabolite is molecular oxygen (O2), thermodynamically activated for reduction by one electron path, leaving it kinetically stable to the vast majority of organic cellular metabolites

Virus-driven cystinosis

May 1, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations base editing Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology microRNA editing Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations

A friend asked about nephropathic cystinosis, which is a disease caused by the virus-driven theft of quantized energy. All serious scientists have linked viruses from the degradation of messenger RNA to mutations and all pathology.

Nephropathic cystinosis (NC) is the most frequent cause of Fanconi syndrome (FS) in young children. It will be linked from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA to azoospermia and/or progressive neuromuscular degeneration via the conserved molecular mechanisms of RNA-mediated cell type differentiation compared to mechanisms that link viruses to mitochondrial degeneration.

See: Impact of atypical mitochondrial cyclic-AMP level in nephropathic cystinosis

Treatment with the non-hydrolysable cAMP analog 8-Br-cAMP restored mitochondrial potential and corrected mitochondria morphology. Treatment with cysteamine, which reduces the intra-lysosomal cystine, was able to restore mitochondrial cAMP levels, as well as most other abnormal mitochondrial findings.

The link to treatment of the atypical mitochondrial cyclic-AMP level has not yet been detailed because biologically uninformed science idiots have linked mutations to evolution. But see: Combating Evolution to Fight Disease and the preprint: Reappraising the human mitochondrial DNA recombination dogma

The facts about human mitochondrial DNA recombination, which link quantized energy and supercoiled DNA to viral latency, played a significant role in North Korea’s denuclearization. But that fact may not be accepted until the article on human mitochondrial DNA recombination is published in a peer-reviewed journal.

It will then take several more years for medical practitioners to learn how to effectively treat all diseases with food energy-dependent changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance.

See for details: Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference

Until all pseudoscientists accept the facts, there will be many others who try to profit from misinformation or from partial information about virus-driven pathology. Most people will not read my reviews and journal articles like this: MicroRNA Regulation of RNA Virus Replication and Pathogenesis

Instead, most are willing to accept the claims of others who have “blown the whistle” on vaccines more than two decades after I first published this review of RNA-mediated cell type differentiation in a peer-reviewed journal. From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior

See: Doctor Blows Whistle on Flu Shot: ‘It’s Designed to Spread Cancer’

Treague confirmed that this year’s flu strain, that has left thousands of citizens dead, was caused by the vaccines itself, saying: “I believe that the low effective rate of the vaccine this year is due to the mutations that the virus made in the processing of the vaccine itself.

Claims that viruses make mutations are the claims of fools who do not know that the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA has been linked from mutations to all pathology in more than 72,000 published works.

See: microRNA

Abiogenesis vs microRNA biogenesis (3)

April 20, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations base editing Diseases & Disorders Ecology microRNA editing Model Organisms Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity

Reappraising the human mitochondrial DNA recombination dogma

My comment to BioRxiv (Hold on, this is waiting to be approved by BioRxiv)

Thank you for helping to show what has been missing from neo-Darwinian theories and other claims that were based on de Vries 1902 definition of mutation. Theorists may now want to learn more about the energy-dependent molecular mechanisms of recombination.

Most of them will not like the findings you have provided. The peer-review process is especially deadly to those who challenge the current dogma. But since you have made the quantum leap see also:

Mechanisms of Recombination conference Start: Sunday, May 20, 9.00am Finish: Tuesday, May 22, 6.45pm

Natural selection for codon optimality link quantized energy-dependent RNA-mediated DNA repair from biophysically constrained viral latency to sympatric speciation and all biodiversity.

When people who you thought were your peers reject your findings, you need only wait until after “Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology” – September 2018 to resubmit and publish in a top-tier journal (if you have not already done so).

Until then, see also: Systematic analysis of complex genetic interactions

Reported as: How Many Genes Do Cells Need? Maybe Almost All of Them
Theorists failed to note that the creation of genes in yeasts is quantized energy-dependent and biophysically constrained by the physiology of reproduction. Most of their ridiculous claims try to link abiogenesis to genome evolution.
See for example: Genome evolution across 1,011 Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates
The origin of the yeast species in China has been linked to all biophysically constrained sympatric speciation via the section on molecular epigenetics from this 1996 review of RNA-mediated cell type differentiation.
From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior

From the Discussion:

Parenthetically it is interesting to note even the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a gene-based equivalent of sexual orientation (i.e., a-factor and alpha-factor physiologies). These differences arise from different epigenetic modifications of an otherwise identical MAT locus (Runge and Zakian, 1996; Wu and Haber, 1995).

…the so-called alpha chains of hemoglobin have identical sequences of amino acids in man and the chimpanzee, but they differ in a single amino acid (out of 141) in the gorilla.

Theorists must now face the facts about mitochondrial DNA that also attest to their ignorance. They will be forced to link the creation of anti-entropic virucidal energy to the creation of ATP synthase, the creation of ATP, and the creation of RNA, which links microRNA biogenesis from naturally occurring energy-dependent base editing and the origin of microbial yeasts in China to morphological and behavioral phenotypes in humans via biophysically constrained changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance.
After comparison to these “Levels of Biological Organization” (See slide # 6) and the examples from all species, anyone left touting ridiculous theories will be dismissed.

Cytosis can be used to teach everything from base editing to RNA editing to everyone over age 10. They will learn how to link the creation of energy to biophysically constrained viral latency via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction.

Sympatric Speciation vs Pseudoscientific Nonsense (1)

April 7, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology microRNA editing Model Organisms RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity

Summary: The “Science Behind the Game” from the cell biology game “Cytosis” supports all claims that clearly link energy-dependent alternative splicings of pre-mRNAs (aka microRNAs) to biophysically constrained viral latency. Game play by ages 10+ establishes the requirement for viral latency in the context of ecological variation and ecological adaptation outside the context of neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense. Simply put, Darwin presciently placed his “conditions of life” into the current perspective on ecological niche construction and sympatric speciation, which exemplifies ecological adaptation in all living genera.
For a historical perspective, see:
1996 From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior

Small intranuclear proteins also participate in generating alternative splicing techniques of pre-mRNA and, by this mechanism, contribute to sexual differentiation in at least two species, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans (Adler and Hajduk, 1994; de Bono, Zarkower, and Hodgkin, 1995; Ge, Zuo, and Manley, 1991; Green, 1991; Parkhurst and Meneely, 1994; Wilkins, 1995; Wolfner, 1988). That similar proteins perform functions in humans suggests the possibility that some human sex differences may arise from alternative splicings of otherwise identical genes.

For obfuscation of our claims about cause and effect, which have since been linked to all biodiveristy, see: Altered microRNA expression and pre-mRNA splicing events reveal new mechanisms associated with early stage Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection (2016)
Simply put, no new mechanisms were revealed. The well-known mechanisms of energy-dependent pheromone-controlled biophysically constrained RNA-mediated cell type differentiation were simply placed into the context of more unintelligible rhetoric.
See for comparison: 2013 Alternative splicings and amino acid substitutions (redux)
Tracking niche variation over millennial timescales in sympatric killer whale lineages

Ecological variation is the raw material by which natural selection can drive evolutionary divergence [1–4].

The differences in amino acid composition among different tissues can lead to large differences in trophic discrimination [38].

For more information on the current perspective, which is the same as the historical perspective, see:
2018 Whole-genome sequencing of the blue whale and other rorquals finds signatures for introgressive gene flow

…speciation of rorqual evolution occurred under gene flow, which is best depicted by evolutionary networks. Especially in marine environments, sympatric speciation might be common; our results raise questions about how genetic divergence can be established.

Reported as: Baleen Whale Genomes Point to Evolution With Gene Flow

Large baleen whales in the Balaenopteridae family (commonly known as rorqual whales) have undergone sympatric speciation — speciation without clear geographic barriers between them — despite ongoing hybridization…

The entire evolution of the microbial world and the virus world, and the interaction between microbes and viruses and other life forms have been left out of the Modern Synthesis…

Viruses are the dynamo of change that we see in the modern genome. . . .

Cytosis_Booklet_Science.pdf (63 KB) (Log in or Register [for free] to download.) The “Science Behind the Game” from the cell biology game “Cytosis” supports all claims that clearly link energy-dependent alternative splicings of pre-mRNAs (aka microRNAs) to biophysically constrained viral latency. Game play by ages 10+ establishes the requirement for viral latency in the context of ecological variation and ecological adaptation outside the context of neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense. Simply put, Darwin presciently placed his “conditions of life” into the current perspective on ecological niche construction and sympatric speciation, which exemplifies ecological adaptation in all living genera.
Cytosis is described as: A board game taking place inside a human cell! Players compete to build enzymes, hormones and receptors and fend off attacking Viruses!
The collaborative efforts of 20 serious scientists who validated the details in the game include the mention of Stephen J. Bush. See: Bush, SJ et al., (2017) Alternative splicing and the evolution of phenotypic novelty

Alternative splicing, a mechanism of post-transcriptional RNA processing whereby a single gene can encode multiple distinct transcripts, has been proposed to underlie morphological innovations in multicellular organisms. Genes with developmental functions are enriched for alternative splicing events, suggestive of a contribution of alternative splicing to developmental programmes. The role of alternative splicing as a source of transcript diversification has previously been compared to that of gene duplication, with the relationship between the two extensively explored. Alternative splicing is reduced following gene duplication with the retention of duplicate copies higher for genes which were alternatively spliced prior to duplication. Furthermore, and unlike the case for overall gene number, the proportion of alternatively spliced genes has also increased in line with the evolutionary diversification of cell types, suggesting alternative splicing may contribute to the complexity of developmental programmes. Together these observations suggest a prominent role for alternative splicing as a source of functional innovation. However, it is unknown whether the proliferation of alternative splicing events indeed reflects a functional expansion of the transcriptome or instead results from weaker selection acting on larger species, which tend to have a higher number of cell types and lower population sizes.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity’.
See for comparison: Retraction: Oligoarginine peptides slow strand annealing and assist non-enzymatic RNA replication
Reported as: RNA Replication Paper Retracted
Szostak and others got busted for their pseudoscientific nonsense about non-enzymatic emergence by someone who understands quantized energy as information-dependent RNA-mediated top-down causation. People over age 10+ who play the cell biology game “Cytosis” may now force all biologically uninformed theorists to retract their claims, which typically have been placed into the context of mutation-driven evolution.

Part 2: Light-controlled cell biology (revisited)

March 23, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology RNA Directed

Greg Bear took the lead with this approach in his novel Quantico (2006). A genetically engineered virus was used to erase the memory of a specifically targeted human population to reduce inter-ethnic conflict.

[Greg Bear] …served as a consultant for NASA, the U.S. Army, the State Department, the International Food Protection Association, and Homeland Security on matters ranging from privatizing space to food safety, the frontiers of microbiology and genetics, and biological security.

Greg Bear is a likely candidate for work with Robert Redfield, who is currently the director of the CDC. Predictably, Timothy J. Cunningham will reappear as second in command at the CDC — when the Trump administration is ready to finish draining the academic swamp.

Until then, see: Three dimensional two-photon imaging of neuronal activity in freely moving mice using a miniature fiber coupled microscope with active axial-scanning

The ability to link two-photon imaging from the proton motive force to social behavior in the mouse model can be linked from food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled feedback loops to all vertebrate behavior via changes in the potential of hydrogen (pH) and RNA-mediated cell type differentiation.

This was reported in this video — with the mention of this published work. High performance plasma amyloid-β biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease

There is no mention of microRNAs in the published work. See for comparison: MicroRNA+ Alzheimer’s+amyloid-β biomarkers

The role of the microRNA/messenger RNA balance (Breen, Kemena, Vlasov, Notredame, & Kondrashov, 2012; Duvarci, Nader, & LeDoux, 2008; Griggs et al., 2013; Monahan & Lomvardas, 2012) in adaptive evolution will certainly be discussed in published works that will follow.

Biologically uninformed theorists have realized that there is no such thing as Mutation-Driven Evolution (2013). That fact forces them to attempt to drown accurate information about top-down energy-dependent causation in the raw sewage they have continued to dump into their swamp — in their efforts to protect their ridiculous theories from scrutiny.
See also: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)
Measurement of changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance are used to monitor autophagy, which protects all organized genomes from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA in the context of what is known to all serious scientists about supercoiled DNA and food energy-dependent biophysically constrained RNA-mediated healthy longevity.

Ecological adaptation: a new definition of heredity (4)

March 9, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Model Organisms Nutrigenomics RNA Directed RNA interference RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations

Experimentally Induced Metamorphosis in Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) Under Constant Diet Restructures Microbiota Accompanied by Reduced Limb Regenerative Capacity (2018)

Our results show that distinct bacterial communities inhabit individual organs of Axolotl and undergo substantial restructuring through metamorphosis.

The restructuring during metamorphosis is biophysically constrained by feedback loops that link olfaction from food odors and pheromones to the creation of enzymes in bacteria and the secretion of the vertebrate decapeptide hormone GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone).
See: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist binding in tiger salamander nasal cavity (1993)
The authors presciently linked food odors and pheromones from epigenetic effects on feedback loops to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and microRNA-mediated morphological and behavioral diversity, and also to differences in the behavior of monogamous and polygamous prairie voles.
See: The prairie vole vomeronasal organ is a target for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (2001)
For comparison, Larry Young claimed that the evolution of viruses caused the differences in prairie vole behavior. He linked the virus-driven differences from three other hormones to the evolution of heterosexual love. See: Virus Evolution Amazing Documentary Full HD National Geographic Documentary 2015
Others, who are like Larry Young, have failed to link anything known to serious scientists from sensory input to energy-dependent changes in the creation of enzymes, receptors and hormones. The anti-entropic energy-dependent creation of enzymes by bacteria links the creation of receptors and hormones in vertebrates to protection of organized genomes from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA, which links mutations to all pathology.
See for comparison: 2013 Isaac Asimov Memorial Debate: The Existence of Nothing

Isaac Asimov, “…perhaps, the last polymath of our civilization.”

Originally a zoology major, Asimov switched to chemistry and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree in biochemistry in 1948. In 1977, he contracted HIV from a blood transfusion. He was president of the American Humanist Association, which suggests that his atheism led to his death via his ignorance.
For example, in 1964, Dobzhansky wrote:

“The notion has gained some currency that the only worthwhile biology is molecular biology. All else is “bird watching” or “butterfly collecting.” Bird watching and butterfly collecting are occupations manifestly unworthy of serious scientists! I have heard a man whose official title happens to be Professor of Zoology declare to an assembly of his colleagues that “a good man cannot teach zoology. A good man can teach, of course, only molecular biology.”

If Isaac Asimov was the last polymath of our civilization, we are doomed. Clearly his ridiculous beliefs have led to the teaching of pseudoscientific nonsense about evolution despite the claims of Schrödinger (1944) and those who will link the anti-entopic virucidal energy of sunlight from the physiology of reproduction to biophysically constrained viral latency and all biodiversity during Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018
See for comparison: How One Child’s Sickle Cell Mutation Helped Protect the World From Malaria
Once again, so-called science journalist Carl Zimmer shows that he does not know the difference between a mutation and an RNA-mediated amino acid substitution.
See: Updates of the HbVar database of human hemoglobin variants and thalassemia mutations

Single nucleotide substitutions or indels can lead to several hemoglobin variants owing to amino acid replacements, while molecular defects in either regulatory or coding regions of the human HBA2, HBA1, HBB or HBD genes can minimally or drastically reduce their expression, leading to α-, β- or δ-thalassemia, respectively.

Hemoglobin variants alter the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells. They are clear indicators of how ecological variation must be linked to ecological adaptation via food energy-dependent changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance and the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction.
There are more than 1700 human variants. Anyone who claims that the variants are mutations should be required to link them from the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of morphological and behavioral phenotypes in all living genera to ecologically adapted human populations.
The alternative is sexist and racist. Much more is needed than a new definition of heredity. All intelligent people must dismiss the neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense about mutation-driven evolution. Then, we can start over with accurate representations of top-down causation and biophysically constrained viral latency.
But first see: EPA’s Scott Pruitt Doesn’t Buy Evolution

Andrew Rosenberg, director of the Center for Science and Democracy at the Union of Concerned Scientists, counters that Pruitt should not act as “the nation’s pastor.”

Andrew Rosenberg should become familiar with the extant literature or play the cell biology game “Cytosis” for ages 10+. There is no excuse for his level of ignorance.
Cytosis is a board game that details what takes place inside a human cell! Players compete to build enzymes, hormones and receptors and fend off attacking Viruses! In the context of everything known to serious scientists about biophysically constrained energy-dependent RNA-mediated cell type differentiation, a new tool is now available to help theorists link cause and effect via a mathematical model.
See: VarQ: a tool for the structural analysis of Human Protein Variants. The mathematical model has replaced neo-Darwinian theories with facts about how the energy-dependent structure of functional supercoiled DNA biophysically constrains viral latency.
See also: Inhibition of the Host Translation Shutoff Response by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Triggers Nuclear Envelope-Derived Autophagy (2013)
and Role of bacterial efflux pumps in biofilm formation
Only a few people I know would link antibiotic resistance from Escherichia coli to Acinetobacter baumannii via the weekend resurrection of the bacterial flagellum in Pseudomonas fluorescens. Until they are willing to do it in a public forum, see: Evolutionary resurrection of flagellar motility via rewiring of the nitrogen regulation system.
Pseudoscientists and most other theorists are still focused on mutation-driven evolution. Isaac Asimov’s “humanist” influence has prevailed across more than one generation of students who learned how to link nothing to everything from people like Neil deGrasse Tyson, Lawrence Krauss, and Carl Zimmer.

The MicroRNAome Strikes Back: A Sokalian hoax (10)

February 1, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Autophagy biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Model Organisms RNA Directed RNA-directed DNA methylation Variations

Linda Buck, Ben Feringa, Michael Gazzaniga, Christof Koch, Nick Lane and Svante Paabo are among the presenters who will almost undoubtedly discuss some or all of my claims.
Prepare to ask questions or intelligently discuss accurate representations of top-down causation by watching this:

The energy-dependent creation of the microRNAome protects the organized genomes of all living genera from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA that links mutations to all pathology.
See: The Bull Sperm MicroRNAome and the Effect of Fescue Toxicosis on Sperm MicroRNA Expression

MicroRNA present in mature sperm appears to not only be left over from spermatogenic processes, but may actually serve important regulatory roles in fertilization and early developmental processes. Further, our results indicate the possibility that environmental changes may impact the expression of specific miRNA.

We conclude that the enzymes involved took these alternatives by chance in independent populations that had already evolved distinct ion pumps. Our model offers a quantitatively robust explanation for why membrane bioenergetics are universal, yet ion pumps and phospholipid membranes arose later and independently in separate populations. Our findings elucidate the paradox that archaea and bacteria share DNA transcription, ribosomal translation, and ATP synthase, yet differ in equally fundamental traits that depend on the membrane, including DNA replication.

The microRNA-mediated creation of enzymes is quantized energy-dependent and biophysically constrained by phosphorylation in the context of food energy and the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of all morphological and behavioral phenotypes in species from bacteria to primates. Membrane divergence in archaea occurs via the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA, which links the loss of quantized energy from mutations to all pathology. The degradation of the cell membrane links archaea to L-forms, the last remnant of the life of a cell. See: The Inner Life of the Cell (video)
See also: Virus-mediated archaeal hecatomb in the deep seafloor (2016)

We show here for the first time the crucial role of viruses in controlling archaeal dynamics and therefore the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems, and suggest that virus-archaea interactions play a central role in global biogeochemical cycles.

So far as I know, none of the people who are presenting at “The Future of Biology” meeting have linked Schroedinger’s claims from the past to what is known about the conserved molecular mechanisms of energy-dependent biophysically constrained RNA-mediated cell type differentiation in species from microbes to humans. Even if they are not evolutionary theorists, most have not linked the energy-dependent fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions to increasing organismal complexity and some have even reversed what is known about top-down causation. For example, Nick Lane, like Gunter P. Wagner have used mathematical models of correlations.
See: Pervasive correlated evolution in gene expression shapes cell and tissue type transcriptomes
They start with this admission”

A major challenge for interpreting this data is that cell type transcriptomes may not evolve independently…

They seem to think they can use statistics and interpretations to address the challenge of facts about increasing organismal complexity.

Our study provides a statistical method to measure and account for correlated gene expression evolution when interpreting comparative transcriptome data.

See for comparison: From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior and Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model
The fact that what organisms eat has been linked from the food energy-dependent creation of enzymes, receptors, and hormones to the affect of hormones on behavior in all invertebrates and vertebrates was placed into the context of the cell biology game, Cytosis.

A board game taking place inside a human cell! Players compete to build enzymes, hormones and receptors and fend off attacking Viruses!

During the month of January (2018), 2831 people learned from my twitter profile about the domains RNA-mediated.com and Autophagy.pro and some of them learned from more than 100,000 impressions how energy must be linked to RNA-mediated biophysically constrained viral latency by autophagy.

Jan 2018 Summary

Tweets

1,199

Tweet impressions

102,000

Profile visits

2,831

Mentions

New followers

Why do I have only 29 new followers? Are theorists really that scared? If so, how will they help to prevent the next viral apocalypse, if it has not already started before September, 2018?

From base editing to RNA editing (6)

December 27, 2017

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings base editing Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Human Pheromones Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations

Summary: Now that others have linked food energy to biophysically constrained pheromone-controlled RNA-mediated cell type differentiation and to the prevention and treatment of PTSD, help for veterans and others who might be contemplating suicide is one step closer to the reality of implementation.
But wait, first the NIH must fund another 26.2 million dollars worth of worthless research on “social epigenomics.”
See for comparison: A distinct hematopoietic stem cell population for rapid multilineage engraftment in nonhuman primates
Reported as: Subset of stem cells identified as source for all cells in blood and immune systems
The link from quantum physics to biophysically constrained feedback loops and the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled viral latency was included in Daev et al (2014): Chemosignals from isolated females have antimutagenic effect in dividing the cells of bone marrow from male mice of the CBA strain

…specific, volatile, and zoosocial important chemosignals are a promising approach both to modeling posttraumatic stress disorders in humans [36] …

Daev et al (2014) cited our award-winning 2001 review:

Humans also have various pheromone-induced physiological effects, especially those associated with reproduction [46, 47]. This suggests that the human olfactory system is still an effective pathway for influencing environmental factors on the human nervous system.

[46] is Kohl, J.V., Atzmueller, M., Fink, B., and Grammer, K., Human pheromones: integrating neuroendocrinology and ethology, Neuroendocrinol. Lett., 2001, vol. 22, pp. 309–321.
Now that others have linked food energy to biophysically constrained pheromone-controlled RNA-mediated cell type differentiation and to the prevention and treatment of PTSD, help for veterans and others who might be contemplating suicide is one step closer to the reality of implementation.
But wait, first the NIH must fund another 26.2 million dollars worth of worthless research to link “social epigenomics” (aka epigenetic effects of pheromones) from base editing to RNA editing and RNA-mediated cell type differentiation.

See: NIH Awards Grants Supporting Social Epigenomics Research

…funding to examine how socioeconomic/psychosocial conditions affect prenatal DNA methylation, miRNA expression, mRNA expression, and inflammation…

Altogether, this systematic analysis of ribosome-associated mRNAs and lncRNAs demonstrates that nutrient availability and translational regulation controls protein and small peptide-encoding mRNAs as well as a diverse cadre of regulatory RNAs.

Arabidopsis thaliana is a small flowering plant that is widely used as a model organism in plant biology. The nutrient energy-dependent physiology of reproduction was linked to the food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction via the ribosome-associated mRNAs in the context of the ATP-dependent creation of the RNA and fixation of amino acid substitutions that stabilize the organized genomes of all living genera.

More than 68,000 indexed publications on PubMed link food energy-dependent changes in microRNAs from RNA-directed DNA methylation to mRNA expression in the context of the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of all phenotypes in species from microbes to humans. A search for microRNA and virus links 4782 published works from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA to all pathology.

The waste of money on more research should be perfectly clear in the context of this invited review of nutritional epigenetics:

Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems

For example, I linked the availability of sago palm-like leaves to endogenous levels of vitamin C in humans. That allowed me to detail how the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in mice was linked to humans via one base pair change and a single amino acid substitution. Natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality is all that’s required to link RNA-mediated DNA repair from sunlight to the creation of microRNAs in plants and the vitamin C-enhance stability of the organized genomes in a modern human population in Central China.

1) …access to endogenous vitamin C in human populations, supports efficient metabolism and ecological niche construction [17].

2) ..vitamin C appears to stimulate histone demethylases, which appear to alter the de novo creation of functional olfactory receptor genes [19-23].

3) Researchers recently rediscovered a nutrient-dependent epigenetic variant that links vitamin C to what is probably a glucose and glucose dehydrogenase-dependent base pair change. The base pair change results in addition of a methyl group to a cytosine base, which takes on a hydroxyl group to form different 5-hydroxymethylcytosines (5hmCs). Different 5hmCs are associated with differences in cell types that have the same genetic backgrounds. Nutrient-dependent epigenetically-marked bases help to explain how hundreds of cell types in the human body and in the brain [24] are differentiated and how they maintain their glucose-dependent and other nutrient-dependent receptor-mediated identities [25].

Because vitamin C and other vitamins appear to epigenetically effect nutrient-dependent methylation at the level of single-base resolution in mammals, it has become more important to determine how base-pair changes alter intracellular interactions in embryonic stem cells or intercellular interactions in other cells that result in cascades of downstream intracellular and intercellular organizing interactions throughout life. Other vitamins, such as vitamin D, and metal ions such as calcium, iron, lead and manganese also appear to epigenetically alter these organizing interactions. Therefore, a biophysically constrained, nutrient-dependent, epigenetically-effected, receptor-mediated recognizable organized pattern of emergence can be viewed in the context of ecological variations and ecological adaptations.

4) Amino acid substitutions in humans are associated with loss of vitamin C synthesis and loss of uricase production at the advent of urate production as a substitute for vitamin C biosynthesis in primates.

Excerpt from the conclusion:

5) In mammals, for example, the explanatory power of a model of ecological variation and biophysically constrained nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations became clear with companion papers published in 2013. See for review [30].

The companion papers [162-163] told a new short story of ecological adaptations. In the context of climate change and changes in diet, the story began with what probably was a nutrient-dependent base pair change and a variant epiallele that arose in a human population in what is now central China.

Apparently, the effect of the epiallele was adaptive and it was manifested in the context of an effect on sweat, skin, hair, and teeth. In another mammal, such as the mouse, the effect on sweat, skin, hair, and teeth is probably due to a nutrient-dependent epigenetic effect on hormones responsible for the tweaking of immense gene networks that metabolize nutrients to pheromones. The pheromones appear to control the nutrient-dependent epigenetically-effected hormone-dependent organization and hormone-activation of reproductive sexual behavior in mammals such as mice and humans, but also in invertebrates and in microbes as previously indicated.

The ecological adaptations, which appear to be manifested in the human population are detailed in these two reports [162-163]. The ecological adaptations are likely to be nutrient-dependent and pheromone-controlled. If so, ecological variation probably leads to ecological, social, neurogenic, and socio-cognitive niche construction, which is manifested in increasing organismal complexity and species diversity. If not, there may be something as yet unknown about mutations and evolution that makes sense in the light of what is known about nutritional epigenetics and the molecular biology of species from microbes to man.

NIH funding for more research without first reviewing what is known to all serious scientists about energy-dependent RNA-mediated cell type differentiation is a horrid waste of money. If that fact is not perfectly clear, see any of these published works on microRNAs.

Two decades after Eugene Daev first linked pheromones to biophysically constrained viral latency, an article in Science asked the question: Do human pheromones actually exist?

…Wen Zhou, a behavioral psychologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, contends that AND and EST may well be human pheromones. “My major concern with the experiments in this study is that they were not rigorously designed and conducted,” she wrote in an email to Science. Zhou, who in 2014 published a study finding that AND and EST do indeed influence whether participants judge walking dot figures with “genderless gaits” to be men or women, doubts the faces used were truly “gender neutral.”

See for comparison: Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception
See also: The vibrational theory of olfaction for the win (John Hewitt)

…Turin also just published a much more sweeping treatise on molecular recognition in olfaction in the journal Advances in Physics: X. In it, he and his co-authors delve into more of the specifics of olfactory receptors, including particular amino acid motifs, metal binding capacities, and disulphide bridge redox status. It turns out that amino acid side chains alone frequently pull off some rather interesting electron transfer effects without the need for fancy co-enzymes or prosthetic groups.

The link from facts about amino acids in the context of vibrational theory to olfaction and receptor-mediated behaviors clearly extends from epigenetic effects on hormones to the unconscious affects of hormones on behavior.
Epigenetic effects on energy-dependent performance levels should also be reconsidered in the context of receptor-mediated biophysical constraints on amino acid substitutions that stabilize organized genomes, but in public/personal correspondence, John Hewitt professed his belief in evolution. On 11/27/17 he wrote:

I think mutation and natural selection is a woefully weak force in the evolution of multicellular organisms, but I surely believe things evolve.

See for comparison from December 2007:
Sex and Smell: Molecular Biology of Pheromone Perception (Catherine Dulac)
Talk Overview

Pheromones have evolved to signal the sex and the dominance status of animals and to promote social and mating rituals.

No experimental evidence of biologically-based cause and effect supports that claim that pheromones evolved to do anything. All experimental evidence provided by serious scientists who use it to support their claims attests to this fact from December 2012:
The activity-dependent histone variant H2BE modulates the life span of olfactory neurons (co-authored by Catherine Dulac)
An experience-dependent epigenetic trap stabilizes the organized genomes of all living genera. See: An Epigenetic Trap Stabilizes Singular Olfactory Receptor Expression.
The “epigenetic trap” links the speed of light on contact with water to all food energy-dependent biodiversity via olfaction and the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction.
Dynamic control of chirality and self-assembly of double-stranded helicates with light
Senior author Ben L. Feringa won the 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for works that link the anti-entopic virucidal energy of sunlight on contact with water from the creation of microRNAs to experience-dependent changes in electrons to ecosystems via changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance.
Something has gone horribly wrong. In the iBiology alert I received this morning, ‘Tis the Season to be Sensing, this claim was made:

While you take off time for a holiday vacation, not everyone will be taking a break. Your body’s cells will be clocking overtime to ensure you can enjoy all of the festivities. They are responsible for everything from hearing the chatter of loved ones and the tasting of delicious food to seeing all of the bright and colorful decor. Consider taking some time this holiday to learn about all the hard work your cells are doing to help you enjoy the holiday cheer!

Hearing, seeing and tasting occur only in the context of experience-dependent epigenetic effects that link feedback loops to all biodiversity via the sense of smell. See: Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction
See also: Evolution Flipped Course

Fundamentals such as Darwinian evolution, genetic variation and natural selection are covered. In addition, leading scientists present their research in areas as diverse as the evolution of multicellularity, the discovery a fossil intermediate between fish and tetrapods, the co-evolution of plants and predators, and how viruses constantly evolve to “outsmart” their hosts.

Session 10: Viral Evolution

In this session, Drs. Turner and Malik focus on the ability of viruses to rapidly evolve and adapt to changing environments. Turner explains how some viruses have evolved to infect many hosts while others infect a single cell type. He also uses experimental evolution to study the ability of a virus to survive under different environmental conditions versus its ability to effectively reproduce.

They obfuscate the difference between mutations and amino acid substitutions because the food energy-dependent RNA-mediated fixation of amino acid substitutions prevents all virus-driven pathology. Only theorists continue to tout their pseudoscientific nonsense.
Serious scientists make claims like this (although some must be forced to do it):
The major antigenic changes of the influenza virus are primarily caused by a single amino acid near the receptor binding site.
See also: Mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism controls neuronal function and excitotoxic death

…we show that glutamate is readily used as a metabolic substrate in cortical neurons in response to mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) inhibition. Reductions in mitochondrial pyruvate uptake do not compromise viability or energy metabolism, but rather rewire mitochondria to increase reliance on glutamate to fuel anaplerosis and ATP production.

The ATP-dependent rewiring is energy-dependent and RNA-mediated. Food energy is required for error-free DNA repair and that fact was first accurately represented in 1964:
Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation”

The synthesis of RNA in isolated thymus nuclei is ATP dependent.

Antagonist Jay R. Feierman has done more than anyone to prevent people from learning the facts about how food energy and pheromones protect all organized genomes from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA.
For a historical record of his ignorance, see: 90689 Re: [evol-psych] Re: [human-ethology] Phenotype, Form, and Function
Conclusion:

…it is doubtful if such constructive criticism will change anyone’s views on this subject, as the views regarding psychological paradigms are held together in many people with the same emotional glue that hold political and religious views together. The next generation will think differently.

See also his constructive criticisms of my model: Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model
Jay R. Feierman: Variation is not nutrient availability and the something that is doing the selecting is not the individual organism. A feature of an educated person is to realize what they do not know. Sadly, you don’t know that you have an incorrect understanding [of] Darwinian biological evolution.
Jay R. Feierman: I am absolutely certain that if you showed this statement to any professor of biology or genetics in any accredited university anywhere in the world that 100% of them would say that “Random mutations are the substrate upon which directional natural selection acts” is a correct and true statement.

A rendering of how changes in an electron's motion (bottom view) alter the scattering of light (top view), as measured in a new experiment that scattered more than 500 photons of light from a single electron. Previous experiments had managed to scatter no more than a few photons at a time. Credit: Extreme Light Laboratory|University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Elsevier fails to support the concept of autophagy

December 15, 2017

by James Kohl with No Comment Alternative Splicings Autophagy Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy microRNA editing Nutrigenomics RNA interference RNA-mediated gene silencing Variations What's in the News

Summary: Who lets biologically uninformed theorists make presumptions about evolution after all serious scientists have linked light-harvesting from energy-dependent changes in electrons to ecosystems in all living genera via natural selection for food energy-dependent codon optimality. Who lets them pretend not to know that the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction links autophagy to the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of healthy longevity? Who is causing the unnecessary suffering and premature death of your loved ones?
Elsevier publishing supports the pseudoscientific nonsense touted by theorists by who publish articles like this:
Neurotransmitter Funneling Optimizes Glutamate Receptor Kinetics (open access) Published Online: December 14, 2017 (with my emphasis)

These studies suggest that neurotransmitter binding is a directed process for which kinetics have been optimized (presumably by evolution)…

Our experiments reveal a strikingly elaborate management of ligand transport by AMPA receptors, whereby flexible positive charges ensure that glutamate binding reactions are fast. The existence of these pathways is surprising, and the fact that they alter the kinetics of receptor activity indicates that the molecular mechanisms that determine the action of neurotransmitters at receptors are more complex than previously thought. R660 is conserved between AMPA and NMDA receptors; in kainate receptors, R660 and R661 are replaced by lysine residues (Figure S8). It is possible that these helix F interactions also coordinate ligand binding in kainate and NMDA receptors. Given that electrostatic interactions are also important for coordination in other neurotransmitter binding sites (McCammon, 2009), these principles of ligand funneling may be general.

They linked the lysine residues (i.e., amino acid substitutions) from electrostatic interactions to RNA-mediated cell type differentiation in all living genera. Their studies do not link any experimental evidence from electrostatic interactions or optimized kinetics to evolution. Evolution cannot optimize any aspect of energy-dependent kinetics. Evolution cannot optimize any aspect of energy-dependent RNA-mediated cell type differentiation, which is biophysically constrained by the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction.
The nonsense about evolution was reported as: Scientists chart how brain signals connect to neurons (with my emphasis)

Scientists at Johns Hopkins have used supercomputers to create an atomic scale map that tracks how the signaling chemical glutamate binds to a neuron in the brain. The findings, say the scientists, shed light on the dynamic physics of the chemical’s pathway, as well as the speed of nerve cell communications.

See: Life is physics and chemistry and communication
All experimental evidence of top-down causation links quantized energy from the speed of light on contact with water to energy as information-dependent changes in electrons and all ecosystems via the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction, which biophysically constrains viral latency. The use of supercomputers led the researchers to report findings that eliminate everything known to serious scientists about energy-dependent RNA-mediated cell type differentiation. It is common for theorists to eliminate energy as information-dependent changes and replace facts with mathematical models.
See for comparison: Codon identity regulates mRNA stability and translation efficiency during the maternal-to-zygotic transition (open access)

The bias between codons or amino acids, and mRNA expression levels has been previously recognized across species and is thought to result from selection for efficient, accurate translation, and folding of highly expressed genes (Ikemura, 1982; Akashi, 1994; Akashi & Gojobori, 2002; Drummond & Wilke, 2008; Kudla et al, 2009; Novoa & Ribas de Pouplana, 2012). The amino acid optimality code (Fig 6) provides an alternative perspective on sequence changes between paralogs in evolution and human disease.

This is not just an alternative perspective. It is a refutation of neo-Darwinian pseudoscientific nonsense that was reported as: Codon optimality at genome transition

Nucleotide triplets, or codons, designate specific amino acids for protein synthesis. However, that is not their only job. In yeast and bacteria, codons contribute to RNA stability, with “optimal” codons stabilizing RNAs and “suboptimal” codons destabilizing RNAs. This is possible because multiple codons can encode the same amino acid.

See also: Human GW182 Paralogs Are the Central Organizers for RNA-Mediated Control of Transcription Elsevier — Cell Reports (August 15, 2017)

Nuclear RNAi, regardless of whether it is controlling splicing, transcription, or some other nuclear process, would have distinct advantages as a mechanism for evolution, because it would expand sequence-specific control of gene expression by miRNAs.

No experimental evidence of biologically-based cause and effect suggests that microRNAs evolved to control sequence-specific gene expression. The authors linked TNRC6, MED14, NAT10, and WDR5 to RNA-mediated gene activation. They inadvertently linked the energy-dependent de novo creation of microRNAs to Trinucleotide Repeat Containing (TNRC) 6A expression. See: miR-26a-5p Regulates TNRC6A Expression and Facilitates Theca Cell Proliferation in Chicken Ovarian Follicles
The anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight links the creation of microRNAs and multiple codons to the creation of differences and similarities in the same amino acid. That fact has been ignored.
See also: MicroRNAs recruit eIF4E2 to repress translation of target mRNAs

There is increasing evidence indicating that translation initiation is a major target of miRNA repression…

…we provide evidence indicating that TNRC6A, the core component of RISC, can directly recruit eIF4E2 to target mRNA to repress translation.

They provided evidence that the energy-dependent de novo creation of microRNAs represses the expression of the mutations that cause all pathology.
See for example: Stem cell divisions, somatic mutations, cancer etiology, and cancer prevention
Reported as: New Study Finds That Most Cancer Mutations are Due to Random DNA Copying ‘Mistakes’

John Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center scientists report data from a new study providing evidence that random DNA copying “mistakes” account for nearly two-thirds of the mutations that cause cancer. Their research is grounded on a novel mathematical model based on DNA sequencing and epidemiologic data from around the world.

This was reported in the context of the “bad luck” theory of cancer (video).
For comparison see: Why Is This Bacterium Hiding in Human Tumors?

“The whole idea of bacteria in tumors is fascinating and unexpected,” said Dr. Bert Vogelstein, a colon cancer researcher at Johns Hopkins.

See for comparison: QuEBS: Workshop on Quantum Effects in Biological Systems has established itself as an outstanding stage to present the research in the intersection of physics, chemistry and biology. This field has… established excitons in biology as the “must-talk-language” when describing the quantum effects in biological light-harvesting systems.
All serious scientists have linked the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight from physics and chemistry to biophysically constrained viral latency via the de novo creation of microRNAs and the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction, which links autophagy to fixation of amino acid substitutions that stabilize the organized genome of all living genera in the context of autophagy.
Only biologically uniformed researchers, like Bert Vogelstein are surprised to find bacteria in tumors, because all serious scientists have link the viruses in bacteria from the degradation of messenger RNA in bacteria to the degradation of messenger RNA that causes all pathology in all living genera.

Achromobacter and killer theories

November 14, 2017

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Variations

A pan-genomic approach to understand the basis of host adaptation in Achromobacter

Ecological variation is linked to food energy-dependent biophysically constrained viral latency by the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans.

For comparison, these authors claim:

This study provides strong phylogenetic and pan-genomic bases to motivate further research on Achromobacter, and contributes to the understanding of opportunistic pathogen evolution.

Their claim exemplifies how teaching neo-Darwinian theory causes unnecessary suffering and how it may cause the premature death of our loved ones. Physicians who do not know the difference between the human idiocy of claims about pathogen evolution and the facts about pathogen adaptation to a host are not likely to ever link the conserved molecular mechanisms of energy-dependent RNA-mediated cell type differentiation to healthy longevity.

That means they are not likely to link the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA from mutations to all pathology. They will never look for the results of a search like this:

bacteriophage achromobacter For example: (1974) Bacteriophages and cryptic lysogeny in Achromobacter

See this explanation of energy-dependent viral latency: Viral replication: lytic vs lysogenic (video 5:10) Instead of accurately representing the anti-entropic virucidal effect of UV light, as explained here: Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference (video 6:46)

How much longer will it be until everyone realizes that teaching students to believe in mutation-driven evolution leads them to become professors who are the biologically uninformed science idiots? The professors teach medical professionals to believe in the “bad luck” theories of pathology. See for comparison to the “Bad Luck” theory of random mutations.

In the world of serious scientists, bacteria become archaea and humans become non-human primates in the context of the viral hecatomb (i.e., the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA). In the world of pseudoscientists who teach physicians to believe in “bad luck” theories, the only hope that most people have is the fact that energy-dependent polycombic ecological adaptations typically biophysically constrain viral latency.

Clearly, bacteriophages (viruses in bacteria) can steal quantized energy to proliferate and kill. Evolutionary theorists are willing to let that continue to happen. Are you?

If not, see: Cytosis

Part of the issue is that phages [viruses] are alive, and continue evolving inside the body.

Viruses are not “alive” and nothing alive evolves inside or outside the body. Organisms adapt to the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA, or species become extinct.

…you can observe the evolution of antibiotic resistance in a series of bursting waves. It’s so eminently viewable, in fact, that the MEGA plate video has been watched almost 25 million times since it was posted online in September.

The pseudoscientific nonsense touted by journalists like Carl Zimmer will continue to cause unnecessary suffering and premature deaths. The pathology will be attributed to antibiotic resistance, instead of the failure to teach intelligent students about food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations.

From base editing to RNA editing (2)

October 27, 2017

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations base editing Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Human Pheromones Light Energy Model Organisms RNA Directed RNA editing RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression Variations

Summary: The link from the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy and the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction to fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in the organized genomes of all living genera is all that is required to claim adaptation for comparison to Koonin’s moronic assertion that the amino acid composition of proteins varies because the composition evolved.
Digital reconstruction of the Ceprano calvarium (Italy), and implications for its interpretation

A “fresh” (i.e., not yet “fossil”) bone can be plastically deformed before it breaks because it is still rich in collagen and because the calcium crystals that constitute large part of the bony matrix are not yet substituted by other minerals, as happens during the process of mineralization34. Such a diagenetic process may occur in environments that are rich in water, like a riverbed or a perilacustrine paleosol; the latter was probably the case in the Ceprano area5.

The virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA links the diagenetic process in living tissue links to the fossil record via changes that appear to have occurred during the past 5-10,000 years.
See for instance: MicroRNA-32 promotes calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells: Implications as a novel marker for coronary artery calcification
The increased level of calcification in smooth muscle cells, which is associated with increased rates of coronary artery calcification is a clear indicator that the proliferation of viruses in organized genomes causes the negative supercoiling of DNA, which serious scientists have linked to all pathology.
See also: A Post Mortem Case Study: Diffuse Pulmonary Ossification and Sudden Death
Case studies have no explanatory power outside the context of models that link electrons to ecosystems in all living genera. In this case study, it is clear that the pulmonary ossification and sudden death can be placed into the context of my model of nutritional epigenetics.
See: Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems

This atoms to ecosystems model of ecological adaptations links nutrient-dependent epigenetic effects on base pairs and amino acid substitutions to pheromone-controlled changes in the microRNA / messenger RNA balance and chromosomal rearrangements. The nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled changes are required for the thermodynamic regulation of intracellular signaling, which enables biophysically constrained nutrient-dependent protein folding; experience-dependent receptor-mediated behaviors, and organism-level thermoregulation in ever-changing ecological niches and social niches. Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological, social, neurogenic and socio-cognitive niche construction are manifested in increasing organismal complexity in species from microbes to man. Species diversity is a biologically-based nutrient-dependent morphological fact and species-specific pheromones control the physiology of reproduction. The reciprocal relationships of species-typical nutrient-dependent morphological and behavioral diversity are enabled by pheromone-controlled reproduction. Ecological variations and biophysically constrained natural selection of nutrients cause the behaviors that enable ecological adaptations. Species diversity is ecologically validated proof-of-concept. Ideas from population genetics, which exclude ecological factors, are integrated with an experimental evidence-based approach that establishes what is currently known. This is known: Olfactory/pheromonal input links food odors and social odors from the epigenetic landscape to the physical landscape of DNA in the organized genomes of species from microbes to man during their development.

Attempts to support theories about random mutations and evolution have failed miserably and have largely been replaced with facts about energy-dependent RNA-mediated cell type differentiation.
See: RNA Editing Possible with CRISPR-Cas13

The tool itself could be further developed, adds computational biologist Eugene Koonin of the National Center for Biotechnology Information who also was not involved in the study. “This paper is not the end of the road,” he says. It’s possible that Cas13b could be fused to a variety of editing enzymes that would allow a range of different sequence changes. The possibilities are numerous, Koonin says, and “the best is still to come.”

This paper is the end of the road for pseudoscientists and biologically uninformed theorists, like Eugene Koonin, who made this ridiculous claim in 2005:
Amino acid composition of proteins varies substantially between taxa and, thus, can evolve. –Jordan et al., (2005) A universal trend of amino acid gain and loss in protein evolution
See for comparison: The entire evolution of the microbial world and the virus world, and the interaction between microbes and viruses and other life forms have been left out of the Modern Synthesis… (2015) — Eugene Koonin
See also Koonin’s attack on all models of ecological adaptation: Splendor and misery of adaptation, or the importance of neutral null for understanding evolution (2016)

…population genetic theory, combined with the data of comparative genomics, clearly indicates that such a “pan-adaptationist” approach is a fallacy. The proper question is: how has this sequence evolved? And the proper null hypothesis posits that it is a result of neutral evolution: that is, it survives by sheer chance provided that it is not deleterious enough to be efficiently purged by purifying selection. To claim adaptation, the neutral null has to be falsified.

The link from the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy and the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction to fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in the organized genomes of all living genera is all that is required to claim adaptation for comparison to Koonin’s moronic assertion that the amino acid composition of proteins varies because the composition evolved.
Each time a new claim attests to the facts about energy-dependent RNA-mediated biophysically constrained cause and effect, remember how long those facts have been placed on hold by people like Eugene Koonin and Jay R. Fiereman, who is the moderator of the International Society for Human Ethology’s Yahoo Group.
See this attempt to discuss mysterious DNA changes with Jay R. Feierman who on 7/25/13 wrote:

Variation is not nutrient availability and the something that is doing the selecting is not the individual organism. A feature of an educated person is to realize what they do not know. Sadly, you don’t know that you have an incorrect understanding [of] Darwinian biological evolution.

All DNA modifications are energy-dependent and RNA-mediated. Publications in Science and Nature attest to the foolishness of those who have tried to link base editing and RNA editing to human cell type differentiation without starting with the fact that RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions are food energy-dependent.
Clearly there are no mysterious stress-linked DNA modifications. Nutrient stress and/or social stress cause the proliferation of viruses. Typically the proliferation of viruses is biophysically constrained by food energy and the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans.
See “Cytosis” for the game-ending details that placed the nonsense about neutral null falsification back into the historical perspective of the “Dark Ages.”
See also: Tempo and mode of genome evolution in a 50,000-generation experiment (with my emphasis)

Evidence for beneficial mutations

We sought to understand what proportion of the genomic changes in the non-mutator populations was adaptive, and how that proportion changed over time. One line of evidence derives from the expectation that synonymous substitutions—point mutations in protein-coding genes that do not affect the amino-acid sequence—are neutral and should therefore accumulate at a rate equal to the underlying mutation rate20,35. This expectation is not strictly true owing to selection on codon usage, RNA folding, and other effects, but it is generally thought that such selection is extremely weak, affects only a small fraction of sites at risk for synonymous mutations, or both 36,37.

RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry is biophysically constrained. It is nutrient energy-dependent and biodiversity is controlled by the energy-dependent physiology of reproduction. In 2015, Lenski’s group admitted to their lie about the beneficial mutations, with the claim “This expectation is not strictly true owing to selection on codon usage…”
No beneficial mutations have been found by serious scientists. But Lenski’s group clearly indicated they would continue to lie about all aspects of energy-dependent biodiversity. They hoped to make it appear that all energy-dependent biodiversity emerged and then automagically evolved. If they could do that, they knew that their idiot minions were not likely to examine selection for energy-dependent codon usage. But then,
See for comparison: The dynamics of molecular evolution over 60,000 generations
After 10,000 more generations, Lenski’s group reported that standard models of mutation-driven evolution has not been supported by their experimental evidence. Instead, they placed their results into the context of natural selection for energy-dependent codon usage and long-term adaptation, which obviously occurred outside the context of mutation–selection balance and neutral mutation accumulation.
They clearly indicated that the complexity of ecological variation and energy-dependent ecological adaptation must be considered before reporting anything in the context of natural genetic variation. Simply put, they refuted all the pseudoscientific nonsense their past claims caused to be touted by other biologically uninformed theorists. They reported that ecological adaptation occurs outside the context of the mutations and evolution.
But see: Molecular evolution: No escape from the tangled bank

Ecological interactions emerge spontaneously in an experimental study of bacterial populations cultured for 60,000 generations, and sustain rapid evolution by natural selection.

The claim that there is no escape from the tangled bank is true. Joshua B. Plotkin took Lenki’s group’s refutation of mutation-driven evolution and placed it back into the context of the spontaneous emergence of energy-dependent ecological interactions. And then, he again touted the nonsense about evolution by natural selection.
See also: Rapid and Inexpensive Evaluation of Nonstandard Amino Acid Incorporation in Escherichia coli (2017)

…we developed a toolkit for characterizing any Escherichia coli OTS that reassigns the amber stop codon (TAG). It assesses OTS performance by comparing how the fluorescence of strains carrying plasmids encoding a fused RFP-GFP reading frame, either with or without an intervening TAG codon, depends on the presence of the nsAA. We used this kit to (1) examine nsAA incorporation by seven different OTSs, (2) optimize nsAA concentration in growth media, (3) define the polyspecificity of an OTS, and (4) characterize evolved variants of amberless E. coli with improved growth rates.

Even with the tools available, which have refuted all ridiculous theories of mutation-driven evolution, the claims that variants “evolved” continues to plague all serious scientists. It seems that placing the claims that variants evolved into the context of natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality and the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction in all living genera serves no purpose. However, even if biologically uninformed science idiots are not willing to admit that top-down causation requires first consideration for the energy source, there is hope for the future. Most people intuitively understand that the food energy from what organisms eat must be linked to the metabolism of food and the metabolism of food to species-specific pheromones is the only known link from the physiology of reproduction to all biophysically constrained biodiversity in the context of viral latency.
Epigenetic effects must be linked to affects on behavior and the difference between an effect on hormones and an affect of hormones on behavior must be considered in the context of how food odors and pheromones are linked to the physiology of human reproduction by serious scientists.
For example, see: Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction

Scent of Eros

Posts tagged: RNA-mediated cell type differentiation