sunlight Archives - Scent of Eros

MicroRNA-mediated denuclearization (2)

April 24, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Autophagy base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology microRNA editing Model Organisms Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity

Summary:
The virus-driven theft of quantized energy creates a cellular environment that promotes the survival and self-proliferation of viruses by encoding viral miRNAs or miRNA-like molecules. The viral miRNAs or miRNA-like molecules target different types of host cells.
The sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy biophysically constrains viral latency in the context of global control of human ES cell differentiation via circRNAs derived from lncRNAs. That fact refutes all neo-Darwinian gene-centric pseudoscientific nonsense. That fact also attests to the link from Chinese philosophy to scientific creationism in South Korea.
Scientific creationism appears to have defeated communism in the context of the electron cloud superimposed over the yin yang symbol of constrained energy.
For scientific support of the claims that appear to have defeated communism, see:
Analysis of human ES cell differentiation establishes that the dominant isoforms of the lncRNAs RMST and FIRRE are circular

Surprisingly, circRNAs derived from long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were found to account for a significantly larger proportion of transcripts from their loci of origin than circRNAs from coding genes.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our results suggest that during human ES cell differentiation, changes in circRNA levels are primarily globally controlled.

Global control of human ES cell differentiation via circRNAs derived from lncRNAs refutes neo-Darwinian gene-centric pseudoscientific nonsense. The level of control comes as no surprise to serious scientists who start with the energy-dependent creation of microRNAs and link the energy to the RNA-mediated creation from genome assembly to the creation of all cell types.

The global control-based refutation is merely one more example of pattern recognition.

See: Three invariant Hi-C interaction patterns: applications to genome assembly

We suggest that simultaneously considering all three invariant patterns may lead to better Hi-C-based genome assembly methods.

Schrödinger suggested that genome assembly was energy-dependent in What is Life? (1944)

Indeed, in the case of higher animals we know the kind of orderliness they feed upon well enough, viz. the extremely well-ordered state of matter in more or less complicated organic compounds, which serve them as foodstuffs. After utilizing it they return it in a very much degraded form -not entirely degraded, however, for plants can still make use of it. (These, of course, have their most power supply of ‘negative entropy’ the sunlight.)

Examining virus-host cell interaction is important for elucidating mechanisms of virus proliferation in host cells. Viruses can create an environment that promotes their survival and self-proliferation by encoding miRNAs or miRNA-like molecules that target various host cell.

…fine-tuning of the base-pair stability at the cleavage site is essential for efficient processing of pri-miR156a at a low temperature and for reduced flowering sensitivity to ambient temperature changes.

…17-24 amino acid changes, specifically A87T, D96N, S213D, and S242N substitutions in G2 epitopes, were observed. These results suggest that multiple interspecies re-assortment events might have contributed to the emergence of G2P[4] rotaviruses in the post-vaccination era in South Korea.

Several amino acid mutations were identified in PB2, PB1, PA, BM2, and/or NS1 protein coding regions, and one concurrent lysine (K)-to-arginine (R) mutation in PA residue 338 (PA K338R) was found in both maVc_BR60 and maYm_WI01 viruses. When analyzed using reverse-genetically rescued viruses, it was shown that PA K338R alone could increase the pathogenicity of both IBVs in mice and viral replication property in the respiratory tracts of ferrets.

The energy-dependent fine-tuning of the base-pair stability in plants prevents the emergence of rotaviruses via multiple interspecies re-assortment events linked to healthy longevity in post-vaccination era South Korea.

See for comparison: Engineered virus has artificial amino acid allowing it to serve as a vaccine

A team of researchers at Peking University has developed a new type of vaccine that they claim may allow for a new approach to generating live virus vaccines which could conceivably be adapted to any type of virus. In their paper published in the journal Science, the team outlines the means by which they modified an influenza virus causing it to incite an immune response without a risk of infection.

Scientific creationists in South Korea have showed that the Chinese cannot protect themselves from a viral apocalypse via vaccinations. The viruses adapt too quickly.

Knowing that also allows the scientific creationists to create a virus that damages the DNA of specific human populations who are less well-adapted to their food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological, social, neurogenic, and socio-cognitive niches.

Would you threaten nuclear war after you learn that the population of your country could be decimated by a genetically engineered virus produced in a neighboring country. Or, would you denuclearize and de-escalate the tensions as soon as you learned that all niche construction is food energy-dependent and that the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction biophysically constrains viral latency.

That fact cannot be placed back into the context of atheism or communism. It is a neo-Darwinian theory killer and is the most likely reason for denuclearization in a reasonable world.

The facts about biophysically constrained viral latency and energy-dependent life will be discussed during Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018

See for comparison: Organ-specific metastases obtained by culturing colorectal cancer cells on tissue-specific decellularized scaffolds

…lung and liver decellularized scaffolds retained their tissue-specific tropism when injected in mice.

Reported as: Scientists create better laboratory tools to study cancer’s spread

The hypothesis is this is caused by both ‘seed and soil’ – that the cancer cells have something in them that drive them to a particular organ, and the soil has to be right for them to grow. Most of the focus has been on studying the cancer cell, or the seed, and not as closely looking at the soil, which is the organs that they go to. Our models will help us understand to better understand the conditions of the soil that help promote cancer metastasis.

The use of Schrödinger’s sunlight-to-soil metaphor of degraded organic matter and biophysically constrained viral latency is not likely to be a coincidence. It also appears in the context of the energy-dependent weekend resurrection of the bacterial flagellum and in the context of the weekend Resurrection of Christ.

Scientific creationism in South Korea supposedly began with the support of the US government in their attempt to fight against communism and atheism. Pseudoscientists have not linked energy-dependent RNA-mediated biophysically constrained viral latency to all healthy longevity in the context of Communism and atheism.

For comparison, all serious scientists who understand the role that the creation of energy plays in the creation of supercoiled DNA have won the war against communism by combating evolution to fight disease.

All disease has been linked to the virus-driven energy theft that causes the degradation of messenger RNA, which has been linked to all pathology.

The energy-dependent creation of microRNAs has been linked from the creation of the innate immune system to all biophysically constrained behaviors via what is known about how the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction must be linked from soil bacteria to the growth of seeds and all food energy-dependent life on Earth.

Part 3: Light-controlled cell biology (revisited)

March 23, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Autophagy biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy Physics RNA Directed RNA interference RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations

Your cells are constantly being shed and replaced—so is your body ever completely refreshed? Does anything remain of the body that existed on Jan. 1, 2017? 2007? The day you were born? (video)

Out of Order: Undaunted

…as I prepared for this issue’s Special Report on Microbiomics (starting on page 19), I am stunned by what I am only starting to understand. That our individual existence as humans may only be 10 percent of what we see in the mirror—and that perhaps only 1 percent of our personal ecological genome is a human genome…

When you understand the concept of biophysically constrained energy-dependent ecology (Frohlich, 1968), you may begin to understand the difference between ecological adaptation and evolution. Each cell type represents biophysically constrained viral latency, not mutation-driven evolution.

Outside the context of energy-dependent RNA-mediated DNA repair (aka autophagy), no cell types exist. Bacteria become archaea and archaea become L-forms and the L-forms become non-cells. The energy for cell type differentiation comes from sunlight or from food. It is biophysically constrained by the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in species from microbes to humans.

Theorists used the term “de novo” in the context of de novo transcription and other aspects of energy-dependent cell type differentiation that they cannot explain with their ridiculous theories. For instance, David Sinclair has touted pseudoscientific nonsense until now.

He knows that the cell biology game, “Cytosis” for ages 10+ has exposed him to ridicule, and obviously won’t go away without a fight to maintain some scientific credibility.

State of art:
TDP-43 and FUS, two RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), have been recently the subject of increased attention due to their role in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and FrontoTemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD). In non-pathological conditions, these proteins are mostly found in the nucleus where they participate to mRNA biogenesis and regulation of alternative splicing. However, TDP-43 and FUS are also present in the cytoplasm and they are able to shuttle from one compartment to another. TDP-43 and FUS notably participate in cytoplasmic functions such as mRNA transport and localized translation, which are of critical importance for neuron physiology. In neurons of ALS and FTLD patients, TDP-43 and FUS form insoluble cytoplasmic aggregates with fibrillar structure that can further spread the disease to other areas of the brain.

If this is the state of the art, was the information used to treat the late Stephen Hawking, or was he left to suffer unnecessarily until he died?

Polymaths and paradigm shifts: from Asimov to Bear (3)

March 14, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Physics RNA Directed RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity

Polymaths and paradigm shifts: from Asimov to Bear (2)

“Teilhardism And The New Religion: A Thorough Analysis of the Teachings of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin”, p.18, TAN Books

The evolutionist thesis has become more stringently unthinkable than ever before. — Dr. Wolfgang Smith (2015).

A Chat with Information Scientist Pedro Marijuán (2017)

I’ve based my informational scheme of the cell on this thinking of “distinction on the adjacent” — where molecular recognition is the essential phenomenon over which biological complexity has been developed.

Biological complexity develops in the context of the olfactory code. Molecular recognition of food odors and pheromones biophysically constrains viral latency.

See: Fundamental principles of the olfactory code Volume 164, February 2018, Pages 94-101 open access

Sensory coding represents a basic principle of all phyla in nature: species attempt to perceive their natural surroundings and to make sense of them. Ultimately, sensory coding is the only way to allow a species to make the kinds of crucial decisions that lead to a behavioral response.

Alternative splicing of microRNAs (aka pre-mRNAs) are required for a behavior response.

The splicing code Volume 164, February 2018, Pages 39-48

…the splicing code depends on a myriad of different factors that in part are influenced by the background in which they are read such as different cells, tissues or developmental stages. Given the complexity of the splicing process, the construction of an algorithm that can define exons or their fate with certainty has not yet been achieved.

Algorithms define nothing. The availability of quantized energy as information must be linked to biophysically constrained viral latency and all biologically based cause and effect.

What is code biology? Volume 164, February 2018, Pages 1-10

The great discontinuities of the history of life, in other words, can be explained as the result of the appearance of new codes.

New codes do not automagically occur. The new codes are energy-dependent and RNA-mediated in the context of the fixation of amino acid substitutions that differentiate the cell types of all living genera.

On universal coding events in protein biogenesis Volume 164, February 2018, Pages 16-25

The complete ribosomal protein synthesis cycle and codon-amino acids associations are universally preserved in all life taxa on Earth. This process is accompanied by a set of hierarchically organized recognition and controlling events at different complexity levels. It starts with amino acid activation by aminoacyl tRNA synthetases…

The energy-dependent creation of the tRNA synthetases links hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs in solution to all energy-dependent biodiversity.

How prokaryotes ‘encode’ their environment: Systemic tools for organizing the information flow Volume 164, February 2018, Pages 26-38

An important issue related to code biology concerns the cell’s informational relationships with the environment. As an open self-producing system, a great variety of inputs and outputs are necessary for the living cell, not only consisting of matter and energy but also involving information flows.

Quantized energy is the information that flows through every cell type in all prokaryotes.

Causation, constructors and codes Volume 164, February 2018, Pages 121-127

A formal definition of codes in general, and organic codes in particular, allows the relational diagram to be extended so as to capture this translation of formal cause into process. The extended relational diagram is used to exemplify causal entailment in a diverse range of processes, such as enzyme action, construction of automata, communication through the Morse code, and ribosomal polypeptide synthesis through the genetic code.

The diverse range of processes starts with the creation of energy-dependent enzyme action. The anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight was first linked to the creation of all biodiversity on Earth in 1944: What is Life?

If you think you can link anything except sunlight to all biodiversity on Earth, see: Evolution – Genetic Novelty/Genomic Variations by RNA Networks and Viruses
If you know that serious scientists do not link viruses to the evolution of anything except pathology, see:
Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018
The future of biology will not be left in the hands of biologically uninformed theorists.

Polymaths and paradigm shifts: from Asimov to Bear (1)

March 14, 2018

by James Kohl with One Comment Adaptations biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy Model Organisms Physics RNA Directed RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic Variations

Summary: In the context of what is known about how top-down causation must be linked to all biodiversity on Earth, the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight links differences in the energy of two photons from the proton motive force to the creation of microRNAs. The link from the proton motive force to the creation of microRNAs is endogenous RNA interference (RNAi). Endogenous RNAi is manifested as energy-dependent differences in biophysically constrained viral latency.
Biophysically constrained viral latency has been linked to healthy longevity in all living genera from what appears to be the “dawn of creation.”
See: Conceptual Insights, Energy Transformations in Oxidative Phosphorylation (2002)

View this media module for an animated, interactive summary of how electron transfer potential is converted into proton-motive force and, finally, phosphoryl transfer potential in oxidative phosphorylation.

See: Section 18.4A Proton Gradient Powers the Synthesis of ATP
Place what is known to all serious scientists about the proton motive force into the context of energy-dependent electron transfer potential.
See also: Chemiosmosis

…the term proton-motive force (PMF)… can be described as the measure of the potential energy stored as a combination of proton and voltage (electrical potential) gradients across a membrane. The electrical gradient is a consequence of the charge separation across the membrane (when the protons H⁺ move without a counterion, such as chloride Cl⁻).

See: Search results for proton motive force
On February 2, 2018 and on February 26, 2018 I linked the claim that Permeability transition in human mitochondria persists in the absence of peripheral stalk subunits of ATP synthase (2017) to findings on RNA-RNA interactions in The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14 (1993) This link opens the to free pdf

Two small lin-4 transcripts of approximately 22 and 61 nt were identified in C. elegans and found to contain sequences complementary to a repeated sequence element in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of lin-14 mRNA, suggesting that lin-4 regulates lin-14 translation via an antisense RNA-RNA interaction.

The small lin-4 transcripts of approximately 22 and 61 nt were subsequently referred to as pre-mRNAs before the term pre-mRNA became microRNA as the number of nucleotides (nt) was reduced to 22 in the context of more than 70,000 published works on microRNAs. See: microRNA
In the context of what is known about how top-down causation must be linked to all biodiversity on Earth, the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight links differences in the energy of two photons from the proton motive force to the creation of microRNAs. The link from the proton motive force to the creation of microRNAs is endogenous RNA interference (RNAi). Endogenous RNAi is manifested as energy-dependent differences in biophysically constrained viral latency. Biophysically constrained viral latency has been linked to healthy longevity in all living genera from what appears to be the “dawn of creation.”
For instance see: Recent Explosive Human Population Growth Has Resulted in an Excess of Rare Genetic Variants (2012) and Evolution and Functional Impact of Rare Coding Variation from Deep Sequencing of Human Exomes (2012)
Reported May 17, 2012 as: Humans riddled with rare genetic variants
See also: Analysis of 6,515 exomes reveals the recent origin of most human protein-coding variants (2013)
Reported November 28, 2012 Past 5,000 years prolific for changes to human genome
See also: The splicing code (Feb 2018)

…except for very few and marginal variations, it is the same from bacteria to man, the RNA stretch: 5′ GUGUUC 3′ reads as the dipeptide: Val-Phe in bacteria, in yeast, in Arabidopsis, in zebra fish, in mouse and in human. A degree of ambiguity is possible if mutations are introduced in the tRNAs in a way that the anticodon reads one amino acid but the aminoacyl-transferase attaches a different one onto the tRNA.

See also: Creatures’ Adaptability Begins with Their Sensors
Sensory input must be linked to energy-dependent RNA-mediated biophysically constrained viral latency.
See: OLYMPUS experiment sheds light on structure of protons

…most of the time, only one of the photons has high energy, while the other must carry very little energy indeed…

In 2013 Isaac Asimov Memorial Debate:The Existence of Nothing, Neil deGrasse Tyson made this spurious claim:

Isaac Asimov, “…perhaps, the last polymath of our civilization.”

A polymath should be required to link quantum physics from quantum chemistry to biophysically constrained viral latency and all biodiversity. Wide-ranging knowledge should include what is known about the conserved molecular mechanisms that link the food energy-dependent physiology of reproduction to ecological adaptations in species from microbes to humans.
Eshel Ben-Jacob and Greg Bear are polymaths. Isaac Asimov was not.
Eshel Ben-Jacob presciently linked Learning from Bacteria about Natural Information Processing (2009) to the biophysically constrained viral latency Greg Bear placed into the context of the creation of a new human species in two books reviewed in Nature:
Evolution rising from the grave (2000)
Living with the Neanderthals (2003)
See also: Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation” (1964)
Polymaths should be able to recognize patterns that link photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation from the creation of enzymes to biophysically constrained RNA-mediated DNA repair, which links ecological variation from phytoremediation to ecological adaptations in all living genera. Anyone who fails to do that in the context of the weekend resurrection of the bacterial flagellum in P. fluorescens should be called a biologically uninformed theorist or a science journalist who has no excuse for reporting pseudoscientific nonsense.
The only way to resurrect the bacterial flagellum over-the-weekend involves what is known as the proton motive force. Fro example: A twitter search for “proton motive force” led me to this claim, thanks to Nigel Ten Fleming

Enzyme-bound ATP forms readily in the absence of a proton-motive force.

In the context of Energy Transformations in Oxidative Phosphorylation (2002), that claim was followed by this claim:

…the role of the proton gradient is not to form ATP but to release it from the synthase.

George Church refutes theistic evolution (4)

February 15, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference

See: George Church refutes theistic evolution (February 9, 2017)
See also: Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference (February 15, 2017)

Feedback loops link quantized energy as information to biophysically constrained RNA-mediated protein folding chemistry. Light induced energy-dependent changes link angstroms to ecosystems from classical physics to chemistry/chirality and to molecular epigenetics/autophagy. The National Microbiome Initiative links microbial quorum sensing to the physiology of reproduction via endogenous RNA interference and chromosomal rearrangements. The rearrangements link energy-dependent fixed amino acid substitutions to the Precision Medicine Initiative via genome wide inferences of natural selection.

This detailed representation of energy-dependent natural selection for codon optimality links biologically- based cause and effect from G protein-coupled receptors to RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions and the functional structure of supercoiled DNA. Energy-dependent polycombic ecological adaptations are manifested in supercoiled DNA. Chromosomal inheritance links the adaptations from morphological phenotypes to healthy longevity via behavioral phenotypes. For contrast, virus-driven energy theft is the link from messenger RNA degradation to negative supercoiling, constraint breaking mutations, and hecatombic evolution. The viral hecatomb links transgenerational epigenetic inheritance from archaea to Zika virus-damaged DNA, which typically is repaired by endogenous RNA interference and fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions in organized genomes.

See for comparison: Church Speaks A Conversation With George Church (February 14, 2018)

[Arctic grass and] cyanobacteria, on the other hand, they fix [carbon]. Cyanobacteria turn carbon dioxide, a global warming gas, into carbohydrates and other carbon-containing polymers, which sequester the carbon so that they’re no longer global warming gases. They turn it into their own bodies. They do this on such a big scale that about 15 percent of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is fixed every year by these cyanobacteria, which is roughly the amount that we’re off from the pre-industrial era. If all of the material that they fix didn’t turn back into carbon dioxide, we’d have solved the global warming problem in a year or two. The reality, however, is that almost as soon as they divide and make baby bacteria, phages break them open, spilling their guts, and they start turning into carbon dioxide. Then all the other things around them start chomping on the bits left over from the phages.

The anti-entropic virucidal quantized energy of sunlight links the creation of ATP to the creation of microRNAs and changes in the energy-dependent microRNA/messenger RNA balance, which link what organisms eat to RNA-mediated fixation of amino acid substitutions that differentiate all cell types in all individuals of all living genera. Simply put, sunlight, food energy, and pheromones biophysically constrain the DNA damage that is done by phages.
Release of the cell biology game “Cytosis” and the forthcoming conference Evolution – Genetic Novelty/Genomic Variations by RNA Networks and Viruses (4 – 8 July 2018 Salzburg – Austria) have forced George Church and others like him to begin telling the scientific truth about how the virus-driven theft of quantized energy is either biophysically constrained, or linked from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA to mutations and all pathology.

Chantal Abergel >
Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique & Structurale, Marseille, France
Gustavo Caetano Anolles >
Department of Crop Sciences, Evolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, USA.
Marlene Belfort >
Department of Biological Sciences and RNA Institute, University at Albany, New York, USA
Felix Broecker >
Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA

Irene Chen >

Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
Julian Chen >
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
Jean-Michel Claverie >
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique & Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
Bryan Cullen >
Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
Valerian Dolja >
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
Cedric Feschotte >
Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA
Matthias Fischer >
Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Heidelberg, Germany

David Gilmer >
Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, Integrative virology, Strasbourg, France
Reynald Gillet >
Université de Rennes 1, Translation and Folding Team, Rennes cedex, France Institut Universitaire de France
Jordi Gomez >
Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina ‘López-Neyra’ (CSIC), Granada, Spain
Matti Jalasvuori >
Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
I.King Jordan >
School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Eugene Koonin >
National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, USA.
Dusan Kordis >
Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Josef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Mart Krupovic >
Unit BMGE, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
Erez Levanon >
Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
German Martinez >
Dept. of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
John Mattick >
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
Jeff Miller >
California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA

Karin Moelling >
Max Planck Institute for molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
Sabine Müller >
Universität Greifswald, Institut für Biochemie , Greifswald , Germany
Ulrich Müller >
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, USA
Mariusz Nowacki >
Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
David Prangishvili >
Department of Microbiology, BMGE, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
Lennart Randau >
Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
Forest Rohwer >
Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
Corrado Spadafora >
Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Rome, Italy
James Shapiro >
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Chicago , IL , USA
Jason Shepherd >
Biochemistry and Ophthalmology & Visual SciencesUniversity of Utah, School of Medicine Salt Lake City, USA
Ravindra Singh >
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
Keizo Tomonaga >
Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
Peter Unrau >
Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
Luis P. Villarreal >
Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Andreas Werner >
RNA biology group, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, UK
Eric Westhof >
Architecture and Reactivity of RNA, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the CNRS, University of Strasbourg, France
Bojan Zagrovic >
Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna, Austria

Steven Zimmerly >
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

Cryo-EM: Linking spatial and conformational constraints

February 13, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Light Energy Model Organisms Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA interference RNA-directed DNA methylation

On Darwin Day (2018) Carl Zimmer suggested use of the twitter hashtag #Istudyevolution to report whatever aspect of biology people were studying. For example, Richard Lenski reported that he studied adaptation in E. coli. When I told others that ecological adaptation is nutrient-dependent and pheromone-controlled in species from microbes to humans, he blocked me from seeing his comments. Evidently he did not want people to know that he had been studying ecological adaptation for more than 2 decades but reporting the adaptations in the context of neo-Darwinian theories about mutations and evolution. For further clarification of that fact see:
Cryo-electron tomography reveals that dynactin recruits a team of dyneins for processive motility

…the mechanisms responsible for increased transport activity are not well understood, largely owing to limited structural information. We used cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) to visualize the 3D structure of the MT-bound dynein–dynactin complex from Mus musculus and show that the dynactin–cargo adaptor complex binds two dimeric dyneins. This configuration imposes spatial and conformational constraints on both dynein dimers.

This spatial and conformational constraints were reported as: Microscopic chariots deliver molecules within our cells

This discovery was totally unexpected, and will change how this motor complex is represented in cell biology and biochemistry text books,” says Saikat Chowdhury, PhD, a TSRI research associate and co-first author of the study.

“There had been years of biophysical experiments and biochemical experiments, and it was always assumed that there was just one dynein molecule,” Lander adds.

Assuming there was just one dynein molecule is something that only a biologically uninformed theorist would do. An energy-dependent difference in two molecules is required for movement and for biophysical constraints on movement. For comparison, all discoveries that link energy-dependent changes from electrons to ecosystems were anticipated by Richard P. Feynman in his claims about Plenty of Room at the Bottom.He linked his claims about the size of letters in a code from atoms to ecosystems in the context of Food Energy and denigrated the works of all theorists in The key to science (Cornell, 1964)
See also McEwen et al., (1964) Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation”
Everything known to serious scientists links cryo-ET and cryo-EM technology from ecological niche construction to socio-cognitive niche construction via food energy-dependent amino acid substitutions in the microtubules, which link differences in animal behavior to human consciousness.
See: Untangling Neurodegenerative Diseases using Cryo-Electron Microscopy
Everything known about prevention of all pathology starts with the creation of sunlight.
See: Far-UVC light: A new tool to control the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases

In conclusion, we have shown for the first time that very low doses of far-UVC light efficiently inactivate airborne viruses carried by aerosols. For example, a very low dose of 2 mJ/cm² of 222-nm light inactivates >95% of airborne H1N1 virus. Our results indicate that far-UVC light is a powerful and inexpensive approach for prevention and reduction of airborne viral infections without the human health hazards inherent with conventional germicidal UVC lamps. If these results are confirmed in other scenarios, it follows that the use of overhead very low level far-UVC light in public locations may represent a safe and efficient methodology for limiting the transmission and spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases. Public locations such as hospitals, doctors’ offices, schools, airports and airplanes might be considered here. This approach may help limit seasonal influenza epidemics, transmission of tuberculosis, as well as major pandemics.

Reported as: Special UV light safely kills airborne flu virus, finds study

In the study, aerosolized H1N1 virus—a common strain of flu virus—was released into a test chamber and exposed to very low doses of 222 nm far-UVC light. A control group of aerosolized virus was not exposed to the UVC light. The far-UVC light efficiently inactivated the flu viruses, with about the same efficiency as conventional germicidal UV light.

They confirmed the fact that UV light biophysically constrains the degradation of messenger RNA that links mutations to all pathology.
See also: Photon-Mediated Quantum Gate between Two Neutral Atoms in an Optical Cavity

Quantum logic gates are fundamental building blocks of quantum computers. Their integration into quantum networks requires strong qubit coupling to network channels, as can be realized with neutral atoms and optical photons in cavity quantum electrodynamics. Here we demonstrate that the long-range interaction mediated by a flying photon performs a gate between two stationary atoms inside an optical cavity from which the photon is reflected. This single step executes the gate in $2 μ s$ . We show an entangling operation between the two atoms by generating a Bell state with 76(2)% fidelity. The gate also operates as a cnot. We demonstrate 74.1(1.6)% overlap between the observed and the ideal gate output, limited by the state preparation fidelity of 80.2(0.8)%. As the atoms are efficiently connected to a photonic channel, our gate paves the way towards quantum networking with multiqubit nodes and the distribution of entanglement in repeater-based long-distance quantum networks.

Reported as: Light controls two-atom quantum computation

This interaction is the basis for performing characteristic gate operations between the atoms, for example the operation as a CNOT gate or the generation of entanglement. The new method offers a variety of advantages: for example, the gate operations take place within microseconds which is an asset for quantum information processing.

Quantized energy is the information that must be biophysically constrained and transferred from hydrogen-atoms in DNA base pairs in solution. That fact seems to have escaped the attention of biologically uninformed pseudoscientists and most so-called science journalists. The pseudoscientists and other theorists linked the emergence of the energy to the evolution of all biodiversity outside the context of the physiology of reproduction and autophagy, which biophysically constrains viral latency.
See for comparison to what serious scientist have done:Experimental Evidence of Radiation Reaction in the Collision of a High-Intensity Laser Pulse with a Laser-Wakefield Accelerated Electron Beam

The dynamics of energetic particles in strong electromagnetic fields can be heavily influenced by the energy loss arising from the emission of radiation during acceleration, known as radiation reaction. When interacting with a high-energy electron beam, today’s lasers are sufficiently intense to explore the transition between the classical and quantum radiation reaction regimes. We present evidence of radiation reaction in the collision of an ultrarelativistic electron beam generated by laser-wakefield acceleration ( $ϵ > 500 MeV$ ) with an intense laser pulse ( $a_{0} > 10$ ). We measure an energy loss in the postcollision electron spectrum that is correlated with the detected signal of hard photons ( $γ$ rays), consistent with a quantum description of radiation reaction. The generated $γ$ rays have the highest energies yet reported from an all-optical inverse Compton scattering scheme, with critical energy $ϵ_{crit} > 30 MeV$ .

Reported as: Intense laser experiments provide first evidence that light can stop electrons

“One thing I always find so fascinating about this is that the electrons are stopped as effectively by this sheet of light, a fraction of a hair’s breadth thick, as by something like a millimetre of lead. That is extraordinary.”

The data from the experiment also agrees better with a theoretical model based on the principles of quantum electrodynamics, rather than Maxwell’s equations, potentially providing some of the first evidence of previously untested quantum models.

Effects of quantized energy as information cannot be defined in the context of equations, which is why physicists have traditionally been ridiculed for any attempt to explain energy-dependent top-down causation in the context of biophysically constrained healthy longevity.

All species on Earth exhibit an undefined, incalculable, innate ability to biophysically constrain energy-dependent viral latency. That ability is food energy-dependent and controlled by the physiology of reproduction. Food energy comes from sunlight, either directly or indirectly via plant grown and the creation of microRNAs in plants. Serious scientists know how to light the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy to DNA repair.
See: Watson–Crick Base Pairing Controls Excited-State Decay in Natural DNA (2014)
Reported as: Base-pairing protects DNA from UV damage

…the Watson-Crick base-pairing mechanism itself controls the dissipation of the absorbed UV energy. This contradicts the conventional wisdom, which holds that the base sequence within the same strand is responsible for the deactivation of excited states,” says Wolfgang Zinth.

Ultrafast deactivation pathways bestow photostability on nucleobases and hence preserve the structural integrity of DNA following absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. One controversial recovery mechanism proposed to account for this photostability involves electron-driven proton transfer (EDPT) in Watson–Crick base pairs. The first direct observation is reported of the EDPT process after UV excitation of individual guanine–cytosine (G⋅C) Watson–Crick base pairs by ultrafast time-resolved UV/visible and mid-infrared spectroscopy. The formation of an intermediate biradical species (G[−H]⋅C[+H]) with a lifetime of 2.9 ps was tracked. The majority of these biradicals return to the original G⋅C Watson–Crick pairs, but up to 10 % of the initially excited molecules instead form a stable photoproduct G*⋅C* that has undergone double hydrogen-atom transfer. The observation of these sequential EDPT mechanisms across intermolecular hydrogen bonds confirms an important and long debated pathway for the deactivation of photoexcited base pairs, with possible implications for the UV photochemistry of DNA.

There is clear evidence that femtosecond blasts of UV light repair DNA in the context of energy-dependent changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance and autophagy, which protects all organized genomes from virus-driven energy theft and the degradation of messenger RNA.

The failure to integrate the Nobel Prize winning works of Ben Feringa (Chemisty 2016) and Yoshinori Ohsumi (Physiology or Medicine 2016) prevents theorists from linking what organisms eat to their pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in the context of Schrodinger’s claims in “What is Life?”(1944) and this claim by Roger Penrose in the reprint edition:

“How often do we still hear that quantum effects can have little relevance in the study of biology, or even that we eat food in order to gain energy?” (Roger Penrose 8 August 1991)

See also: From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior In our section on molecular epigenetics, we wrote:

The food energy that is linked from alternative splicing techniques of pre-mRNA to the chemistry of protein folding and the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in all living genera seems to be largely ignored by those who are not Nobel Laureates.

It links the virus-driven theft of quantized energy from the degradation of messenger RNA to mutations and all pathology, and physicists cannot explain that fact with math and definitions. They tried with de Vries 1902 definition of mutations, and they have failed miserably ever since.

See: Amino acid–base interactions: a three-dimensional analysis of protein–DNA interactions at an atomic level (2001)

To assess whether there are universal rules that govern amino acid–base recognition, we investigate hydrogen bonds, van der Waals contacts and water-mediated bonds in 129 protein–DNA complex structures. DNA–backbone interactions are the most numerous, providing stability rather than specificity. For base interactions, there are significant base–amino acid type correlations, which can be rationalised by considering the stereochemistry of protein side chains and the base edges exposed in the DNA structure.

See also: Systematic prediction of DNA shape changes due to CpG methylation explains [quantized energy-dependent] epigenetic effects… (2018)
The effects of sunlight and quantum chemistry link energy-dependent fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions to the differentiation of all cell types in all living genera via the physiology of reproduction, which is controlled by pheromones in species from microbes to humans. Pheromones biophysically constrain viral latency in all animals that need to eat for their species to survive.

Cryo-EM technology predicts RNA-mediated DNA shape, which means the technology can be used to link the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA from mutations to all pathology in the context of the games “Cytosis” and “Subatomic.”
When “Subatomic” is available, players will link what is known to all serious scientists who present during “Schrodinger at 75” to the overwhemling amount of pseudoscientific nonsense touted by theorists during the past 75 years.

Schrodinger linked the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight to all biophysically constrained biodiversity via the physiology of reproduction in all plants and animals. Pseudoscientists decided to use mutations and natural selection instead of Darwin’s “conditions of life.” That is why pseudoscientists can — and soon may be — blamed for all extant pathology.

Subatomic: An Atom Building Board Game (Update #2)

Theorists failed to link subatomic particles to biophysically constrained viral latency via the “Virus Expansion” from “Cytosis.” That fact led to this admission of ignorance:

Microscopic chariots deliver molecules within our cells https://phys.org/news/2018-02-microscopic-chariots-molecules-cells.html

Excerpt: This discovery was totally unexpected, and will change how this motor complex is represented in cell biology and biochemistry text books,” says Saikat Chowdhury, PhD, a TSRI research associate and co-first author of the study.

“There had been years of biophysical experiments and biochemical experiments, and it was always assumed that there was just one dynein molecule,” Lander adds.

My comment: All the discoveries that have since linked energy-dependent changes from electrons to ecosystems were anticipated by Richard P. Feynman in his claims about “Plenty of Room at the Bottom.” Everything known to serious scientists links cryo-EM technology from ecological niche construction to socio-cognitive niche construction via food energy-dependent amino acid substitutions in the microtubules that link differences in animal behavior to human consciousness.

It will good to see “Subatomic” placed into the context of the admission that there are two dynein molecules. Others may begin to see the levels of complexity that must be represented in game play to prevent further assumptions based on ignorance of particle physics and energy transfer that biophysically constrains viral latency.

The fact that many people can readily learn more than most theoretical physicists have learned about subatomic particles and cell biology by playing games for fun is an exciting development for scientists and laypersons.

Magnus S. Magnusson wrote: James Kohl it [the Neil deGrasse Tyson meme] was not aimed at you, of course, understand that it is about the genera educational situation. BTW Einstein mostly missed biology and Hawking says the 21. century will be that of biology, which I also believe.”
The Icelandic atheist and hate monger, blocked me before I could comment further on Neil deGrasse Tyson’s overwhelming display of ignorance.
George FR Ellis, who co-authored with Stephen Hawking in the 60’s has already validated my model. See: Understanding and accounting for relational context is critical for social neuroscience

George F R Ellis This is absolutely correct and forms part of the larger concept that top-down causation is a key factor not just in the way the brain works but in broader contexts in biology and even physics.

The Genius Games series from John Coveyou is the way forward. The games successfully link the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy from top-down causation to all biophysically constrained biodiversity via a model that links electrons to ecosystems.

See: Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems

Anti-entropic sunlight: Schrödinger’s Creationist Secret? (4)

February 4, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Human Pheromones Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations What's in the News

Summary: Antagonists such as John Hewitt have exhausted my patience. Now see this:

The authors invented the term “phosphate steering” in an attempt to obfuscate what has been known to all serious scientists about oxidative phosphorylation for more than 50 years.

See: “oxidative phosphorylation” microRNA (105 entries); “oxidative phosphorylation” (21955 entries) and “phosphate steering” (1 entry)

Compare the nonsense about phosphae steering to facts in the context of Modern diversification of the amino acid repertoire driven by oxygen (2017) published ahead of print December 19, 2017
Reported on February 1, 2018 as: Quantum chemistry solves mystery why there are these 20 amino acids in the genetic code
Conclusion:

…we could characterize oxygen as the author adding the very final touch to the genetic code,” stated Moosmann.

Also reported on Feburary 2, 2018 as: Origin of Life: Quantum Chemistry Solves One of Genetics’ Biggest Mysteries Using Amino Acids From Space

Moosmann and his colleagues created a quantum chemistry model that compared amino acids on Earth to amino acids from space that had arrived via meteorites.

Conclusion:

The newer aminos’ reactivity still didn’t account for their presence in the genetic tool box to begin with. The researchers conducted additional experiments which verified their theoretical results. They found that at least three of the newer aminos—methionine, tryptophan and selenocysteine—were included in response to the rising levels of oxygen in our atmosphere. Since oxygen encourages the production of toxic-free radicals, we needed additional, nimbler amino acids to react to those free radicals and help our cells repair themselves.

Last month I advised John Hewitt against attemptng to link the creation of selenocysteine to biodiversity outside the context of the biophysical constraints on viral latency. Hewitt and many other biologically uninformed science journalists like the idea of neo-Darwinian evolution.
See why: On the unique function of selenocysteine — Insights from the evolution of selenoproteins

These evolutionary studies stem from the realization that patterns of amino acid conservation and substitution in proteins may provide important functional information.

The magic of evolutionary studies is easy compared to understanding the functional structure of supercoiled DNA in the context of the report from 2009. Hewitt likes that simple-minded ignorance compared to the difficulty of placing the structure and function of supercoiled DNA into the context of my model from 2013.

Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model

Conclusion:

…the model represented here is consistent with what is known about the epigenetic effects of ecologically important nutrients and pheromones on the adaptively evolved behavior of species from microbes to man. Minimally, this model can be compared to any other factual representations of epigenesis and epistasis for determination of the best scientific ‘fit’.

But, I digress. My point is that no experimental evidence of biophysically constrained top-down causation suggests that amino acids from space arrived on Earth via transport in meteorites. The fact that the creation of the amino acids must be linked to biophysically constrained viral latency has repeatedly been reported at every level of examination by serious scientists.
See for instance: Common origins of RNA, protein and lipid precursors in a cyanosulfidic protometabolism
Reported as:Researchers may have solved origin-of-life conundrum

…the conditions that produce nucleic acid precursors also create the starting materials needed to make natural amino acids and lipids. That suggests a single set of [light activated] reactions could have given rise to most of life’s building blocks simultaneously.

John Hewitt’s claims can now be placed into the context of my model.
On February 3, 2018, John Hewitt tweeted:

“all the substitutions were figured out long ago by bacteria”

I replied:

Do you realize how ridiculous that sounds in the context of any other claims that you have accurately represented?

On February 4, 2018, John Hewitt wrote:

“slander me again James and you are blocked. those silly viruses were artificially engineered that way”

I’ve placed his comments about slander into the context of his past claims about viruses and energy.
1) MIT team genetically engineers a quantum virus for efficient energy transport (2015)

Although the virus has demonstrated the ability to capture and transfer light energy…

John Hewitt failed to put his reported fact about the capture of light energy into the proper context of my works. He has since been denigrating my model and peer-reviewed publications in a month-long escalation of “twitter” attacks.
Like others, he has resorted to attacks via social media, because that’s where the ignorance is. The ignorance of other theorists has typically been in his favor. But see two other news reports from John Hewitt.
2) The Excitable Mitochondria (2016) http://inference-review.com/article/the-excitable-mitochondria

By fine-tuning their fusion and fission rates, each cell maintains a large centralized mitochondrial syncytium that dispatches and recalls mitochondrial quanta to different parts of the cell.

John Hewitt joined the ranks of others who have claimed the fine-tuning is automagical. He removed consideration for the creation of quantized energy and the virus-driven capture of quantized energy. That is how he bastardized everything known to serious scientists about energy-dependent biophysically constrained viral latency and healthy longevity in species from microbes to humans. But wait, he almost helped other serious scientists make progress.
3) The vibrational theory of olfaction for the win (2017)

In addition to these discoveries, Turin also just published a much more sweeping treatise on molecular recognition in olfaction in the journal Advances in Physics: X. In it, he and his co-authors delve into more of the specifics of olfactory receptors, including particular amino acid motifs, metal binding capacities, and disulphide bridge redox status. It turns out that amino acid side chains alone frequently pull off some rather interesting electron transfer effects without the need for fancy co-enzymes or prosthetic groups. Although there are only a few cases in which this has been proposed, we can take a brief anecdotal look at how this mechanism operates in other proteins.

John Hewitt likes Turin’s theory, but ignores my model, which links the creation of sunlight from the creation of quantized energy as information to the creation of ATP. Conserved molecular mechanisms in microbes link the creation of ATP to RNA-mediated cell type differentiation via the creation of amino-acid substitutions that stabilize the organized genomes of all living genera in the context of the physiology of reproduction.
See the the initial prescient support for the claims in my mode, which came from the first person who ever critiqued it:, Bruce McEwen.
Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation” (1964)

The synthesis of RNA in isolated thymus nuclei is ATP dependent.

See also: Long-range coherence and energy storage in biological systems (1968) published in International Journal of Quantum Chemistry

The supplied [quantized] energy is thus not completely thermalized but stored in a highly ordered fashion.

Clearly, energy-dependent biophysical constraints on the well-ordered stability of organized genomes is required for the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of all morphological and behavioral phenotypes.
Quantum chemistry solves mystery why there are these 20 amino acids in the genetic code makes that fact perfectly clear.
But see also: Bacterial self-organization: co-enhancement of complexification and adaptability in a dynamic environment (2003)
and Learning from Bacteria about Natural Information Processing (2009)
and Stability of the hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype (2016)

…higher levels of these PSFs may be predictive of poor patient outcome. Finally, based on these specific examples, we deduce certain network motifs that can stabilize the hybrid E/M phenotype. Our results suggest that partial EMT, i.e. a hybrid E/M phenotype, need not be ‘metastable’, and strengthen the emerging notion that partial EMT, but not necessarily a complete EMT, is associated with aggressive tumor progression.

If you looked only at the works published by the late Eshel Ben-Jacob and his group, you would learn the difference between all serious scientists and all biologically uninformed theorists and their idiot minions: the biologically uninformed science journalists.
But for another 50-year-old historical perspective see: Non-singular general-relativistic collapse (1968) as cited in Absorption and Scattering Cross Section of Regular Black Holes Journal of Gravity (2014)
Reported as: What If the Big Bang Wasn’t the Beginning? New Study Proposes Alternative December 5, 2017

There is no empirical evidence for bouncing cosmologies today,” he said. “But there is no evidence for the initial singularity as well.

That’s two strikes against “Big Bang” cosmology before serious scientists start.
See for comparison: Non-singular quantum-inspired gravitational collapse (2013)
Biologically uninformed journalists continue to display their epic failure to understand any aspect of pattern recognition. For example, all patterns appear to be energy-dependent and the energy appears to be physically constrained in the context of gravity and and biophysically constrained in the context of all biodiversity.
I placed that fact into the context of part three of this series.
Anti-entropic sunlight: Schrödinger’s Creationist Secret? (3)
The fact that two articles published in 1968 attest to the facts about the energy-dependent creation of ATP and RNA in McEwen et al., (1964) , links claims about human idiocy to science journalists — with John Hewitt as the best example of idiocy.
But, two days later, In an attempt to support the nonsense touted by John Hewitt, Nik Willmore added:

‏ @nikwillmore

Replying to @jvkohl @jhewitt123

Stringing together walls of general science buzzword salad as an excuse to hurl quack insults makes you the poster boy for Pink Floyd’s album The Wall. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4049134/#!po=65.3846 … pic.twitter.com/Jgx3Kv8BwD

My response: See Andrew Jones unpublished thesis on abiogenesis and the editor’s comments on his criticisms: “…subjected to standard peer review and the revised version was accepted by me after it had been accepted by both reviewers.” Find your friends on The Dark Side of the Moon.
People like @nikwillmore and @jhewitt123 might claim that they want to see “Science” only after peer review. Most of them do not want to see anything published that refutes the pseudoscientific nonsense of their ridiculous theories. But see also: Universal Alternative Splicing of Noncoding Exons
Compare claims that “…noncoding exons are functionally modular, with alternative splicing generating an enormous repertoire of potential regulatory RNAs and a rich transcriptional reservoir for gene evolution.” See: our section on molecular epigenetics From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior

Small intranuclear proteins also participate in generating alternative splicing techniques of pre-mRNA and, by this mechanism…

We did not forget to mention the emergence of energy, abiogenesis, and evolution.
All serious scientists dismiss ridiculous claims. For comparison, all pseudoscientists and biologically uninformed science journalists dismiss the experimental evidence of energy-dependent biophysically constrained viral latency as if the experimental evidence was optional. See: Combating Evolution to Fight Disease.
See also: The real reason behind The Big Bang Theory’s ratings drop

So how come Big Bang isn’t popping the way it used to?

It’s getting eclipsed by Young Sheldon

As Cheers begot Frasier and Buffy begot Angel, The Big Bang Theory has spawned Young Sheldon. It chronicles the oft-spoken of adventures of Sheldon when he was a socially oblivious, one-of-a-kind, once-in-a-generation genius growing up in a small town with a family that didn’t understand him. Enjoying a lead-in from The Big Bang Theory, Young Sheldon was a hit right out of the gate.

This appears to be proof that most people would rather be entertained to death rather than examine the facts about the creation of the sun’s anti-entropic virucidal energy and biophysically constrained viral latency.
See also: “You are blocked from following @jhewitt123 and viewing @jhewitt123’s Tweets. Learn more”
I do not need to learn more: See: A Few Good Man “You Can’t Handle the Truth”
See also: Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference

People like John Hewitt and Nik Willmore consistently test the patience of serious scientists until the ignorance of their ridiculous theories is exposed.
See also: Phosphate steering by Flap Endonuclease 1 promotes 5′-flap specificity and incision to prevent genome instability

Phosphate steering mutations could thus be the trans-modifiers of repeat expansions during either somatic, or intergenerational transmissions in human disease65. Moreover, as the basic residues implicated in phosphate steering are largely conserved in the 5′-nuclease superfamily, control over the +1 and −1 phosphates may be a superfamily-conserved mechanism.

The authors invented the term “phosphate steering” in an attempt to obfuscate what has been known to all serious scientists about oxidative phosphorylation for more than 50 years.
See: “oxidative phosphorylation” microRNA (105 entries)
“oxidative phosphorylation” (21955 entries) and “phosphate steering” (1 entry)
See for comparison: Gamma oscillations organize top-down signalling to hypothalamus and enable food seeking

Cortical cognitive processing9, 10 involves gamma oscillations11, 12, 13, 14, 15, which support memory16, 17, attention18, cognitive flexibility19 and sensory responses20. These functions contribute crucially to feeding behaviour by unknown neural mechanisms. Here we show that coordinated gamma (30–90 Hz) oscillations in the lateral hypothalamus and upstream brain regions organize food-seeking behaviour in mice.

Reported as: Gamma oscillations coordinate food seeking

“Preferential and selective control of feeding-related cells by rhythmic inputs to hypothalamus demonstrates a beautiful interaction of structure and function in the brain” says Alexey Ponomarenko. “Here we see how fast synchronization, combined with a precise information transfer between brain regions and cells types, drives behaviors crucial for survival.”

The behaviors linked to species survival can be viewed in the context of this report from 2005: Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction
But first, serious scientists must start with the anti-entropic virucidal energy of sunlight, which is what Schrödinger did 75 years ago.

Anti-entropic sunlight: Schrödinger’s Creationist Secret? (3)

February 2, 2018

by James Kohl with 3 Comments Adaptations Alternative Splicings base editing biophotonics Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Human Pheromones Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Subatomic Variations What's in the News

Summary: Theorists and most science journalists have failed to link the anti-entropic energy of sunlight from physical constraints on the creation of new galaxies to the biophysical constraints of ultraviolet light on viral latency. Viral latency prevents mutation-driven evolution in the context of the energy-dependent creation of ATP, microRNAs, RNA and established links from base editing to microRNA editing and RNA editing. Every aspect of energy-dependent editing links alternative splicings of pre-mRNA (microRNAs) from light-activated endogenous substrates to the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction. Feedback loops link food odors and pheromones to all biodiversity via what has been known or suspected about biophysically constrained feedback for more than 50 years.
A whirling plane of satellite galaxies around Centaurus A challenges cold dark matter cosmology Feb 2, 2018
Reported as:

This is inconsistent with more than 99% of comparable galaxies in simulations. Centaurus A, the Milky Way, and Andromeda all have highly statistically unlikely satellite systems. This observational evidence suggests that something is wrong with standard cosmological simulations.Science, this issue p. 534; see also p. 520

See also: Synchronized Galactic Orbit Challenges Our Best Theory of How the Universe Works Feb 1, 2018
Thanks to Dan Winter for his comment.

“… kind of funny when they fail to recognize a simple picture of phase conjugate (opposing cones) doing ‘4 wave mixing’ – which is how gravity is stabilized- AND emerges into self organization (negentropy)-those who are basically clueless to why objects fall to the ground- have no hope of understanding that the phase conjugate cause of gravity- (www.fractalfield.com/conjugategravity ) is ITSELF the path out of the entropy (belief in inevitable chaos) those fatalists try to infect us with…”

This value is consistent with transmission statistics of the Lyα forest and with recent models of a UVB that is dominated by quasars.

Reported as: Universe’s ultraviolet background could provide clues about missing galaxies

Simulations show that there should be more small galaxies in the Universe, but UV radiation essentially stopped them from developing by depriving them of the gas they need to form stars.

Theorists and most science journalists have failed to link the anti-entropic energy of sunlight from physical constraints on the creation of new galaxies to the biophysical constraints of ultraviolet light on viral latency. Viral latency prevents mutation-driven evolution in the context of the energy-dependent creation of ATP, microRNAs, RNA and established links from base editing to microRNA editing and RNA editing. Every aspect of energy-dependent editing links alternative splicings of pre-mRNA (microRNAs) from light-activated endogenous substrates to the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction. Feedback loops link food odors and pheromones to all biodiversity via what has been known or suspected about biophysically constrained feedback for more than 50 years.
Serious scientists are beginning to wonder when pseudoscientists and all science journalists will report findings in the context of top-down causation and energy-dependent constraints. Thankfully, we are about to see constraints placed on the amount of pseudoscientific nonsense reported.
See for examples:
Co-author, John E. Walker is scheduled to present at Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018
Structure of the mitochondrial ATP synthase from Pichia angusta determined by electron cryo-microscopy

Living cells need fuel in the form of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, to stay alive. This fuel is generated by a molecular machine made of two motors joined by a rotor. One generates rotation by using energy provided by oxidative metabolism or photosynthesis; the other uses energy transmitted by the rotor to make ATP molecules from its building blocks, adenosine diphosphate, or ADP, and inorganic phosphate. The structure has been determined of a fungal machine, isolated from its cellular power stations, the mitochondria, where the machine operates. It provides unsuspected details of the blueprint of the machine and how it works. The working principles of the fungal machine apply to similar machines in all species.

Permeability transition in human mitochondria persists in the absence of peripheral stalk subunits of ATP synthase

Mitochondria generate the cellular fuel ATP to sustain complex life. Production of ATP depends on the oxidation of energy-rich compounds to produce a chemical potential difference for hydrogen ions, the proton motive force (pmf), across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Disruption of the IMM, dissipation of the pmf, and cell death occur if the concentration of calcium ions inside mitochondria is sufficiently elevated to open a pore in the IMM. The identity of the pore is disputed. One proposal is that the pore is in the enzyme that makes ATP. Here, we show that proteins in the enzyme’s peripheral stalk are not involved in the formation or regulation of the pore.

Co-author, Susumu Tonegawa is scheduled to present at Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018

Tagging activated neurons with light

Two new protein tools translate neuronal activity into gene expression during a light-defined time window.

Co-author,Ada E. Yonath is scheduled to present at Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018

The cryo-EM structure of hibernating 100S ribosome dimer from pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus

…we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the native 100S ribosome from S. aureus, revealing the molecular mechanism of its formation. The structure is distinct from previously reported analogs and relies on the HPF C-terminal extension forming the binding platform for the interactions between both of the small ribosomal subunits. The 100S dimer is formed through interactions between rRNA h26, h40, and protein uS2, involving conformational changes of the head as well as surface regions that could potentially prevent RNA polymerase from docking to the ribosome.

Co-author, John O’Keefe is scheduled to present at Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018

The honeycomb maze provides a novel test to study hippocampal-dependent spatial navigation

Rats learn rapidly and their choices are influenced by three factors: the angle between the two choice platforms, the distance from the goal, and the angle between the correct platform and the direction of the goal. Rats with hippocampal damage are impaired in learning and their performance is affected by all three factors.

Co-author, Linda Buck is scheduled to present at Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018
Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction

These studies reveal a complex interplay between reproduction and other functions in which GnRH neurons appear to integrate information from multiple sources and modulate a variety of brain functions.

The levels of complexity include everything known to serious scientists about energy-dependent niche construction and changes in the fixation of RNA-mediated amino acid substitutions that differentiate the cell types of all individuals of all species.
See for example: Hypothalamic microRNAs flip the switch for fertility (2017); The Bull Sperm MicroRNAome and the Effect of Fescue Toxicosis on Sperm MicroRNA Expression (2014); and the section on molecular epigenetics from our 1996 Hormones and Behavior review: From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior

Small intranuclear proteins also participate in generating alternative splicing techniques of pre-mRNA and, by this mechanism, contribute to sexual differentiation in at least two species, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans (Adler and Hajduk, 1994; de Bono, Zarkower, and Hodgkin, 1995; Ge, Zuo, and Manley, 1991; Green, 1991; Parkhurst and Meneely, 1994; Wilkins, 1995; Wolfner, 1988). That similar proteins perform functions in humans suggests the possibility that some human sex differences may arise from alternative splicings of otherwise identical genes.

See for contrasting ignorance:Universal Alternative Splicing of Noncoding Exons (2018)

We propose that noncoding exons are functionally modular, with alternative splicing generating an enormous repertoire of potential regulatory RNAs and a rich transcriptional reservoir for gene evolution.

See also: (Co-author, Linda Partridge is scheduled to present at Schrödinger at 75 – The Future of Biology – September 2018)
Drosophila as a model for ageing

Drosophila melanogaster has been a key model in developing our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ageing. Of particular note is its role in establishing the evolutionary conservation of reduced insulin and IGF-1-like signaling in promoting healthy ageing.

Sense and antisense RNA are not toxic in Drosophila models of C9orf72-associated ALS/FTD

We confirmed that these RNA foci are capable of sequestering endogenous Drosophila RNA-binding proteins, and that the production of dipeptide proteins (poly-glycine-proline, and poly-glycine-arginine) is suppressed in our models. We find that neither cytoplasmic nor nuclear sense or antisense RNA are toxic when expressed in adult Drosophila neurons, suggesting they have a limited role in disease pathogenesis.

Schrödinger (1944) “What is LIfe?” placed energy-dependent biophysical constraints on viral latency into the context of light-activated endogenous substrates and ecological adaptations via the physiology of reproduction in species from soil microbes to humans.

See for comparison: Mutation-Driven Evolution (2013) and my refutation of that pseudoscientific nonsense in Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model, which was published on the same day.
See also for a brief video review: “What is life when it is not protected from virus driven entropy”

http://nnjournal.net/article/viewFile/2354/1850/10234

The MicroRNAome Strikes Back: A Sokalian hoax (5)

January 25, 2018

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings Autophagy biophotonics Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Human Pheromones Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations

Premise: Sunlight is the quantized energy as information that is required to link endogenous RNA interference to healthy longevity (The energy-dependent creation of microRNAs links the physiology of reproduction from changes in electrons to ecosystems in all living genera via the creation of ATP, RNA, and supercoiled DNA in organized genomes.)
Counter claim: The Quantum Thermodynamics Revolution: Information theory
Understanding entropy as a subjective measure allows the universe as a whole to evolve without ever losing information.
See, for comparison: On causal roles and selected effects: our genome is mostly junk

The title is misleading, but this claim is not.

Selection is involved in such a story, but it is purifying selection against the loss of a component or activity (the chaperone), not positive selection for its presence.

Natural selection for food energy-dependent reproduction is purifying selection. I’ve already cited Frohlich (1968) in that regard. his proposals are no longer speculative. Purifying selection links the speed of light on contact with water to the creation of microRNAs that biophysically constrain the epigenetic effects of food odors and pheromones via the creation of enzymes.

The epigenetic effects of food odor and pheromones on the creation of energy-dependent microRNAs and enzymes prevent the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA in all living genera. The virus-driven theft of quantized energy degrades the enzymes linked to the degradation of messenger RNA and gene losses.

I am not the only one who knows that, but few others seem willing to admit that energy is required to create new genes. For example, here the authors make a claim about de novo assemblies of genomes.

See: The phylogenetic utility and functional constraint of microRNA flanking sequences

Both miRNAs and their flanking sequences provide phylogenetic signals suitable for the inference of phylogeny with high levels of accuracy, when sufficient numbers of this type are concatenated. As detailed here, the clear identity and easy alignment of these sequences makes them good candidates for estimating phylogeny, and they can reliably be found and identified across all members of a clade of interest. Their relatively slow evolution [3] also means that they can easily be identified in de novo assemblies of genomes.

De novo assemblies of geneomes and inferred phylogeny are linked to the slow evolution of microRNAs and microRNA flanking sequences. If I thought the authors were not serious about that ridiculous claim, I would have reported their work in the context of another Sokalian hoax. They eliminated the need for the energy-dependent creation of the microRNAs and the biophysical constraints on viral latency, but I think they seriously considered the de novo assembly of genomes to be possible. Indeed, to some theorists, the creation of new genes is like the magic of evolution.

Instead, I wrote: My comment to Science published at 2:54 pm on 1/29/15

The 2015 Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology (SICB) presenters may not recognize how much progress has been made since the 2013 ecological epigenetics symposium. For example, since then authors claimed “…ctenophore neural systems, and possibly muscle specification, evolved independently from those in other animals.”

Six months later, other authors traced signaling factors found in vertebrates to the origin of nerve cell centralization via the diffuse nerve net of animals like the sea anemone. That fact suggests ecological variation is linked to ecological adaptations in morphological and behavioral phenotypes via signaling protein concentrations that differentiate various cell types in body axes and the central nervous system.

Links across species from the epigenetic landscape to the physical landscape of DNA in organized genomes appear to have their origins in the conserved molecular mechanisms of RNA-directed DNA methylation and RNA-mediated protein folding. Two weeks after the publication that refuted ideas about independently evolved neural systems or muscle specification — and perhaps refuted the independent evolution of anything else, SICB presenters linked crustaceans to insects.

Apparently, they’ve learned that the same set of microRNAs controls expression of the genes for rate-limiting enzymes that control the hormone production of different hormones in insects and crustaceans.

Why were they left with any questions about how crustaceans and insects could all be part of one big family? They linked RNA-mediated cell type differentiation to what we described in our section on molecular epigenetics in our 1996 Hormones and Behavior review. From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior

Instead of natural selection for the food energy-dependent protection of RNA and supercoiled DNA, this gene-centric pseudoscientific nonsense emerged on January 25, 2018, from the depths of theorist’s ignorance. (At times it seems that a conspiracy theory is linked from the insane ignorance of biologically uninformed theorists, to my insane obsession with disseminating facts.)

See: “Modern human brain organization emerged only recently“

The new findings are in agreement with recent genetic studies that show changes in genes related to brain development in our lineage since the population split between Homo sapiens and Neandertals. They add to the accumulating archeological and paleoanthropological evidence demonstrating that Homo sapiens is an evolving species with deep African roots and long-lasting gradual changes in behavioral modernity, brain organization, and potentially brain function.

For comparison to experimentally established fact about selection for energy-dependent reproduction, archeological and paleoanthropological evidence suggests that genes emerged and that they automagically led to “…long-lasting gradual changes in behavioral modernity, brain organization, and potentially brain function.”

I have consistently failed to grasp the logic of claims that fail to link what is known to serious scientists about the microRNAome to food energy-dependent “…long-lasting gradual changes in behavioral modernity, brain organization…” and biophysically constrained viral latency linked to brain function.

For instance, all organisms can find food without the energy-dependent creation of G protein-coupled photoreceptors. But the energy as information-dependent de novo creation of microRNAs, enzymes and G protein-coupled receptors is required to linke for food odors and pheromones from pH-taxis to chemotaxis in all species that must forage to find food and reproduce.
All individuals of all species must also enzymatically metabolize the food to species-specific pheromones, which have consistently been linked, since the time of our 1996 review: From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior, to epigenetically-effected sex differences in behavior in species from yeasts to mammals via the conserved molecular mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangements and the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of all morphological and behavioral phenotypes.
It is time to watch very closely for more Sokalian hoaxes as the Inter-kingdom communication mechanisms mediated by non-coding RNAs (e.g, pre-mRNAs or microRNAs) are placed back into the context of claims about what supposedly has not been known to all serious scientists for more than 25 years.

The Expressed MicroRNA—mRNA Interactions of Toxoplasma gondii 4 Jan 2018

MicroRNAs-Based Inter-Domain Communication between the Host and Members of the Gut Microbiome 27 Sep 2017

Microbiota-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as New Systemic Regulators 24 Aug 2017

HIV-1 Nef Signaling in Intestinal Mucosa Epithelium Suggests the Existence of an Active Inter-kingdom Crosstalk Mediated by Exosomes 08 June 2017

Viruses and miRNAs: More Friends than Foes 15 May 2017

In summary, we are far from fully understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the complex crosstalks between miRNA pathways and viral infections.

New Insight into Inter-kingdom Communication: Horizontal Transfer of Mobile Small RNAs 01 May 2017

The Role of HCMV and HIV-1 MicroRNAs: Processing, and Mechanisms of Action during Viral Infection 21 April 2017

Gut Microbiota as a Trigger of Accelerated Directional Adaptive Evolution: Acquisition of Herbivory in the Context of Extracellular Vesicles, MicroRNAs and Inter-Kingdom Crosstalk 20 April 2017

Linking Diet to Colorectal Cancer: The Emerging Role of MicroRNA in the Communication between Plant and Animal Kingdoms 05 April 2017

Non-coding RNAs in Host–Pathogen Interactions: Subversion of Mammalian Cell Functions by Protozoan Parasites 21 March 2017

Small Luggage for a Long Journey: Transfer of Vesicle-Enclosed Small RNA in Interspecies Communication 16 March 2017

Exo-miRExplorer: A Comprehensive Resource for Exploring and Comparatively Analyzing Exogenous MicroRNAs 01 February 2017

The Development of Our Organ of Other Kinds—The Gut Microbiota 23 Dec 16

See for comparison: Big Strides in Cellular MicroRNA Expression

A lack of knowledge of the cellular origin of miRNAs has greatly confounded functional and biomarkers studies. Recently, three studies characterized miRNA expression patterns across >78 human cell types. These combined data expand our knowledge of miRNA expression localization and confirm that many miRNAs show cell type-specific expression patterns.

There is no lack of knowledge about the quantized energy-dependent creation of microRNAs, which are now used as biomarkers of healthy longevity for comparison the the number of viral microRNAs, which is linked to pathology in species from bacteria that become archaea and humans that become non-human primates in the context of one or more base pair changes and fixation, or not, of one RNA-mediated amino acid substitution.
Here’s the problem: Nobody wants to belong to the party of losers. One of the best strategies in such a case is evidently an interpretation of the change as a gradual accumulation of knowledge while their work has always been at the cutting edge. — Kalevi Kull
See for comparison: Energy as information and constrained endogenous RNA interference (4)
Watch what happens when so-called science journalists wake up and recognize the Sokalian hoax.

From base editing to RNA editing (6)

December 27, 2017

by James Kohl with No Comment Adaptations Alternative Splicings base editing Cytosis Diseases & Disorders Ecology Human Brain Human Pheromones Light Energy microRNA editing Model Organisms Neuronal Plasticity Nutrigenomics Physics RNA Directed RNA editing RNA interference RNA methylation RNA-directed DNA methylation RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation of gene expression RNA-mediated gene silencing RNA-mediated toxicity RNA–Mediated Epigenetic Heredity Variations

Summary: Now that others have linked food energy to biophysically constrained pheromone-controlled RNA-mediated cell type differentiation and to the prevention and treatment of PTSD, help for veterans and others who might be contemplating suicide is one step closer to the reality of implementation.
But wait, first the NIH must fund another 26.2 million dollars worth of worthless research on “social epigenomics.”
See for comparison: A distinct hematopoietic stem cell population for rapid multilineage engraftment in nonhuman primates
Reported as: Subset of stem cells identified as source for all cells in blood and immune systems
The link from quantum physics to biophysically constrained feedback loops and the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled viral latency was included in Daev et al (2014): Chemosignals from isolated females have antimutagenic effect in dividing the cells of bone marrow from male mice of the CBA strain

…specific, volatile, and zoosocial important chemosignals are a promising approach both to modeling posttraumatic stress disorders in humans [36] …

Daev et al (2014) cited our award-winning 2001 review:

Humans also have various pheromone-induced physiological effects, especially those associated with reproduction [46, 47]. This suggests that the human olfactory system is still an effective pathway for influencing environmental factors on the human nervous system.

[46] is Kohl, J.V., Atzmueller, M., Fink, B., and Grammer, K., Human pheromones: integrating neuroendocrinology and ethology, Neuroendocrinol. Lett., 2001, vol. 22, pp. 309–321.
Now that others have linked food energy to biophysically constrained pheromone-controlled RNA-mediated cell type differentiation and to the prevention and treatment of PTSD, help for veterans and others who might be contemplating suicide is one step closer to the reality of implementation.
But wait, first the NIH must fund another 26.2 million dollars worth of worthless research to link “social epigenomics” (aka epigenetic effects of pheromones) from base editing to RNA editing and RNA-mediated cell type differentiation.

See: NIH Awards Grants Supporting Social Epigenomics Research

…funding to examine how socioeconomic/psychosocial conditions affect prenatal DNA methylation, miRNA expression, mRNA expression, and inflammation…

Altogether, this systematic analysis of ribosome-associated mRNAs and lncRNAs demonstrates that nutrient availability and translational regulation controls protein and small peptide-encoding mRNAs as well as a diverse cadre of regulatory RNAs.

Arabidopsis thaliana is a small flowering plant that is widely used as a model organism in plant biology. The nutrient energy-dependent physiology of reproduction was linked to the food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction via the ribosome-associated mRNAs in the context of the ATP-dependent creation of the RNA and fixation of amino acid substitutions that stabilize the organized genomes of all living genera.

More than 68,000 indexed publications on PubMed link food energy-dependent changes in microRNAs from RNA-directed DNA methylation to mRNA expression in the context of the physiology of pheromone-controlled reproduction and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of all phenotypes in species from microbes to humans. A search for microRNA and virus links 4782 published works from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA to all pathology.

The waste of money on more research should be perfectly clear in the context of this invited review of nutritional epigenetics:

Nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations: from atoms to ecosystems

For example, I linked the availability of sago palm-like leaves to endogenous levels of vitamin C in humans. That allowed me to detail how the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction in mice was linked to humans via one base pair change and a single amino acid substitution. Natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality is all that’s required to link RNA-mediated DNA repair from sunlight to the creation of microRNAs in plants and the vitamin C-enhance stability of the organized genomes in a modern human population in Central China.

1) …access to endogenous vitamin C in human populations, supports efficient metabolism and ecological niche construction [17].

2) ..vitamin C appears to stimulate histone demethylases, which appear to alter the de novo creation of functional olfactory receptor genes [19-23].

3) Researchers recently rediscovered a nutrient-dependent epigenetic variant that links vitamin C to what is probably a glucose and glucose dehydrogenase-dependent base pair change. The base pair change results in addition of a methyl group to a cytosine base, which takes on a hydroxyl group to form different 5-hydroxymethylcytosines (5hmCs). Different 5hmCs are associated with differences in cell types that have the same genetic backgrounds. Nutrient-dependent epigenetically-marked bases help to explain how hundreds of cell types in the human body and in the brain [24] are differentiated and how they maintain their glucose-dependent and other nutrient-dependent receptor-mediated identities [25].

Because vitamin C and other vitamins appear to epigenetically effect nutrient-dependent methylation at the level of single-base resolution in mammals, it has become more important to determine how base-pair changes alter intracellular interactions in embryonic stem cells or intercellular interactions in other cells that result in cascades of downstream intracellular and intercellular organizing interactions throughout life. Other vitamins, such as vitamin D, and metal ions such as calcium, iron, lead and manganese also appear to epigenetically alter these organizing interactions. Therefore, a biophysically constrained, nutrient-dependent, epigenetically-effected, receptor-mediated recognizable organized pattern of emergence can be viewed in the context of ecological variations and ecological adaptations.

4) Amino acid substitutions in humans are associated with loss of vitamin C synthesis and loss of uricase production at the advent of urate production as a substitute for vitamin C biosynthesis in primates.

Excerpt from the conclusion:

5) In mammals, for example, the explanatory power of a model of ecological variation and biophysically constrained nutrient-dependent pheromone-controlled ecological adaptations became clear with companion papers published in 2013. See for review [30].

The companion papers [162-163] told a new short story of ecological adaptations. In the context of climate change and changes in diet, the story began with what probably was a nutrient-dependent base pair change and a variant epiallele that arose in a human population in what is now central China.

Apparently, the effect of the epiallele was adaptive and it was manifested in the context of an effect on sweat, skin, hair, and teeth. In another mammal, such as the mouse, the effect on sweat, skin, hair, and teeth is probably due to a nutrient-dependent epigenetic effect on hormones responsible for the tweaking of immense gene networks that metabolize nutrients to pheromones. The pheromones appear to control the nutrient-dependent epigenetically-effected hormone-dependent organization and hormone-activation of reproductive sexual behavior in mammals such as mice and humans, but also in invertebrates and in microbes as previously indicated.

The ecological adaptations, which appear to be manifested in the human population are detailed in these two reports [162-163]. The ecological adaptations are likely to be nutrient-dependent and pheromone-controlled. If so, ecological variation probably leads to ecological, social, neurogenic, and socio-cognitive niche construction, which is manifested in increasing organismal complexity and species diversity. If not, there may be something as yet unknown about mutations and evolution that makes sense in the light of what is known about nutritional epigenetics and the molecular biology of species from microbes to man.

NIH funding for more research without first reviewing what is known to all serious scientists about energy-dependent RNA-mediated cell type differentiation is a horrid waste of money. If that fact is not perfectly clear, see any of these published works on microRNAs.

Two decades after Eugene Daev first linked pheromones to biophysically constrained viral latency, an article in Science asked the question: Do human pheromones actually exist?

…Wen Zhou, a behavioral psychologist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, contends that AND and EST may well be human pheromones. “My major concern with the experiments in this study is that they were not rigorously designed and conducted,” she wrote in an email to Science. Zhou, who in 2014 published a study finding that AND and EST do indeed influence whether participants judge walking dot figures with “genderless gaits” to be men or women, doubts the faces used were truly “gender neutral.”

See for comparison: Olfaction Warps Visual Time Perception
See also: The vibrational theory of olfaction for the win (John Hewitt)

…Turin also just published a much more sweeping treatise on molecular recognition in olfaction in the journal Advances in Physics: X. In it, he and his co-authors delve into more of the specifics of olfactory receptors, including particular amino acid motifs, metal binding capacities, and disulphide bridge redox status. It turns out that amino acid side chains alone frequently pull off some rather interesting electron transfer effects without the need for fancy co-enzymes or prosthetic groups.

The link from facts about amino acids in the context of vibrational theory to olfaction and receptor-mediated behaviors clearly extends from epigenetic effects on hormones to the unconscious affects of hormones on behavior.
Epigenetic effects on energy-dependent performance levels should also be reconsidered in the context of receptor-mediated biophysical constraints on amino acid substitutions that stabilize organized genomes, but in public/personal correspondence, John Hewitt professed his belief in evolution. On 11/27/17 he wrote:

I think mutation and natural selection is a woefully weak force in the evolution of multicellular organisms, but I surely believe things evolve.

See for comparison from December 2007:
Sex and Smell: Molecular Biology of Pheromone Perception (Catherine Dulac)
Talk Overview

Pheromones have evolved to signal the sex and the dominance status of animals and to promote social and mating rituals.

No experimental evidence of biologically-based cause and effect supports that claim that pheromones evolved to do anything. All experimental evidence provided by serious scientists who use it to support their claims attests to this fact from December 2012:
The activity-dependent histone variant H2BE modulates the life span of olfactory neurons (co-authored by Catherine Dulac)
An experience-dependent epigenetic trap stabilizes the organized genomes of all living genera. See: An Epigenetic Trap Stabilizes Singular Olfactory Receptor Expression.
The “epigenetic trap” links the speed of light on contact with water to all food energy-dependent biodiversity via olfaction and the pheromone-controlled physiology of reproduction.
Dynamic control of chirality and self-assembly of double-stranded helicates with light
Senior author Ben L. Feringa won the 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for works that link the anti-entopic virucidal energy of sunlight on contact with water from the creation of microRNAs to experience-dependent changes in electrons to ecosystems via changes in the microRNA/messenger RNA balance.
Something has gone horribly wrong. In the iBiology alert I received this morning, ‘Tis the Season to be Sensing, this claim was made:

While you take off time for a holiday vacation, not everyone will be taking a break. Your body’s cells will be clocking overtime to ensure you can enjoy all of the festivities. They are responsible for everything from hearing the chatter of loved ones and the tasting of delicious food to seeing all of the bright and colorful decor. Consider taking some time this holiday to learn about all the hard work your cells are doing to help you enjoy the holiday cheer!

Hearing, seeing and tasting occur only in the context of experience-dependent epigenetic effects that link feedback loops to all biodiversity via the sense of smell. See: Feedback loops link odor and pheromone signaling with reproduction
See also: Evolution Flipped Course

Fundamentals such as Darwinian evolution, genetic variation and natural selection are covered. In addition, leading scientists present their research in areas as diverse as the evolution of multicellularity, the discovery a fossil intermediate between fish and tetrapods, the co-evolution of plants and predators, and how viruses constantly evolve to “outsmart” their hosts.

Session 10: Viral Evolution

In this session, Drs. Turner and Malik focus on the ability of viruses to rapidly evolve and adapt to changing environments. Turner explains how some viruses have evolved to infect many hosts while others infect a single cell type. He also uses experimental evolution to study the ability of a virus to survive under different environmental conditions versus its ability to effectively reproduce.

They obfuscate the difference between mutations and amino acid substitutions because the food energy-dependent RNA-mediated fixation of amino acid substitutions prevents all virus-driven pathology. Only theorists continue to tout their pseudoscientific nonsense.
Serious scientists make claims like this (although some must be forced to do it):
The major antigenic changes of the influenza virus are primarily caused by a single amino acid near the receptor binding site.
See also: Mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism controls neuronal function and excitotoxic death

…we show that glutamate is readily used as a metabolic substrate in cortical neurons in response to mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) inhibition. Reductions in mitochondrial pyruvate uptake do not compromise viability or energy metabolism, but rather rewire mitochondria to increase reliance on glutamate to fuel anaplerosis and ATP production.

The ATP-dependent rewiring is energy-dependent and RNA-mediated. Food energy is required for error-free DNA repair and that fact was first accurately represented in 1964:
Dependence of RNA synthesis in isolated thymus nuclei on glycolysis, oxidative carbohydrate catabolism and a type of “oxidative phosphorylation”

The synthesis of RNA in isolated thymus nuclei is ATP dependent.

Antagonist Jay R. Feierman has done more than anyone to prevent people from learning the facts about how food energy and pheromones protect all organized genomes from the virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA.
For a historical record of his ignorance, see: 90689 Re: [evol-psych] Re: [human-ethology] Phenotype, Form, and Function
Conclusion:

…it is doubtful if such constructive criticism will change anyone’s views on this subject, as the views regarding psychological paradigms are held together in many people with the same emotional glue that hold political and religious views together. The next generation will think differently.

See also his constructive criticisms of my model: Nutrient-dependent/pheromone-controlled adaptive evolution: a model
Jay R. Feierman: Variation is not nutrient availability and the something that is doing the selecting is not the individual organism. A feature of an educated person is to realize what they do not know. Sadly, you don’t know that you have an incorrect understanding [of] Darwinian biological evolution.
Jay R. Feierman: I am absolutely certain that if you showed this statement to any professor of biology or genetics in any accredited university anywhere in the world that 100% of them would say that “Random mutations are the substrate upon which directional natural selection acts” is a correct and true statement.